This document provides an overview of forensic science and criminology. It defines key terms like forensic science, criminology, and crime. It discusses the aims and scope of criminology and lists several theories of criminal behavior, including classical, positivist, sociological, and criminal anthropology theories. It also summarizes Cesare Lombroso's theory that criminals are biologically distinct and the work of other pioneers in criminology like Garofalo. Overall, the document covers the history and development of criminology as a field as well as different theories seeking to explain the root causes of criminal behavior.

1. Ravinder Kaur
(Assistant Professor of Forensic Science)
School of Allied Health Science-VMRF-DU

2.  Definition of Forensic Science.
 Definition of Criminology.
 Definition of Crime.
 Aims of Criminology.
 Scope of Criminology.
 Theories of Criminal Behaviour.

3.  It is the application of science to those criminal and
civil laws that are enforced by police agencies in
Criminal justice System.

4.  It is the scientific study of the non-legal aspects of
crime and delinquency, including its nature, causes,
detection and prevention.
 Father of Criminology- Cesare Lombroso.
 Famous Criminalist- Paul Kirk.

5.  Crime is defined as a deviant behaviour that violates
the law and posses the offender for punishment under
the court of law.

6. • To determine the root causes of criminal behaviour .
• How it impact society.
• To develop effective and humane means for addressing
it.
• To develop effective means for preventing it.

7.  It investigates the nature of criminal law and its
administration and conditions under which it
develops.
 It analysis the causation of crime and personality of
criminals.
 It studies the control of crime .

8.  Classical Theory
 Positivist (Biological) theory
 Sociological theory
 Criminal Anthropology

9.  An act that dishonoured the social code of conduct, it
is harmful to personal safety and property of the
individuals of the society.
 Proposed in 1764 by Cesare Beccaria.
 Human nature is rational, free and governed by self
interest.

10.  A man’s behaviour is purposive and unbiased and is
based on pleasure- pain principle.
 Penalty should be allotted for each crime and the
amount of penalty should be dependent upon the
injury caused to public welfare by the crime.
 Pain should outweigh any pleasure resulting from
commission of crime.
 Sentence should not be very severe.
 It should be proportional to the crime committed.

11.  Torture should be abolished, more use should be made
of imprisonment instead of corporal punishment.
 A fair trial should be insured.
 Application of law should be rationally applied to all
citizens.
 Court should only distinguish between innocent and
guilty and subsequently, mention the set of
punishments.

12.  Criminals were to be treated as equals without
discriminating on the basis of their gender, age and
type of crime.
 It did not consider the mental health of criminal.
 More concerned in forming laws than controlling
crimes and rehabilitating them.

13.  In 1810
 Included the concept of minimum and maximum
punishment.
 Highlighted the importance of age, gender, mental
health.
 Discarded concept of equal justice.

14.  Proposed between 1876 to 1940
 Proposed by Lombroso, Ferri, Garofalo, Charles and
Goring, Hooton, Sheldon.
 Experimental and inductive methods used in
generalising the criminals.
 Overrule the concept of free will of commission of
crime.
 It uses the biological factors in explaining the cause of
crime.
 Included physical appearance, genetic makeup of the
individuals.

15. Criminals are a separate group, a group which is
sandwiched between modern and primitive humans.
He argued that physical shape of the head and face
define a “born criminal”.
• Description of born criminal-
Long arms, large teeth, Ears lacking lobes, lots of body
hair.
• Identify the characteristics of particular types of
offender.

16.  Book “Criminology” written by Garofalo in 1885
focuses on “ psychic abnormality” resulting in criminal
tendency or a deviant behaviour.

17.  Insane- Criminals who suffered from some or other
form of mental retardation.
 Habitual- Criminals who had acquired or developed
the habit of committing crime.
 Occasional- Criminals who committed criminal act
that were insignificant or committed less frequently
 Passionate- Criminals who committed crime out of
passion ( love or hate).

18.  Certain type of criminal behaviour is acquired and
conditioned from one’s social environment.

19.  The living conditions- hygiene and pathogenicity.
 The relationship between crime and social structure of
society.
 The factors by which a person becomes criminal.
 The effect of cultural conflicts on crime.

20. Sr. No. Theory Proposed by Emphasizes on
1. Ecological or Delinquency
area theory
Clifford Shaw ,
In 1929
Disordered
neighbourhood or
unhealthy living
environments.
2. Structural theories
• Differential Association
Theory
• Anomie Theory
• Sutherland,
1939
• Merton,193
8
• Partnership with social
influences of
criminalistics norms
• Hassle caused by the
incoherence between
cultural goals and the
institutionalized
methods for
accomplishing those
goals.

21. Sr. No. Theory Proposed by Emphasizes on
3. Sub-cultural theories
• Differential
opportunity
Theory
• Delinquent
subculture Theory
• Cloward and
Ohlin, 1960
• Cohen, 1955
• Differences in legitimate
and illegitimate ways to
achieve success
• Dismissal of dominant
values and development of
delinquent values.
4. Culture conflict
theory
Thorsten
Sellin, 1938
Crime is caused by a
combination of biological,
sociological, psychological
and economic factors.

22.  Branch of Sociology that is associated with the
investigation of crime scientifically.
 Aims to study the origin and causes .
 It included the reformation and extent of punishment
to be given to prevent further behaviour .

23.  Investigation of individual criminals/ offenders.
 Their physical and biological aspect.
 Their psychological well-being.
 Their surroundings.

24. 1. Psychological model
2. Sociological model
3. Biological model
4. Classical and neo classical theory
5. Economical theory
6. Geographical theory

25.  Theories targets why individuals commit crimes and
why they behave in a particular manner.
 Exploring relationship between crime and individual
personality.