Viscoelasticity
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This document discusses methods for measuring the viscoelastic properties of DNA. It describes how DNA exhibits both viscous and elastic behaviors when subjected to stress. Several techniques are summarized, including using a Couette viscometer and Zimm-Crothers Cartesian diver viscometer to apply shear stress to DNA solutions and measure the relaxation over time. Another method called radial migration separates DNA molecules by size as they are stretched and migrate between rotating cones.
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VISCOELASTICITY 1
This document summarizes seminar material on creep and oscillatory testing.
[1] Creep is the slow deformation of a material under constant stress over time and can be divided into primary, secondary, and tertiary stages based on the creep curve. Creep is caused by various mechanisms including dislocation movement and diffusion.
[2] Oscillatory testing involves applying a sinusoidal strain and measuring the stress response to characterize a material's viscoelastic properties like storage and loss moduli.
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This document discusses viscoelastic properties of biological tissues. It defines viscoelasticity as time-dependent stress and strain behavior that exhibits both viscous and elastic properties. Materials show both instantaneous and delayed deformation when loaded, and some but not all deformation is recovered upon unloading. The document compares the viscoelastic behaviors of creep and stress relaxation in different tissues like muscle, ligament, tendon and cartilage. It explains that tissues contain different proportions of collagen and elastic fibers, contributing to their distinct viscoelastic properties. Examples are given of tendon, ligament and arterial tissues.
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Viscoelasticity is the property of materials that exhibit both elastic and viscous characteristics when undergoing deformation. Viscous materials: resist shear flow and strain linearly with time (Newtonian material) when a stress is applied. Elastic materials: strain when stretched and quickly return to their original state once the stress is removed.
IST - 4th Year - 2nd Semester - Biomedical Engineering.
Stress strain curve
The stress-strain curve shows the relationship between stress and strain for a material. It reveals properties like Young's modulus, yield strength, and ultimate tensile strength. The elastic limit is the maximum stress where the material fully recovers after unloading. The yield point marks the transition from elastic to plastic behavior. For some materials without a clear yield point, the 0.2% offset method is used to determine the yield strength. After yielding, strain hardening causes the material's strength to increase with more deformation until it reaches its ultimate strength and fractures.
Biomechanics
This document provides definitions and explanations of key concepts in biomechanics and biomaterials. It begins by defining biomechanics as the science of forces on living bodies and biomaterials as any matter that interacts with biological systems. It then covers topics such as kinesiology, kinetics, stress, strain, material properties including elasticity and plasticity, metal characteristics like fatigue and corrosion, and common orthopedic implants including screws, plates, and locking plates. Key points are emphasized regarding the mechanical behaviors and characteristics of different materials as they relate to orthopedic applications and implant design.
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Creep
Creep is the time-dependent deformation of a material under constant stress at high temperatures. It occurs due to the movement of vacancies and dislocations within a material's microstructure. The critical temperature for creep to occur is 40% of the material's melting temperature. Different creep mechanisms dominate depending on the material, stress levels, and temperatures. Creep testing involves applying a constant load to a sample and measuring the strain over time until failure. The three stages of creep are primary, secondary, and tertiary creep. Creep can lead to failure of components in applications like turbines and nuclear reactors where high stresses and temperatures are present.
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This document summarizes seminar material on creep and oscillatory testing.
[1] Creep is the slow deformation of a material under constant stress over time and can be divided into primary, secondary, and tertiary stages based on the creep curve. Creep is caused by various mechanisms including dislocation movement and diffusion.
[2] Oscillatory testing involves applying a sinusoidal strain and measuring the stress response to characterize a material's viscoelastic properties like storage and loss moduli.
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This document discusses viscoelastic properties of biological tissues. It defines viscoelasticity as time-dependent stress and strain behavior that exhibits both viscous and elastic properties. Materials show both instantaneous and delayed deformation when loaded, and some but not all deformation is recovered upon unloading. The document compares the viscoelastic behaviors of creep and stress relaxation in different tissues like muscle, ligament, tendon and cartilage. It explains that tissues contain different proportions of collagen and elastic fibers, contributing to their distinct viscoelastic properties. Examples are given of tendon, ligament and arterial tissues.
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This document discusses the stress-strain curve for textile fibers. It defines stress as the force per unit area applied to a material, and strain as the increase in length from an applied stress. A typical stress-strain curve shows four regions: the elastic region where deformation is recoverable, yielding where permanent deformation begins, strain hardening where the curve rises continuously, and necking and failure where the material fractures.
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Viscoelasticity is the property of materials that exhibit both elastic and viscous characteristics when undergoing deformation. Viscous materials: resist shear flow and strain linearly with time (Newtonian material) when a stress is applied. Elastic materials: strain when stretched and quickly return to their original state once the stress is removed.
IST - 4th Year - 2nd Semester - Biomedical Engineering.
Stress strain curve
The stress-strain curve shows the relationship between stress and strain for a material. It reveals properties like Young's modulus, yield strength, and ultimate tensile strength. The elastic limit is the maximum stress where the material fully recovers after unloading. The yield point marks the transition from elastic to plastic behavior. For some materials without a clear yield point, the 0.2% offset method is used to determine the yield strength. After yielding, strain hardening causes the material's strength to increase with more deformation until it reaches its ultimate strength and fractures.
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Stress strain curve
This document discusses stress-strain curves, which show the relationship between stress and strain for materials. It explains that stress-strain curves are unique for each material and reveal many of its properties. The typical regions in a stress-strain curve are the elastic region, yielding point, plastic region, strain hardening region, necking, and failure point. A universal testing machine is used to generate stress-strain curves by applying loads and recording the resulting deformations. Stress-strain curves vary between different materials.
Creep
Creep is the time-dependent deformation of a material under constant stress at high temperatures. It occurs due to the movement of vacancies and dislocations within a material's microstructure. The critical temperature for creep to occur is 40% of the material's melting temperature. Different creep mechanisms dominate depending on the material, stress levels, and temperatures. Creep testing involves applying a constant load to a sample and measuring the strain over time until failure. The three stages of creep are primary, secondary, and tertiary creep. Creep can lead to failure of components in applications like turbines and nuclear reactors where high stresses and temperatures are present.
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Scope of rheology
Applications:
Examples
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- Strain is the deformation from applied stress. Tensile and compressive strains refer to changes in length while shear and volumetric strains refer to other types of deformations.
- Hooke's law states that stress is directly proportional to strain within the elastic limit. The modulus of elasticity is the constant of proportionality.
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CREEP
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This document defines stress as the force applied per unit area, strain as the extension per unit length when a wire is stretched, and Young's modulus as the ratio of stress to strain which characterizes a material's elasticity. Young's modulus is calculated as the force multiplied by the length divided by the cross-sectional area times the extension, and represents the proportional relationship between stress and strain for a material under tension within its elastic limit.
Viscosity and its determination
Viscosity is a measure of a liquid's resistance to flow. It is defined as the shear stress divided by the rate of shear strain. There are several methods to measure viscosity, including using capillary tubes, rotating viscometers, and falling ball viscometers. The measurement involves determining the time required for liquid to flow through a capillary or for a ball to fall between marks in a viscometer tube, from which the dynamic viscosity in mPa·s can be calculated. Viscosity measurements require controlling the temperature accurately, usually within 0.1°C.
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Rheology ppt
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Equilibrium
A body is in equilibrium if it is at rest or moving with uniform velocity. There are two types of equilibrium: static equilibrium, where the body is at rest and the net force is zero, and dynamic equilibrium, where the body is in uniform motion with zero net force. Equilibrium can also be stable, unstable, or neutral depending on whether a slightly displaced body returns to its original position, does not return, or neither returns nor topples over, respectively.
Biomech Of Cartilage
The document discusses the biomechanics of cartilage. It describes the structure and composition of cartilage, including its zones and components like proteoglycans and collagen. It discusses how cartilage behaves mechanically using a biphasic model that considers it a mixture of solid and fluid components. Key mechanical properties like aggregate modulus and permeability are described. The relationships between mechanical properties and tissue composition are also summarized.
Viscosity measurements
Viscosity is a measure of a fluid's internal resistance to shear forces or flow. It describes a fluid's resistance to changes in shape when stress is applied. Viscosity depends on the molecular structure of the fluid and arises due to intermolecular friction. Newtonian fluids have a constant viscosity that does not change with shear rate, while non-Newtonian fluids have variable viscosities. Viscosity can be measured using capillary viscometers, rotational viscometers, and online viscometers. It is affected by temperature, with most liquids becoming less viscous when heated. Viscosity is an important consideration in applications like lubrication, pumping fluids, blending fuels, and coating or printing processes.
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Newton's laws of motion are three physical laws that, together, laid the foundation for classical mechanics. They describe the relationship between a body and the forces acting upon it, and its motion in response to those forces
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This document summarizes stress and strain concepts contributed by five authors from the Department of Geology at the University of Haripur. It defines stress and strain, related terminology, types of stress including normal and combined stresses, types of strain including tensile, compressive, shear and volumetric strains. It also describes Hooke's law which states that within the elastic limit, the ratio of stress to strain is constant, known as Young's modulus. Diagrams are included to illustrate different types of stresses and strains.
Viscosity Measurement
The document discusses various aspects of viscosity including its definition, units of measurement, types of fluids, and common devices used to measure viscosity. It describes how viscosity is the resistance of a fluid to flow and is quantified by the ratio of shear stress to shear rate. Several devices are then outlined, including capillary tube viscometers, falling sphere viscometers, rotational viscometers, and vibration-based viscometers. The key methods of viscosity measurement involve measuring flow through a capillary tube, drag on a falling sphere, or torque required to rotate concentric cylinders containing the fluid.
Rheology
Introduction
Rheology and Viscosity
Rheology in Pharmaceuticals
• Pharmaceutical formulation
• Pharmaceutical manufacturing
• Dispensing pharmacy
• Pharmaceutical technology
• Physical pharmacy
• Pharmaceutical jurisprudence
Scope of rheology
Applications:
Examples
Conclusion
Rheology has applications in materials science engineering, geophysics, physiology, human biology and pharmaceutics. Materials science is utilized in the production of many industrially important substances, such as cement, paint, and chocolate, which have complex flow characteristics. In addition, plasticity theory has been similarly important for the design of metal forming processes. The science of rheology and the characterization of viscoelastic properties in the production and use of polymeric materials has been critical for the production of many products for use in both the industrial and military sectors. Study of flow properties of liquids is important for pharmacists working in the manufacture of several dosage forms, such as simple liquids, ointments, creams, pastes etc. The flow behavior of liquids under applied stress is of great relevance in the field of pharmacy. Flow properties are used as important quality control tools to maintain the superiority of the product and reduce batch to batch variations
Tissue biomechanics
Biomechanics of Tendon, Ligament, Cartilage,, Bone
Wolf's Law
Mechnical Behavior
stress strain curve (Young's Moudulas)
viscoelasticity
time depended and rate depended properties
creep stress relaxation, hyteresis,
Thank You
Mechanical Properties Of Bone
This document discusses the mechanical effects of different types of forces on bone. It begins by describing bone properties like strength, stiffness, anisotropy, and viscoelasticity. It then explains the different types of forces that can be applied to bone - compression, tension, shear, bending, and torsion. For each force, it provides the definition, source, and examples of stress/strain on bone. It concludes that bones are often under combined loading from multiple forces simultaneously, like in the lower extremities during exercise.
Glass transition temperature tg
The glass transition temperature (Tg) refers to the temperature at which an amorphous polymer transitions from a hard, brittle glass to a softer, rubbery state over a narrow temperature range. In partially crystalline polymers, this transition only occurs in the amorphous regions, while the crystalline zones remain unchanged and act as reinforcing elements. Tg is an important mechanical property that causes changes in hardness, volume, modulus, and elongation at break. Melting is a separate transition that occurs at the crystalline melting temperature in which polymer chains fall out of their crystal structures and become liquid.
mechanical properties of soft tissues.ppt
The document discusses the mechanical properties of biological tissues. It defines key terms like stress, strain, and Young's modulus. Stress is defined as force per unit area and quantifies internal forces. Strain is the percent change in deformation. Young's modulus describes a material's stiffness. Biological tissues exhibit properties of both elastic and viscous materials, making them viscoelastic. Their mechanical response depends on time and loading rate due to properties like creep and force relaxation.
Stress & Strain PPT.ppt
This document provides an overview of fundamental mechanical engineering concepts including stress, strain, Hooke's law, stress-strain diagrams, and elastic properties of materials. Key points include:
- Stress is defined as force per unit area. Normal stress acts perpendicular to the area while shear stress acts tangentially.
- Strain is the deformation from applied stress. Tensile and compressive strains refer to changes in length while shear and volumetric strains refer to other types of deformations.
- Hooke's law states that stress is directly proportional to strain within the elastic limit. The modulus of elasticity is the constant of proportionality.
- Stress-strain diagrams graphically show the relationship between stress and strain
Biomechanics of ligaments & tendons
The document discusses ligaments and tendons, including their hierarchical structure, composition, anatomical positions, functions, and mechanical properties. It notes that tendons connect muscles to bone and transmit tensile forces, while ligaments connect bone to bone and maintain correct joint geometry. The mechanical properties of ligaments and tendons demonstrate nonlinear and viscoelastic behavior under loading. Immobilization decreases the mechanical properties of ligaments and tendons over time, but remobilization and exercise can help regain their structural integrity and mechanical strength.
Properties of polymers
Polymers have both physical and mechanical properties. Some key physical properties include solubility in solvents, how they are affected by heat, and their ability to allow diffusion of molecules. Their mechanical properties include toughness, strength, and elasticity. Polymers dissolve in solvents and swell in size, while melting and decomposing at certain temperatures above room temperature. Their strength depends on factors like chain length and cross-linking, while their elasticity comes from their molecular structure.
CREEP
Creep is the slow, progressive deformation of a material under constant stress over time. It is dependent on both time and temperature. During a creep test, a constant stress is applied to a specimen and its deformation is measured over time. Typically, a creep curve will show an initial instantaneous elastic deformation followed by primary, secondary, and tertiary creep stages. The addition of nanoparticles like carbon nanotubes or clay to polymers can improve their creep resistance by acting as barriers to hinder molecular chain movement and reorientation under stress. Creep tests are used to characterize a material's creep performance by measuring its creep compliance over time under an applied load.
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The document discusses various aspects of material hardness. It describes several methods for measuring hardness, including Vickers, Knoop, Brinell, and Rockwell tests. It explains that hardness is a material's resistance to plastic deformation and penetration. The document also discusses the relationship between hardness and yield strength, as well as elasticity versus plasticity. It provides examples of using hardness models, like the Maxwell model, to understand the behavior of elastic materials under loads.
Viscoelastic Damping: Classical Models
What is viscoelastic damping?
What are the classical models?
What is creep?
What is Relaxation?
What is complex modulus?
#WikiCourses
http://wikicourses.wikispaces.com/Topic01+Viscoelastic+Materials
Polymer science
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on polymer science given to Dr. R. V. Kulkarni. The presentation covered various topics including polymer classification, applications of polymers in controlled drug delivery, biodegradable and natural polymers. Key points discussed include the different methods of polymer classification including by linking method, composition, polymerization method, mechanism and origin. Important polymerization methods like addition, condensation and step-growth were also summarized.
Hydrogels
Hydrogels are three-dimensional network of hydrophilic cross-linked polymer that do not dissolve but can swell in water or can respond to the fluctuations of the environmental stimuli
Hydrogels are highly absorbent (they can contain over 90% water) natural or synthetic polymeric networks
Hydrogels also possess a degree of flexibility very similar to natural tissue, due to their significant water content
Polymer
Polymer materials are long chain molecules made of repeating monomer units. They include plastics, rubbers, and fibers. Polymers are classified as thermoplastics, thermosets, homopolymers, copolymers, and natural polymers. The structure and properties of polymers depend on factors like chain length, branching, and cross-linking. Polymers have a variety of applications including packaging, insulation, automotive and medical parts due to their low cost, low density, and moldability.
Polymer
Polymers are macromolecules built up by linking together small monomer molecules. There are two types of polymerization mechanisms: step-growth and chain-growth. Step-growth involves monomers and polymers reacting with each other, while chain-growth only involves monomers reacting with active centers on growing polymer chains. Polymers can also be classified based on their structure as linear, branched, or cross-linked, and whether they are thermoplastic or thermoset. Nomenclature of polymers involves naming them based on the monomer source, such as polyethylene from the monomer ethylene.
Polymer ppt
The document discusses polymers including their classification, types of polymerization, characteristics, and applications. Polymers can be classified based on source, structure, polymerization method, and molecular forces. There are two main types of polymerization - addition and condensation. Polymers have characteristics like low density, corrosion resistance, and moldability. They have wide applications in medicine, consumer products, industry, and sports equipment.
Polymers
Polymers are macromolecules formed by linking together small repeating units called monomers. There are two main types of polymerization: addition and condensation. Addition polymers are formed without the elimination of small molecules when monomers containing carbon-carbon double bonds polymerize via a chain reaction mechanism involving three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. Condensation polymers are formed with the elimination of small molecules like water or ammonia when bifunctional monomers react. Common examples of addition polymerization include polyethylene formed from ethylene monomers using a free radical initiator like benzoyl peroxide.
Rheology
This document provides an overview of rheology and its importance in pharmaceutical applications. It begins with definitions of rheology as the study of flow and deformation of matter under stress. The importance of rheology in formulation of various dosage forms like creams, emulsions, and suspensions is discussed. The document then covers key concepts in rheology including Newton's laws of viscosity, different types of fluid flow (Newtonian, plastic, pseudoplastic, dilatant), and measurement of viscosity. Pharmaceutical examples are provided to illustrate different flow properties and their significance.
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This document discusses various strategies for gene cloning, including:
1. Extracting target DNA from organisms and purifying it for cloning.
2. Selecting a suitable cloning vector with specific properties.
3. Introducing the target DNA into host cells using transformation methods like calcium phosphate transfection, liposome transfection, electroporation, etc.
4. Screening and identifying recombinant clones using techniques like antibiotic resistance, colorimetric assays, and nucleic acid hybridization.
The Nucleus
structure, functions and diseases caused by nuclear abnormality. deals about the physiological complications and therapeutic approach.
Southern blotting
these slides can easily give better understanding to the reader about the Steps involved in Southern Blotting.
Techniques of Assessment of Genetic Changes
The document provides an overview of techniques used for assessing genetic changes, including DNA separation techniques like gel electrophoresis, capillary electrophoresis, and gradient centrifugation. It also discusses techniques for DNA analysis such as DNA sequencing, nucleic acid hybridization, DNA cloning, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and DNA microarrays. PCR has advantages like being able to start from a single cell and generate products quickly, but requires knowledge of the target sequence. Real-time PCR allows quantifying DNA or cDNA. DNA microarrays detect mRNA or cDNA and have applications in gene expression analysis.
DOC-20180125-WA0038.pptx
RFLP analysis involves using restriction enzymes to cut DNA into fragments of different lengths at specific nucleotide sequences. These fragments are then separated by gel electrophoresis based on their size and can be used to identify differences between DNA samples. DNA is extracted from samples, digested with restriction enzymes, and the fragments are run on a gel and either detected directly or transferred to a membrane through Southern blotting for detection using DNA probes. This allows analysis of genetic variation and has applications in forensics, disease detection, and genetic mapping.
X Ray Crystallography
X-Ray Crystallography is a technique used to determine the atomic and molecular structure of a crystal, in which the crystalline atoms cause a beam of incident X-rays to diffract into many specific directions.
Recombinant dna
presented by HAFIZ M WASEEM
university of education LAHORE Pakistan
i am from mailsi vehari and studied in lahore
bsc in science college multan
msc from lahore
1. Cell Fractionation Centrifugation.pptx
Cell fractionation is a technique used to study cellular constituents by rupturing cells and separating the fractions via centrifugation. The process involves homogenizing cells in an isotonic solution to rupture membranes. The homogenate is then centrifuged at high speeds, which uses centrifugal force to separate particles based on density and size. Heavier particles sediment faster and are separated into distinct fractions that can be analyzed to determine their structure and function within cells.
Biotech 2011-06-electrophoresis-blots-120101022428-phpapp02
- Electrophoresis separates nucleic acids and proteins based on size. Nucleic acids move towards the positive electrode through agarose or acrylamide gels. Agarose gels separate larger fragments, while acrylamide separates smaller ones.
- Restriction enzymes cut DNA at specific palindrome recognition sequences, producing fragments of predictable average sizes. Southern blots detect specific DNA sequences within restriction fragments separated by gel electrophoresis.
- Electrophoresis followed by blotting and probing allows detection and analysis of specific genes, RNAs, and proteins.
Ultracentrifugation
1. Ultracentrifugation uses high centrifugal forces to separate particles in solution based on differences in size, shape, density, and other properties.
2. It was invented in the 1920s and allows for separations not possible with lower speed centrifuges.
3. There are two main types - analytical ultracentrifugation which analyzes samples during centrifugation, and preparative ultracentrifugation which isolates and purifies particles.
Electrophoresis 1
Gel electrophoresis is a technique used to separate charged particles like DNA fragments by size. An electric current is applied to a gel, causing negatively charged DNA fragments to migrate towards the positive electrode. Smaller fragments travel further than larger ones. DNA is first digested with restriction enzymes to generate fragments of different lengths. The DNA fragments are then loaded into wells in an agarose or acrylamide gel submerged in buffer solution. As an electric current is applied, the fragments separate by size. After completion, the gel can be stained with dye and visualized under UV light to see the separated DNA bands. This allows analysis and recovery of specific DNA fragments.
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I AM HAFIZ MUHAMMAD WASEEM from mailsi vehari
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MSC university of education Lahore
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Dna replication
DNA replication is the process by which a cell makes an identical copy of its DNA. It involves separating the double helix into two single strands, each serving as a template for synthesis of a new partner strand. This results in two identical DNA molecules composed of an original strand and a newly synthesized strand. Semiconservative replication was confirmed by Meselson-Stahl experiments which showed newly synthesized strands containing lighter isotopes while parental strands remained heavy. Replication requires enzymes like DNA polymerase, helicase, primase and ligase. In prokaryotes it occurs by theta, sigma or linear mode using replicons from a single origin.
Centrifugation
Centrifugation is a process that uses centrifugal force to separate mixtures based on density. It works by spinning a liquid sample at high speeds, causing denser components to migrate outward and separate from less dense components. There are several types of centrifugation including density gradient centrifugation, differential centrifugation, and ultracentrifugation. Centrifugation has many applications such as separating immiscible liquids, purifying cells, and separating blood components.
Nucleus ppt
The nucleus is a membrane-bound organelle that contains the genetic material (DNA) of eukaryotic cells. It takes up about 10% of the cell volume and facilitates transcription and replication processes to maintain cell integrity. The nucleus contains nucleoplasm, nucleolus, chromosomes, and a phospholipid bilayer nuclear membrane with pores. It serves as the control center of the cell by synthesizing proteins and controlling traits and metabolism. Chromatin is the complex of DNA and proteins within the nucleus that allows for compaction of DNA.
replication and transcription of DNA.pptx
DNA replication is semiconservative: each parental DNA strand serves as a template for synthesis of a new complementary strand. Meselson and Stahl demonstrated this through experiments using E. coli grown with nitrogen isotopes. Replication can occur through theta, rolling circle, or linear modes depending on whether the DNA is circular or linear. It requires unwinding of the DNA double helix, primers, DNA polymerases, and other proteins to copy the parental strands accurately and produce two identical daughter DNA molecules.
Biology Cell transport and cell cycle 12 / 06 / 12 Thursday
The document discusses cell transportation through diffusion, osmosis, and active transport. It explains that diffusion and osmosis are passive processes where particles or water move down their concentration gradients, while active transport requires energy to move particles against their gradients, such as through the sodium-potassium pump. The document also describes facilitated diffusion, ion channels, and endocytosis and exocytosis as additional mechanisms for substances to cross the cell membrane.
Various techniques of Centrifugation 11.pptx
This document discusses different types of centrifugation techniques used to separate particles based on density. It describes analytical centrifugation, density gradient centrifugation, differential centrifugation, isopycnic centrifugation, and rate-zonal density gradient centrifugation. Each technique relies on centrifugal force to separate particles based on differences in density, size, or shape, allowing for purification and analysis of biological samples.
Transposable elemts and jumping genes
How trasnposeable elements works? How they jump from one locus to another? Here you can learn all about them. This is by Tahir 52.
Fidelity of DNA replication
DNA replication involves the synthesis of new DNA strands through a semi-conservative process whereby each new molecule contains one old strand and one new strand synthesized using the old strand as a template. Key enzymes involved include helicase, which unwinds the DNA double helix, primase, which initiates DNA synthesis, and DNA polymerase, which catalyzes phosphodiester bond formation to elongate the new strands. Fidelity is maintained through proofreading mechanisms that remove incorrectly incorporated nucleotides and DNA repair pathways that correct errors made during replication.
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Viscoelasticity
- 1. Measurement of viscoelasticity of DNA By:Jasmin
- 2. VISCOELASTICITY • Viscoelasticity is the property of materials that exhibit both viscoUs and elastic characteristics when undergoing deformation.
- 3. • viscosity is the result of the diffusion of atoms or molecules inside an amorphous material. • elasticity is usually the result of bond stretching along crystallographic planes in an ordered solid. • Viscoelastic materials have elements of both of these properties and their relationship between stress and strain depends on time.
- 4. DNA • Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is an important biopolymer that contains the genetic information and is present in the nucleus of cells. • DNA are long polymers made of repeating units called deoxyribo nucleotides, which are made up of a phosphate group, a sugar moiety and four different nitrogenous bases
- 5. • If the solutions of DNA are subjected to shear stress , the DNA molecules are extended • After stress has been removed. The molecules returns to a relaxed configuration in which molecule , if it is long approximates a random coil
- 6. Couette viscometer • A solution of an extendable molecule shows viscoelasticity when sheared in couette viscometer Zimm-crothers Cartesian diver viscometer • The application of shear stress cause the inner cylinder to rotate. • When the stress is removed,if viscometer contains a pure solvent,the angular velocity approaches to zero
- 9. • However if the rotor is suspended in solution of high molecular weight DNA, the rotor stops and the direction of rotor reverses owing to relaxation of previously stretched DNA • Ultimately the rotor stops owing to friction • The exponential decay rate at which rotor comes to rest can be characterized by time constant τr called retardation time.
- 10. • The molecular weight of a linear DNA molecule is determined by specific viscosity by extrapolating value of retardation time to zero shear rate and zero DNA concentration • 0.665 logM = 2.0863 + log([n]+5)
- 11. RADIAL MIGRATION METHOD • Developed by Ken Dill and Bruno Zimm • Novel method for separation of large DNA molecules according to molecular weight • Two concentric cones are arranged
- 13. • The space between the cones is filled by the DNA solution and the inner cone is rotating slowly (approx I rotation per 5 seconds) • The elastic molecule are aligned and stretched • The molecule is stretched in curve therefore, there is small force directed toward the axis of rotation
- 14. • The rate of migration is proportional to 5/2 power of molecular weight so this separation occurs during migration • After several hours of migration , the rotation stopped and the stop cock at the base of the outer cone is opened • The solution is then fractioned by drop collection • The largest molecule emerge first
- 15. • This method is being used to concentrate and separate intact DNA molecules of chromosomes from fragments that are produced during the isolation of DNA from the tissue
- 16. Thank you