This document summarizes key information about vitamin E and vitamin K. It discusses their chemical structures, dietary sources, recommended daily allowances, functions, deficiency symptoms, and role in coagulation. Vitamin E is a powerful antioxidant that protects cell membranes from lipid peroxidation. Vitamin K is required for blood coagulation as it activates coagulation factors in the liver through a carboxylation reaction. A deficiency in vitamin K can lead to a bleeding disorder called hemorrhagic disease seen in newborns who have low vitamin K levels.

1. Vitamin-E
Anti sterility factor By
Dr. Santhosh Kumar N
Associate Professor
Department of Biochemistry

2. • Chemical name is tocopherol
• About 8 tocopherols have been isolated.
–α, β, γ & δ.
• α- tocopherol is most active.
• Derivatives of 6-OH chromane (tocol) ring with isoprenoid side chain

3. DIETARY SOURCES
Vegetable oil:
– Corn oil
– Germ oil
– Peanut oil
– Soya bean oil
– Sunflower oil
– Cotton seed oil

4. RDA of Vitamin-E
 Adults- 8 to10 mg /day
 Pregnancy & Lactation: 12 mg/day (15mg = 33IU)
Hyper vitaminosis –E
• At doses above 1000IU /day
• Cause tendency to hemorrhage, as it is mild anticoagulant.

5. • It absorbed along with fat in the small intestine with the help
of bile salts.
• Transported in the blood by chylomicrons
• It reaches the liver and stored in adipose tissue.
• The liver can export vit-E into VLDL to target cells.
Absorption, Transport & storage

6. BIOCHEMICAL FUNCTION
Powerful Natural Antioxidant

7. • Vit-E act as a chain-breaking & free radical trapping in cell membranes.
• First line of defense against peroxidation of PUFA’s contained in cellular & sub
cellular membrane phospholipids.
• Terminates free radicals of the chain reactions of lipid peroxidation with the help of
selenium.
• Vit-E also prevents the non enzymatic oxidations of various cell components.

8. Cell membrane
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cytosol
PUFA-H
PUFA-00∙
(Peroxy free radical of PUFA)
PUFA-OOH
(Hydroperoxy PUFA)
H2O2
H2O
O2
Tocopherol Oxidized Tocopheroxyl
radicals
Dehydro-ascorbic
acid
Ascorbic acid
GSH
GS-GS
CATALASE
Glutathione
Peroxidase
Non radical compound

9. Other functions

10. Deficiency of vitamin –E
Very rare in human
 Fat malabsorption diseases
 Deficiency can cause hemolytic anemia (due to oxidative damage to RBCs)
 Peripheral neuropathy & retinopathy
Insufficiency of vitamin-E
Decreased production of Hb
&
shortened erythrocytes life spam
HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA

11. Anti -Hemorrhagic Factor & Koagulation vitamin
By
Dr. Santhosh Kumar N
Associate Professor

12. • Derivatives of naphthoquinone
Vitamin K1: Phylloquinone derived from plant.
Vitamin K2: Menaquinones, produced by micro-organisms
Vitamin K3: Menadione (Water soluble Synthetic product,
alkylated form of Vitamin K2)
Chemistry
20C isoprenoid side chain
30C isoprenoid side chain

13. Dietary sources
• Green leafy vegetables
• Even if the diet does not contains,
intestinal bacterial synthesis will meet the RDA

14. RDA of Vitamin-K
 Adults- 55 to 65 µg /day
Hyper vitaminosis –K
• Hemolysis,
• Hyperbilirubinemia,
• Kernicterus &
• Brain damage.

15. • Absorption takes place along with fat, and bile salts
• Transport in plasma with lipoproteins –Chylomicrons
• Stored in the liver

16. Biochemical Functions
– Required for the functional activity of osteocalcin
• It is a Ca+2 binding proteins (40-50 a.a’s length) synthesized by osteoblasts present
only in the bone.
• It binds tightly to hydroxyapatite crystals of the bone
• Binding is depends the degree of Vit–K dependent Carboxylase (γ-Carboxylation).
– Necessary for coagulation - Maintenance of normal blood coagulation.

17. A 2-year-old male child admitted to pediatric OPD, with features of
bleeding tendency - ecchymosis, hemorrhage in the mucous
membranes.
Investigations showed prolonged Prothrombin Time & delayed clotting
time. The condition improved with vitamin K administration.
1Q. What is the most probable diagnosis?
2Q: Role of vitamin K in coagulation
2Q. Inhibitors of vitamin K
Ecchymosis: Discoloration of the skin caused by bleeding underneath
Hemorrhage: Release of blood from broken blood vessel either inside or outside the body

18. Vitamin –K dependent Carboxylase
(Role of Vit –K in blood Coagulation)

19. factor-II; Prothrombin, factor-VII: SPCA, factor-IX: Christmas factor, factor-X: Stuart prower factor
Oxidized

21. factor-II; Prothrombin, factor-VII: SPCA, factor-IX: Christmas factor, factor-X: Stuart prower factor
Competitively inhibited
Oxidized

22. Deficiency of Vit-K
• Can occurs in the malabsorption of lipids
• This can results obstructive jaundice, chronic pancreatitis &
• Gastrointestinal infections with diarrhea
• Will destroy the bacterial flora & can also leads to Vitamin K deficiency

23. Vitamin K Deficiency
Incomplete carboxylation of coagulation proteins
do not form complexes with Ca & phospholipid
Deficiency of Factors II,VII,IX,X
BLEEDING

24. Clinical manifestation of vitamin –K deficiency
Hemorrhagic disease
In newborn
In children & adults
Premature infants due to
- The lack of hepatic stores,
- Limited oral intake (breast milk has low
levels of Vit-K) &
- Absence of intestinal bacterial flora
Bruising tendency,
Ecchymotic patches,
Mucous membrane hemorrhage,
Post-traumatic bleeding
Nasal bleeding.
Ecchymotic patches: purple skin discoloration from rupture of blood vessels

25. • Prolongation of the PT & delayed clotting time are characteristic of Vit-K
deficiency
• Measurement of the PT is taken as an index of liver function

26. Vitamin-K injection is given to patients before liver & biliary
tract surgery, why give a reason

27. “If you cannot do
great things, do small things
in a great way.”
Have a great day to all