This document discusses vitamins, specifically vitamin E. It provides information on the chemistry, absorption, transport, biochemical functions, dietary sources, deficiency symptoms, and recommended daily intake of vitamin E. Key points include: vitamin E is a fat-soluble antioxidant vitamin that protects cell membranes from free radical damage; it is absorbed in the small intestine with bile acids and incorporated into lipoproteins to be transported through the bloodstream; deficiency can cause muscular dystrophy and hemolytic anemia; good dietary sources include various oils, nuts, and green vegetables.

1. VITAMINS
VITAMINSVITAMINS
Presented by
DR MEENAL ATHARKAR
ENDODONTIST

2. THE VITAMINS SPEAKS :
“WE R FOR GROWTH, HEALTH AND WELFARE OF ORGANISM;
DISCHARGE OUR DUTIES DIRECTLY OR THROUGH COENZYMES;
DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS R OUR ALERT SIGNALS;
SATISFIED V SHALL BE, WITH ADDITIONAL SUPPLEMENTS.”

3. CONTENTS
 INTRODUCTION
 TYPES OF VITAMINS
• FAT SOLUBLE
• WATER SOLUBLE
 STRUCTURE & FUNCTION OF FAT SOLUBLE STRUCTURE & FUNCTION OF FAT SOLUBLE
VITAMINS
 BIOCHEMICAL IMPORTANCE
 VITAMIN A
 VITAMIN D
 VITAMIN E
 VITAMIN K

4. Vitamin is an organic compound.
It can not be synthesized in body & must be
provided in the diet.
It is required in small amount for normal
functioning of the body,
And promote growth , maintainance of
health & life.

5. IT IS AN ORGANIC COMPOUND OCCURING
IN NATURAL FOOD ,EITHER AS SUCH OR AS
UTILIZABLE”PRECURSOR”, WHICH ARE REQUIRED
IN MINUTE AMOUNT FOR NORMAL
GROWTH,MAINTAINANCE & REPRODUCTION
IN MINUTE AMOUNT FOR NORMAL
GROWTH,MAINTAINANCE & REPRODUCTION
i.e. FOR NORMAL NUTRITION & HEALTH.

6. Vitamins differ from other organic food stuff in that-
o They do not enter into tissue structure, unlike
proteins.
o They do not under go degradation for providing
energy unlike carbohydrate n lipids.
o Several B complex vitamin play important role aso Several B complex vitamin play important role as
Coenzyme in several energy transformation
reaction in body.
Vitamin differ from hormone-
o Vitamins r not being produced within organism,
& have to be provided in diet.

7. o Vitamins, as per defination,are not synthesized in
body,the bacteria of gut can produce some of
vitamins required by man.
o It is believed that normal bacterial synthesis &
absorption of vitamin k & biotin may be sufficient toabsorption of vitamin k & biotin may be sufficient to
meet body requirements.
o Administration of antibiotics often kills the vitamin
synthesizing bacteria present in gut, hence additional
consumption of vitamin is recommended.

9. Water soluble vitamins Fat soluble vitamins
Vitamins B, C A, D, E, K
Absorption Directly into the blood First into the lymph before the
blood
Transports Travel freely into the blood Require protein carriers
Storage Circulate freely in water-filled parts of
the body
Stored in the cells associated
with fat
Excretion Kidney detect and remove excess in Less readily excreted, tend toExcretion Kidney detect and remove excess in
urine
Less readily excreted, tend to
remain in fat storage sites
Toxicity Possible to reach toxic levels when
consumed from supplements
Likely to reach toxic level when
consumed from supplements
Requirements Needed in frequent doses Needed in periodic doses
(perhaps weeks or even
monthly)

10. • Lipid soluble vitamins are apolar hydrophobic molecule
,which are all isoprene derivatives.
• absorbed efficiently when normal fat absorption is
taking place.
• Once absorbed,must be transported in blood,or
attached to specific binding proteins.
• Once absorbed,must be transported in blood,or
attached to specific binding proteins.
• FUNCTION –
• Vitamin A-Vision
• Vitamin D-Calcium &phosphate metabolism
• Vitamin E-Antioxidant
• Vitamin K-Blood clotting

11. • Conditions affecting the digestion & absorption of lipid
soluble vitamin such as steatorrhea &disorder of biliary
system can all lead to deficiencies.
• Deitary inadequacy/deficiencies due to malabsorption
cause syndromes consequent on the vitamin not
carrying out their physiologic function viz vitamin A
deficiency causes night blindness& xeropthalmia .deficiency causes night blindness& xeropthalmia .
• Because of body’s ability to store surplus lipid soluble
vitamin, toxicity can result from excessive intake of
vitamin A &D.
• Vitamin A&β-carotene,provitamin A&vitamin E are
antioxidants. (role in atherosclerosis &cancer prevention)

13. • Fat soluble
• stored as retinol- in LIVER.
CHEMISTRY -

14. ABSORPTION,TRANSPORT & BIOCHEMICAL
FUNCTION

15. BIOCHEMICAL FUNCTIONS
• VITAMIN A &VISION- Events occur in cyclic process
k/n rhodopsin/wald’s cycle.
• Vit A is necessary for variety of function- vision ,
proper growth & differentiation, reproduction &
maintenance of epithelial cell.
• Retina of eye posses 2 type of cells-• Retina of eye posses 2 type of cells-
• RODS-dim light vision
• CONES-bright light n colored vision

16. WALD’S VISUAL CYCLE(RHODOPSIN)

17. OTHER BIOCHEMICAL FUNCTIONS
• Retinol &Retinoic acid function like steroid
hormone.They regulate protein synthesis &thus
involved in cell growth &differentation.
• Vit A –Essential to maintain healthy epithelial tissues.
• Carotenoids function as antioxidants &reduce risk of
cancers initiated by free radical & strong oxidant.cancers initiated by free radical & strong oxidant.

19. RECOMMENDED DIETARY
ALLOWENCE(RDA)

20. BEST SOURCE- FISH LIVER OIL,KIDNEY, LIVER ,EGG YOLK,MILK,CHEESE,BUTTER. YELLOW& DARK
GREEN VEGETABLES-CARROT ,SPINACH,PUMKIN,MANGO,PAPAYA…..

24. VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY

26. impairment

28. • Role in bone &teeth formation:plays role in construction
of normal bone.
• Deficiency results in slowing endochondral bone
formation &decreased osteoblastic activity.Bone
becomes cancellous,loose fine structural detail.
• Keratinising metaplasia-epithelium-increased keratin
formationformation
• Occlusion of salivary gland duct with keratin
• Enamel hypoplasia,atypical dentine formation, epithelial
invasion of pulpal tissue.
• Delayed eruption of teeth
• Thinning of enamel & chalky deposits on surface.

29. HYPERVITAMINOSIS
• Excessive consumption of vit A leads to TOXICITY.
• SYMPTOMS-
• Dermatitis
• Enlargement of liver
• Skeletal decalcification
• Tenderness of long bones• Tenderness of long bones
• Loss of weight
• Loss of hair
• Hepatic dysfunction

30. • IN ORAL LEUKOPLAKIA ,a precancerous condition,it
has been claimed to improve condition by reverting
cell to normal epithelium.
• All-Trans-Retinoic acid has also been found to be
useful in treatment of promyelocytic leukaemia
&brings remission by differentation of cell.&brings remission by differentation of cell.

32.  Fat soluble vitamin with specific co-enzyme
function.
 Required for production of blood clotting factor ,
essential for coagulation.

33. • Vit k exists in different forms-
• Vit K1-Phylloquinone-present in plant.
• Vit K2-Produced by intestinal bacteria
• Vit K3- Synthetic form
All above are NAPHTHOQUINONE derivative, stable to
heat.There activity is however is lost by oxidizingheat.There activity is however is lost by oxidizing
agent-irradiation,strong acid,alkalies.
VITAMIN K4,K5,K6,K7 ARE ALSO IDENTIFIED, but are not
of much importance.

34. • VIT K1- Isolated from alpha alpha leaves. Also c/a MEPHYTON.
It is a light yellow oil.
• VIT K2- also k/n FARNOQUINONE
It is isolated from putrid fish meal synthesised by bacteria. It is
also a yellow oil.
• VIT K3- also k/n MEADIONE• VIT K3- also k/n MEADIONE
Synthetic analog of vit k.It is 3 times more potent than natural
varieties.It is water soluble & can be given parenterally.

35. • Blood coagulation- concerned with blood clotting.
It brings about post-translation modification of certain blood
clotting factors.
FACTOR II,VII ,IX,X are synthesized as inactive precursor in liver.
Vit K acts as co-enzyme for carboxylation of glutamic acid
residue &this rxn is catalyzed by carboxylase.
• Calcium binding protein- vit K is found to carboxlylate specific
glutamate residues of calcium binding protien of bone,spleen,
placenta,kidney.

36. This enhances capacity of these proteins to deposit calcium
in tissues concerned.
• Role in oxidative phosphorylation-vit k is cofactor in
oxidation phosp. being associated with mitochondrial lipid.
Normal process of oxidative phosp.is restored when vit k is
added to them.added to them.

37. • Absorbed from small intestine,in presence of bile
salts.
• Can cross placental barrier & is available to foetus.
• Not excreted in urine or bile. Faeces contain large
quantities& may represent actual excretion by
intestinal mucosa.intestinal mucosa.

38. • Half of required vit k is synthesized in gut n
half by dietary source.
• RDA for Adult- 70-140µg /day.

39. ALSO PRESENT IN EEG YOLK,MEAT,LIVER,CHEESE,&DAIRY PRODUCTS.

40. • It is very rare-as intestinal flora of microrganism synthesize
adequate quantity of vit K .
1) Prolonged use of antibiotics & sulfa drugs- this suppress
growth of vitamin producing bacteria therefore making vit
k –not available.
Leading to fall in prothrombin level in plasma,increasedLeading to fall in prothrombin level in plasma,increased
blood coagulation time,tendency to spontaneous
hemorrage which may be fatal.
2) Malabsorbtion & biliary tract obstruction-
sprue,steatorrhea&coeliac disease can lead to vit k
deficiency.

41. 3) Short circuiting of the bowel- as a result of surgery, short
circuiting of bowel may foster deficiency which may not
respond even to large oral doses of vit k, vit k3 is alone
useful in such cases.
4) In immediate post-natal infants- hypo prothrombinemia
& bleeding in many tissues occur in vit k deficiency. Vit k is
not obtained from mother through placental membranenot obtained from mother through placental membrane
&also coz intestinal micro flora has not yet been
established,leading to vit k deficiency.
If prothrombin is significantly low-may result in hemorragic
disease of new born.

42. HYPERVITAMINOSIS K
• Administration of large dose of vitamin k
produces hemolytic anemia & jaundice,
particularly in infants. The toxic effects r due
to increased breakdown of RBC.to increased breakdown of RBC.

43. ANTAGONIST OF VITAMIN K
• The compounds- heparin, bishydroxy
coumarin-act as anticoagulants & are
antagonist to vit k.
• Salicylates & dicumarol –antagonist.
• Dicumarol acts as competitive inhibitor in• Dicumarol acts as competitive inhibitor in
synthesis of active prothrombin.

44. • Prothrombin level below 35% results in gingival
bleeding after tooth brushing ,leads to coagulopathy.
• Spontaneous gingival hemorrhages occur, when
prothrombin level falls below 20 %.
• Vit k is an antidote to poisoning of dicumarol type
drug.drug.

45. tocop
herol
tocop
herol

46. • Naturally occurring ANTIOXIDANT
• Essential for normal reproduction in many
animals ,hence k/n ANTI-STERALITY VITAMIN

47. CHEMISTRY
• About 8 tocopherols have been identified.
The presence of phenolic –OH group on 6th carbon
of chromane ring is most important group for its
antioxidant activity.

48. • Absorbed in small intestine
• With help of bile acid
• Transported to liver
• Incorporated Into lipoprotein• Incorporated Into lipoprotein
• Carried by blood
• To muscle tissue & adipose tissue(stored)
Excretion-under goes destruction in GI tract & in
tissues

49. BIOCHEMICAL FUNCTION
1. Anti oxidant property-most important aspect of
vit E.
 Removal of free radical- vit E removes free
radical &prevents their preoxidative effect onradical &prevents their preoxidative effect on
unsaturated lipid of membrane &helps in
maintaining integrity of cell membrane.
 Vit E prevents peroxidation,thus prevents their
damage from O₃,H₂O₂,NO₂.
 Protects RBC from hemolysis by oxidising agent.

50. • Vit E protects liver from being damaged by toxic compounds
such as carbon tetrachloride.
• It works with vit A, C & β-CAROTINE , to relay onset of cataract.
• It is closely associated with reproductive function & prevents
sterility. Vit E preserves &maintains germinal epithelium of
gonads for proper reproductive function.
• Factor III has been identified as a selenium compound which
gives a complete protection against necrosis. Vit E helps togives a complete protection against necrosis. Vit E helps to
protect selenium at active site of membrane,selenoproteins
against the effect of free radicals.

51. OTHER FUNCTIONS-
 Tocopherol derivative tocopheranolactone may be involved
in synthesis of coenzyme Q.
 It may have some role in nucleic acid synthesis.
 Prevents heart disease by preventing oxidation of LDL.

52. • DAILY CONSUMPTION
FOR MAN -10mg (15 I.U.)
FOR WOMAN – 8mg(12 I.U.)
VIT E supplemented diet is advised for pregnantVIT E supplemented diet is advised for pregnant
& lactating women .

53. COTTTON SEAD OIL,CORN OIL,SUNFLOWER OIL,WHEAT GERM OIL.ALSO FOUND IN-
CABBAGE,LETTUCE,YEAST,PEANUTS,DRY SOYABEANS…….

54. DEFICIENCY OF VIT E
1) MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY-vit E deficiency leads to
Increased oxidation of
polyunsaturated fatty acid
Rise in oxygen consumption &
peroxide production
Increased intracellular hydrolaseIncreased intracellular hydrolase
activity
Affects lysosomal membrane
Muscular dystrophy

55. 2) HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA-
Low tocopherol diet
Low plasma tocopherol
Susceptibility to hemolysis
Peroxide
&dialuric acid
Hemolytic / macrocytic anemia
Clinical cases of vit E Deficiency may be found in lipo-proteinemia & in
diseases like sprue, obstructive jaundice, pancreatitis & steatorrhea.

56. 3) DIETARY HEPATIC NECROSIS –
Diet low in cystine & rich in polyunsaturated fatty acid can
cause hepatic necrosis.
 Vit E & Factor III , a selenite compound are
complementary to one another in preventing hepatic
necrosis/ muscular dystrophies.

58. 3) Fibrocystic breast disease- vit E acts by correcting
deranged progesterone/estrogen ratio in women of FBD.
4) Atherosclerosis-beneficial effects of vit E are due to
 Inhibits formation of lipid peroxides & restores PGI₂
synthesis.
 Inhibits platelets aggregation
 Elevates HDL-cholesterol level (Increased scavenging Elevates HDL-cholesterol level (Increased scavenging
action)

59. • Among fat soluble vit,vit E is least toxic.
• Non –toxic effect has been reported even
after ingestion of 300mg /day for 23 yr.after ingestion of 300mg /day for 23 yr.

60. • Decreased male fertility.
• Impaired fetal-maternal vascular
relationships.
• Encephalomalacia
• Nutritional muscular dystrophy.

61.  Fat soluble vitamin.
 Steroid prohormone
 By various metabolic changes in body,they give
rise to a hormone k/n CALCITRIOL, which plays a
VITAMIN D
rise to a hormone k/n CALCITRIOL, which plays a
center role in calcium & phosphate metabolism

62. CHEMISTRY
 VIT D₃ (CHOLECALCIFEROL)-
 Found in animals.
 VIT D₂ (ERGOCALCIFEROL)-
 Formed from ergosterol & is present in plants.
 Both refered as Provitamin.
Both are similar in structure,except that vit D₂ has an Both are similar in structure,except that vit D₂ has an
additional methyl group & a double bond.
 Both are equal in potency.

63. 7- dehydrocholesterol
(intermediate)
during cholesterol biosynthesis
Cholecalciferol (in skin)
(intermediate)
sunlight

64. Endogenous source-
80%of body need is met
by action of uv light .
Exogenous source-
other source of vit D is
METABOLISM
other source of vit D is
diet-fish oil , egg ,etc.

65. • Calcitriol acts as 3 different level to maintain• Calcitriol acts as 3 different level to maintain
plasma level
INTESTINE KIDNEY BONE

66. INTESTINE
• Increased
intestinal
absorption of
ca+&phosphate
KIDNEY
• Calcitriol
minimizes
excretion of ca+&
phosp. Through
kidney,by
BONE
• In osteoblast of
bone,calcitriol
stimulates ca+
uptake for
deposition askidney,by
decreasing
excretion
&enhancing
reabsorption
deposition as
calcium
phosphate
Calcitriol+cystolic
receptor
Calcitriol receptor
complex
Aproches nu
&interacts with DNA
Synthesise ca+
binding protein

67. • DAILY REQUIREMENT- 400 I.U.
• IN COUNTRIES LIKKE INDIA WITH GOOD
SUNLIGHT ,DAILY REQUIREMENT -200 I.U.SUNLIGHT ,DAILY REQUIREMENT -200 I.U.

68. DIETARY SOURCE
Fish liver oil is the richest source.

71. LESION IN RICKETS

73. • Effects are of 2 types-
IMMEDIATE
DELAYED

74. 1. IMMEDIATE EFFECT-
anorexia,thirst,lassitude,constipation & polyurea. Followed
later by nausea, vommiting,diarrhoea.
2. DELAYED EFFECT-
persistent hypercalcaemia & hyperphosphatemia may produce-
 URINARY LITHIASIS
 metastatic calcification-which may effect
kidney,bronchi,muscles,arteries&gastric mucosakidney,bronchi,muscles,arteries&gastric mucosa
Renal failure may develop leading to death.
 In growing children-excessive mineralization of zone of
provisional calcification at expense of diaphysis undergoing
demineralization.

75.  Delayed eruption of primary & permanent teeth.
 Mal-alignment of teeth in jaws
 Developmental anomalies of dentine & enamel.
Teeth shows wide predentine zone with much
interglobular dentine.
 The pulphorns are elongated & extend high,reaching
the dentinoenamel junction.

76. REFERENCES
 HARPER’S BIOCHEMISTRY
 VASUDEVEN
 U. SATAYANARAYANA-ESSENTIAL OF BIOCHEM.
 M.N. CHATTERJEE- MEDICAL BIOCHEMISTRY M.N. CHATTERJEE- MEDICAL BIOCHEMISTRY
 HARSH MOHAN-ESSENTIAL OF PATHOLOGY
 PICTURES FROM INTERNET