Victims of crime face significant costs and hardships including economic losses, psychological stress, increased risk of antisocial behavior, and system abuse. Crime victims experience post-traumatic stress, lowered self-esteem, and fear of repeat attacks. They are also more likely to commit crimes themselves due to the cycle of violence. Government and community programs aim to support victims and protect their rights through victim compensation, advocacy services, and self-protection measures.
Booklet that I made for criminological theories revision, using resources from the internet. These theories include:
* Classical Theory
* Functionalist Crime Theories (includes Durkheim and Merton)
* Marxist Theory
* Right realism
* Left realism
* Labelling (Interactionism)
* Individualistic theories (learning theories, psychological theories and psychodynamic theories)
* Eysenck's theory
* Family crime theories
* Neurophysiological (brain damage)
* Neurochemical
* Kohlberg's moral development
* Behaviourist theory
Sociological approaches suggest that crime is shaped by factors external to the individual: their experiences within the neighbourhood, the peer group, and the family. are shaped by between people's everyday movements through space and time.
How do criminals decide to commit a crime? Do they even think about the risks and benefits? Why do some commit crimes regardless of the consequences? These are some questions we often ask for ourselves because of the growing number of crimes happening in the society today.
A8 Aspects of Cultural Victimology / Aspecten van culturele victimologieVSE 2016
(Antony Pemberton, Intervict) - Victimologie heeft een opmerkelijke groei doorgemaakt in de afgelopen decennia. Slachtoffers zijn niet langer de 'vergeten groep' van het strafrecht. Echter, de opkomst van de victimologie is in twee opzichten eenzijdig geweest. Slachtoffers van bepaalde vormen van crimineel gedrag (huiselijk en seksueel geweld bijvoorbeeld) hebben de meeste academische en politieke belangstelling gekregen en het onderzoek naar slachtofferschap is voornamelijk geconcentreerd in de Angelsaksische wereld en enkele landen die cultureel en politiek in veel opzichten vergelijkbaar zijn. De culturele victimologie wil over grenzen heen kijken en zich richten op wat ontbreekt in de huidige aanpak van wetenschappelijk onderzoek.
C8 Narrative victimology. A cultural understanding of victim experienceVSE 2016
(Irma Cleven & Pauline Aarten from Intervict)
Cultural victimology also recognizes key phenomena related to culture - for instance the understanding of history, art and mass-media - as emerging as important sites for victimological research (Pemberton, Aarten, Mulder, 2015). A particularly important site for victimological research concerns narratives. This narrative victimology draws upon the increasing understanding of the importance of narrative to psychological and sociological processes, while outlining the particular importance of story-telling to victims coping, sense- and meaning making processes.
Two large Intervict-projects have sought to understanding victims experiences, and in particular their experiences with justice through narrative. The first concentrates on the experiences of victims of relatively severe crime in the Netherlands. In Stories of justice and injustice, participants were invited to consider their victimisation experience and the ensuing justice process against the backdrop of their life stories. To what extent should we understand the criminal justice process as part of this unfolding story rather than as a relatively separate reaction to victimization? Should we understand victim participation in the process as a means to achieve a specific aim or as an attempt to connect victims experience with the justice process? How do victims come to terms with the narrative rupture in their lives? The second considers the experience of victims of large scale conflict with reparations programmes, again with the inclusion of their life story as well as the collective historical narrative. How do victims understand the comparison between their own story of victimization and the narrative that surrounds them? To what extent to stories of victimisaiton – so called chosen trauma’s from the past shape current day experience and how do they figure in individual victim’s stories? Participants in the workshop will also be asked to consider narratives of victimization that form part of their own cultural heritage, as well as the manner in which they are relevant today.
Booklet that I made for criminological theories revision, using resources from the internet. These theories include:
* Classical Theory
* Functionalist Crime Theories (includes Durkheim and Merton)
* Marxist Theory
* Right realism
* Left realism
* Labelling (Interactionism)
* Individualistic theories (learning theories, psychological theories and psychodynamic theories)
* Eysenck's theory
* Family crime theories
* Neurophysiological (brain damage)
* Neurochemical
* Kohlberg's moral development
* Behaviourist theory
Sociological approaches suggest that crime is shaped by factors external to the individual: their experiences within the neighbourhood, the peer group, and the family. are shaped by between people's everyday movements through space and time.
How do criminals decide to commit a crime? Do they even think about the risks and benefits? Why do some commit crimes regardless of the consequences? These are some questions we often ask for ourselves because of the growing number of crimes happening in the society today.
A8 Aspects of Cultural Victimology / Aspecten van culturele victimologieVSE 2016
(Antony Pemberton, Intervict) - Victimologie heeft een opmerkelijke groei doorgemaakt in de afgelopen decennia. Slachtoffers zijn niet langer de 'vergeten groep' van het strafrecht. Echter, de opkomst van de victimologie is in twee opzichten eenzijdig geweest. Slachtoffers van bepaalde vormen van crimineel gedrag (huiselijk en seksueel geweld bijvoorbeeld) hebben de meeste academische en politieke belangstelling gekregen en het onderzoek naar slachtofferschap is voornamelijk geconcentreerd in de Angelsaksische wereld en enkele landen die cultureel en politiek in veel opzichten vergelijkbaar zijn. De culturele victimologie wil over grenzen heen kijken en zich richten op wat ontbreekt in de huidige aanpak van wetenschappelijk onderzoek.
C8 Narrative victimology. A cultural understanding of victim experienceVSE 2016
(Irma Cleven & Pauline Aarten from Intervict)
Cultural victimology also recognizes key phenomena related to culture - for instance the understanding of history, art and mass-media - as emerging as important sites for victimological research (Pemberton, Aarten, Mulder, 2015). A particularly important site for victimological research concerns narratives. This narrative victimology draws upon the increasing understanding of the importance of narrative to psychological and sociological processes, while outlining the particular importance of story-telling to victims coping, sense- and meaning making processes.
Two large Intervict-projects have sought to understanding victims experiences, and in particular their experiences with justice through narrative. The first concentrates on the experiences of victims of relatively severe crime in the Netherlands. In Stories of justice and injustice, participants were invited to consider their victimisation experience and the ensuing justice process against the backdrop of their life stories. To what extent should we understand the criminal justice process as part of this unfolding story rather than as a relatively separate reaction to victimization? Should we understand victim participation in the process as a means to achieve a specific aim or as an attempt to connect victims experience with the justice process? How do victims come to terms with the narrative rupture in their lives? The second considers the experience of victims of large scale conflict with reparations programmes, again with the inclusion of their life story as well as the collective historical narrative. How do victims understand the comparison between their own story of victimization and the narrative that surrounds them? To what extent to stories of victimisaiton – so called chosen trauma’s from the past shape current day experience and how do they figure in individual victim’s stories? Participants in the workshop will also be asked to consider narratives of victimization that form part of their own cultural heritage, as well as the manner in which they are relevant today.
RACE, ETHNICITY, VICTIMIZATION, AND OFFENDINGPerception AlleneMcclendon878
RACE, ETHNICITY, VICTIMIZATION,
AND OFFENDING
Perception versus reality
Different sources of data
Intraracial versus interracial
Implications of racial disparities
OVERVIEW
• The media and perceptions of crime
• The “typical” victim and “typical” offender
• What do the data say?
• Victimization surveys
• The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)
• Offending data
• The Uniform Crime Reports (UCR)
• Self-report data
• Intra versus interracial crime
PERCEPTIONS OF CRIME
• Many factors shape how we think about crime and justice
• One factor is media portrayals of crime and offenders
• Media exerts a potentially powerful influence on public perceptions
• Unfortunately, the image the media creates is often wildly distorted
• Portray violent crime more than property crime
• Suggest ever-rising crime rates
• Some types of crimes, offenders, and/or victims capture more attention
• Racial hoaxes
• When someone fabricates a crime or falsely blames someone based on race/ethnicity
• Most racial hoaxes involve whites blaming African Americans
PERCEPTIONS V. EMPIRICAL REALITIES
Media Portrayals
• Typically focused on violent crime
• Often portray crime as an interracial
event with a white victim
• Often emphasize “gang” involvement
Empirical Data
• More than 80% of crimes reported to
the police are property crimes
• A disproportionate number of crime
victims are persons of color
• Crime is predominately intraracial
• Not all group activity is gang activity
DATA LIMITATIONS
• Unfortunately, available data suffer from several limitations
• Limited data on certain groups/types of crime
• Most data compares Whites and Blacks
• Hispanic/Latinx data slowly increasing
• Racial/ethnic categories may vary across jurisdictions
• White versus nonwhite dichotomy
• Lumps all “non-whites” together
• Assumes homogeneity within groups
• Data suited for description, not establishing causality
• Can tell us differences exist, but not why they exist in many cases
RACE,
ETHNICITY, AND
VICTIMIZATION
EXAMINING
DISPARITIES
NATIONAL CRIME VICTIMIZATION SURVEY (NCVS)
• Most systematic source of victimization information in the U.S.
• Household survey designed to be representative of the entire nation
• Persons aged 12 and older are surveyed
• Survey conducted every 6 months; households surveyed for 3 years
• Information collected
• Victim info; victim perceptions of offender characteristics; context of the event
• Data restricted to selected major crimes
• Race and ethnicity self-reported at household and individual level
• White, African American, and “other”
• Hispanic and non-Hispanic
• Captures crime/victimization data not necessarily reported to the police
THE NATURE AND EXTENT OF VICTIMIZATION
• Victimization is widespread
• NCVS estimates roughly 20 million victimizations a year (about 18.6 in 2019)
• 2019 violent victimization rate = 21.0 per 1,000 (7.3 per 1,000 excluding sim ...
Running head: CRIMINAL BEHAVOR 1
CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR 2
Criminal Behavior in Your Community
Stephanie Rincon
Argosy University
Professor Robert Thompson
Date July 18,2018
Question 1;
Answer:
The criminal behavior that interests me is forcible rape. Rape is a massive issue of today’s world. This crime is common in almost every country. It’s not specified to one place or race. Rapes are being committed on daily basis in different parts of the world and many of the cases are never reported to the police. That is why it is known to be the most underreported offence. The victims fear to report the crime because there are many stigmas attached to it. It becomes very difficult for the victim to survive in the society. It is a hard task to prove rape as it demands physical signs and evidences. Its difficult to provide enough evidences to prove rape. Rape has nothing to do with someone’s financial status, age or race.
The typical perpetrator of this crime is male gender. Rape is forcefully harassing someone to have sexual contact with him. Rape is against the will of the victim. As far as the race is concerned, this crime has nothing to do with it. The whole world is suffering from it. Each and every country has such offenders. So it literally has nothing to do with race. It totally depends on the mental and psychological behavior of the criminal. The typical age to be noticed for this crime is between teenagers to adulthood like 15-40 years old males. Almost all the criminals of such crime fall under this age. The socioeconomic status plays a vital role in building up such heinous criminals. Mostly criminals belong to families that are broken or have some issues. The desperation in every society is increasing day by day and it is resulting in increasing this crime rate. Some important factors that play a vital role in perusing the criminals to commit such monstrous crime is pure nudity on television and vulgarity shown in movies and shows.
Civil and criminal legal systems are different in many ways. In criminal legal system offence done is known as crime while in civil legal system the offence is known as tort. The criminal offence is against the whole society and the state. While civil crimes are against individuals. In criminal system state provide the lawyer to the prosecution while In civil, the prosecution hires an attorney. The penalties in both the systems differ. In criminal cases incarceration/imprisonment, fines and forfeitures, probation, community services, and sometimes restitution ...
Sexual assault cases regularly make headlines and can potentially cause serious reputational harm to law enforcement agencies and police departments for mishandling the cases or not pursuing them vigorously enough.
Sexual assault cases regularly make headlines and can potentially cause serious reputational harm to law enforcement agencies and police departments for mishandling the cases or not pursuing them vigorously enough.
The picture on the left shows the latest developments in a long-term problem of sexual assault on college campuses. In June, Candice Johnson, OCR Acting Assistant Secretary for Civil Rights issued a memo that effectively stalled investigation of civil rights violations including sexual assault on campuses. A month later, Democratic Senators Kirsten Gillibrand from New York State and Claire McCaskill from Missouri urged Secretary of Education Betsy Devos to reverse this decision as unlawful because of failure to protect students under Title IX. Full text of the memo and Title IX, Sec. 1681 Sex are part of your lesson handout.
Similar problem with widespread sexual assault, and especially against minors, is a long-term problem at cruise ships. Because of the nature of cruise ships, there is no immediate response by law enforcement and the ship guards that investigate the matter are the cruise company’s employees therefore often unlikely to be of meaningful help to the victims. Jurisdiction can be federal, state or foreign, depending on the ship’s flag.
Finally, sexual violence in a workplace can be difficult to address because of the unequal relationship between parties and under-reporting. Recently, car company Tesla appeared in the news as a hostile workplace to women.
COVERING DOMESTIC VIOLENCE A GUIDE FOR INFORMED MED.docxfaithxdunce63732
COVERING DOMESTIC VIOLENCE: A GUIDE FOR
INFORMED MEDIA REPORTING IN NEVADA
Author:
Family Court Judge Chuck Weller
P.O. Box 30083
Reno, NV 89520
(775) 328-3800
[email protected]
This Guide is endorsed by:
Nevada Press Association
Nevada Broadcasters Association
Nevada Network Against Domestic Violence
Committee to Aid Abused Women
Safe Nest
The author permits -- and encourages -- reporters and editors to make verbatim use of the
materials contained within this media guide.
mailto:[email protected]
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. HOW TO RECOGNIZE A DOMESTIC VIOLENCE STORY………….………...…pg. 1
II. QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER WHEN COVERING A DOMESTIC VIOLENCE
STORY…………………...……………………………………………………..…..... pg. 1
III. MORE IDEAS FOR STORIES ON DOMESTIC VIOLENCE………………...….…pg. 3
1) What is Domestic Violence? ………………………………………...…………...pg. 3
2) Why Do Victims Stay with Abusers? ……………………………………...…….pg. 4
3) What Help is Available for Victims of Domestic Violence? ………..…………..pg. 4
4) Six Things to Say to a Victim of Domestic Violence ...……………...….……….pg. 4
5) The Effect of Domestic Violence on Children ..…………………………………pg. 4
6) Safety Planning for Domestic Violence Victims………………………....………pg. 4
7) The Warning Signs of Domestic Violence……………………………...…….….pg. 5
8) Why are Some People Abusers? …………………………………………...…….pg. 6
9) Are You an Abuser? ………………………………………………………...……pg. 6
10) How Can Abusers be Helped? ………………………………………………...…pg. 6
11) Animal Cruelty and Domestic Violence …………………………………...…….pg. 7
12) Domestic Violence and Guns ………………………………………………...….pg. 7
13) Domestic Violence Stories of Local Interest…………………………………......pg. 7
Nevada Girl Scouts can Earn Domestic Violence Patch
Domestic Violence Training for Nevada Judges
Nevada’s Confidential Address Program
Nevada #1 in Rate of Women Murdered by Men, Again
14) Costs to Society of Domestic Violence ..………………………………………..pg. 9
i
15) Domestic Violence and Specific Populations…………………..……………….pg. 9
Dating Years
Elderly
Tribal
Military
Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and HIV-affected
Immigrants
16) Domestic Violence Statistics …………………………………………………..pg. 10
Nevada
National
17) Domestic Violence and Nevada Law ..………………………….........……......pg. 11
18) Domestic Violence and Federal Law ....……………………………………….pg. 12
IV. NEVADA DOMESTIC VIOLENCE RESOURCES ……………………………..…pg. 13
1) Publications …………………………………………………………..………..pg. 13
2) Policy Organizations ………………………………………………..…………pg. 13
3) Domestic Violence Services ………….………………………………….……pg. 14
ii
I. HOW TO RECOGNIZE A DOMESTIC VIOLENCE STORY
It is a domestic violence story if there is now, or was in the past, an intimate or family
relationship between the perpetrator and the victim of violence.
II. QUESTIONS TO CONSIDER WHEN COVERING A
DOMESTIC VIOLENCE STORY
1) Have there been prio.
2. Problems of Crime Victims
Victimization costs include: damaged property, pain and
suffering, and the involvement of police and other agencies of the
justice system
4. Problems of Crime Victims
• Economic Loss:
Problems of Crime Victims
• Violent crime by juveniles costs $158 billion per year
• Total economic costs of crime amounts to $450 billion
annually
• The costs of crime for each U.S. citizen is $1,800 annually
• Victims suffer long term losses in earnings and occupational
attainment
• Research suggests crime victims during adolescence earn
about $82,000 less than nonvictims
5. Problems of Crime Victims
• System Abuse
Callous handling of victims by police
Holding of personal property for evidence
Rape victims report feeling “re-raped”
Economic hardships due to trials
6. Problems of Crime Victims
• Long Term Stress
Posttraumatic stress disorders (PTSD)
Lowering of self-esteem
Increased risk of suicide
Eating disorders
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders
Victimization lead to some people feeling timid and cautious
Fear of a repeat attack
Suffer psychological stress for longer periods of time
7. Problems of Crime Victims
• Antisocial Behavior
Victims are more likely to commit crimes themselves
Being abused increases the odds of one being arrested (cycle of
violence)
Both males and females are affected by the cycle of violence
8. The Nature of Victimization
Crime rates have been declining
The violent victimization rate decreased 54 percent
The property crime victimization rate decreased 50 percent
12. The Nature of Victimization
• The social ecology of victimization
Violent crimes are more likely to occur in open public areas
during daytime or early evening hours
Almost two-thirds of more serious crimes such as rape occur after
6 P.M.
Inner-city inhabitants have a greater chance of being victimized
than suburbanites
13. The Nature of Victimization
• The Victim’s Household
Larger, African American, Western, and urban homes are the
most vulnerable to crime
Recent declines in victimization may be explained by smaller
households in less populated areas due to movement from urban
areas
14. The Nature of Victimization
• Victim Characteristics
Gender:
• Males are more likely to be victims of violent crime than
females, except for rape and sexual assault
• Females are more likely to be victimized by someone they
know, whereas males are more likely to be victimized by
strangers
Age:
• Young people are more at risk of victimization than older
people
• People over 65 only account for 1 percent of violent
victimizations (most being frauds and scams)
16. The Nature of Victimization
• Social Status
Poor people are more likely to experience violent and property
crime
The wealthy are more likely to be targets of personal theft crimes
17. The Nature of Victimization
• Marital Status
Never-married people are more likely to be victimized than
married people
Widows and widowers have the lowest victimization rate
19. The Nature of Victimization
• Race and Ethnicity
African Americans more likely to be victims of violent crime than
European Americans
Minorities experience income inequality in greater number than
European Americans
21. The Nature of Victimization
• Repeat Victimization
Individuals who have been a crime victim have a significantly
higher chance of future victimization
Characteristics which increase potential for victimization
• Target vulnerability
• Target gratifiability
• Target antagonism
22. The Nature of Victimization
• The Victims and Their Criminals
Males are more likely to be violently victimized by a stranger
Females are more likely to be victimized by a friend or intimate
Crime is intraracial: Blacks victimize Blacks and Whites victimize
Whites
Substance abuse is involved in about one-third of violent crime
incidents
Women are more likely to be both robbed and raped by known
acquaintances
23. Theories of Victimization
• Victim Precipitation Theory – some people may actually initiate the
confrontation that leads to their injury or death.
Active precipitation – victim acts provocatively (Menachem Amir
1971)
Passive precipitation – occurs when victim exhibits some
personal characteristics that unknowingly either threatens or
encourages the attacker.
24. Theories of Victimization
• Lifestyle Theory – certain lifestyles increase exposure to criminal
offenders.
Being in a public place late at night
Living in an urban area
High-risk lifestyles (i.e. drinking, drug using)
Criminal lifestyle such as carrying weapons and belonging to
gangs
25. Theories of Victimization
• Deviant Place Theory
Victim prone to victimization because one resides in a socially
disorganized high-crime area
The more often victims visit dangerous places, the more likely
they will be exposed to crime and violence
Deviant places include: poor densely populated areas, highly
transient neighborhoods and commercial areas with residential
property in close proximity
William Julius Wilson suggests White residents flee high-crime
areas, leaving racial minorities behind to suffer high victimization
rates
26. Theories of Victimization
• Routine Activity Theory
Victimization results from the interaction of everyday factors
• Availability of suitable targets
• Absence of capable guardians
• Presence of motivated offenders
People who live in “hot spots” elevate their chances of
victimization
Some criminologists suggest moral guardianship might cause
some people to refrain from crime if they are bonded with
conventional attitudes (peer rejection)
Ronald Clarke contends the relationship among opportunity,
routine activities, and environmental factors increases
victimization potential
29. Caring for the Victim
• Victimization surveys indicate almost every American will
become a victim of a common law crime
• Helping the victim cope is the responsibility of all of society
30. Caring for the Victim
• The Government’s Response
Task Force on Victim’s of Crime created in 1982 to provide
recommendations for victim assistance
In 1984 The Comprehensive Crime Control Act and the Victims of
Crime Act authorized federal funding for state victim
compensation
31. Caring for the Victim
• Victim Service Programs
An estimated 2,000 victim-witness assistance programs have
been developed
Victim compensation: to pay for damages associated with crime
($100 to $15,000)
Court services: to help prepare victims and witnesses for court
testimony
Public education: to familiarize the general public with primary
prevention programs
Crisis intervention: Networks of social service agencies to provide
emergency and long term assistance
Victim-offender reconciliation programs: use of mediators for
face-to-face encounters between victims and perpetrators
Victim impact statements: allows victims the opportunity to
describe their ordeal
32. Caring for the Victim
• Victims’ Rights
Legal scholars have suggested crime victims have legal rights
and society is obliged to ensure basic rights for law-abiding
citizens
Thirty-three states have added victim’s rights amendments to
their constitutions
A national Constitutional Amendment has been debated but has
not yet passed Congress
In 2004, the Senate passed S.2329 a bill to provide rights to
federal victims of crime, which does not change the Constitution
33. Caring for the Victim
• Victim Advocacy
Advocates provide assistance to crime victims by interacting with
police, courts, and legal aid
Advocates may assist in the writing of victim statements for
various legal proceedings such as sentencing and
probation/parole hearings.
Advocates may interact with media trying to ensure reporting is
accurate and that privacy is not violated
34. Caring for the Victim
• Self-Protection
Target hardening involves making one’s home and business
crime proof
Use of fences, guards, surveillance cameras, window bars,
warning signs, and dogs
Gary Kleck suggests armed victims kill between 1,500 and 2,800
potential felons each year
35. Caring for the Victim
• Community Organization
Neighborhood watch programs
Community newsletters
Home security surveys
Lighting projects