mapleson circuits used in anesthesia practice, are in their way out but it is as important to know the mechanism with which the gases flow to and fro through them.
mapleson circuits used in anesthesia practice, are in their way out but it is as important to know the mechanism with which the gases flow to and fro through them.
airway management by comparative study beyween Airtraq and McGrath Videolaryngoscope and Classical Macintosh in neutral neck position (stimulated cervical injury scenarios)
airway management by comparative study beyween Airtraq and McGrath Videolaryngoscope and Classical Macintosh in neutral neck position (stimulated cervical injury scenarios)
Titmus v4 Vision Screener product specsHenan Medical
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Titmus V4 TNO Occupational Model Vision Screener with tests typically used by Occupational Health Doctors/Nurses for screening employees for various job functions, DOT testing. Tests include Visual Acuity (using Landolt rings/unbroken ring), Binocular Vision, Depth / Color Perception, Muscle Balance (horizontal/vertical) and peripheral vision.
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A scan biometry | How to Use A-scan? Types of A-Scan Biometry?Naeem Ahmad
A-SCAN BIOMETRY | What is A-Scan Biometry? How To Use It?
A-scan is the short form of amplitude scan.
This eye ultrasound gives details about the length of the eye.
A-Scan is an essential diagnostic tool used in ophthalmology.
The measurement of the eye’s axial length through an A-scan is necessary for placing an intraocular lens (IOL, artificial lens) during cataract surgery.
The total refractive power of the emmetropic eye is approximately 60D. Of this power, the cornea provides roughly 40D, and the crystalline lens 20 diopters.
When a cataract is removed, the lens is replaced by an artificial lens implant. By measuring both the length of the eye (A-scan Biometry) and the power of the cornea (keratometry).
It may also be used to assess vision abnormalities and other diseases involving the eye such as tumors.
A-scan techniques are based on the principles of ultrasonography. Sound travels in a wave pattern. For a sound to be heard by the human ear, the frequency must be between 20 and 20,000 Hz (20 kHz).
For an eye examination through A-scan, an ultrasound of frequency of around 10 MHz is used.
Detailed description of the operating microscope in endodontics, its use and availability in the market. Appropriate review of literature added with case reports.
National Ocular Biometry Course (NOBC) 2015 An echoslide presentation Anis Suzanna Mohamad
This powerpoint presentation is basically about ocular biometry. Echo presentation is one of the method to deliver infomation that obtain from the course we attend to other staff in our Ophthalmology Department.
this presentation includes different parts of SOM, How it is mounted on the wall or the floor, its advanatges and disadvantages and how a dentist should maintain the microscope for better results.
SPOTLIGHT ON THE PREMIUM CHANNEL - Abbott Medical OpticsHealthegy
Presentation from OIS@ASCRS 2016
Leonard Borrmann, Divisional VP, R&D
Video Presentation:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=02VOUB17Xp8&list=PL1dmdBNnPTZJBhQxPOp0vdNg3s3wtN2yw&index=38
SOLIX Essential is a technology built upon a proven foundation of high-speed Spectral Domain OCT. The SOLIX Essential offers state-of-the-art imaging from the cornea to the choroid with exclusive technology that will change your approach to disease diagnosis and management.
Journal club covid vaccine neurological complications ZIKRULLAH MALLICK
the risks of adverse neurological events following SARS-CoV-2 infection are much greater than those associated with vaccinations, highlighting the benefits of ongoing vaccination programs.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
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3. Endotracheal intubation is a medical
procedure in which a tube is placed into the
trachea through mouth or nose.
Endotracheal intubation remains a
specialized learned skill and difficult
endotracheal intubation remains an
important adverse event.
INTRODUCTION
4. Enhanced visualization of the airway has
been accomplished with the adaptation of
fiberoptic bronchoscopes for this purpose.
But, the skill of fiberoptic intubation is
difficult to learn, and the scopes are
expensive to maintain.
INTRODUCTION
5. Recently, the development of less expensive,
smaller, and more reliable video cameras has
revolutionized the design of laryngoscopes and
the process of endotracheal intubation.
6. What is a Videolaryngoscope (VL)
It is an Indirect laryngoscope
consist of a handle and laryngoscope
blade
micro video-chip camera embedded into the
end of the blade.
An external monitor; liquid crystal display
(LCD) through a video system.
7.
8.
9. ADVANTAGES:
Eye and airway need not line up.
Better view when mouth opening or neck
mobility is limited.
Others can see and help.
Permits sharing of medical information among
the team.
Generally higher success rate, especially in
difficult situations.
10. DISADVANTAGES:
Variable learning curves; may take longer
to intubate.
Passage of tube may be difficult despite
great view; stylet often necessary
Fogging and secretions may obscure view
11. Loss of depth perception.
More complicated.
Expensive; to possess and to mantain
12. VL Over DL:
Patient related factors: such as
-limited mouth opening
-limited neck mobility
-obesity
-craniofacial
-chest wall abnormalities
can prevent
visualization
13. VL Over DL:
Patient’s position:
-within a traction device
-within radiologic equipment
-entrapped within a vehicle
prevents
adequate
visualization
14. Teaching purpose: Video laryngoscopy
provides a shared view for the teacher
and student.
Video output can be streamed through a
video conferencing or Internet link. This
makes distance learning and consultation
possible.
VL Over DL:
15. The better laryngoscopic view generally provided
by video techniques may improve the likelihood
of success for inexperienced operators.
By using a video technique, information
concerning the patient’s anatomy and any
difficulty that the operator is experiencing may be
easily evident → Assistant may help.
16. CONCLUSION:
• Overall success rate in unselected cases
between 94 – 100 %
• Improvement in grading CL
• VL as first choice in patients with higher
risks of Difficult DL (CL ≥ 3)
• VL as a rescue device in patients following
failed intubation with DL
17. CHARACTERSTIC OF IDEAL VL’s:
Should be intuitive to the operator and easy to
learn and teach.
The device should be adaptable for different
types of endotracheal intubations-
-oral or nasal
-both adults and children
-should permit the use of special-purpose
tubes such as double-lumen tubes.
18. The laryngoscope should be inexpensive.
The laryngoscope should be lightweight,
handy, and easy to maneuver.
Should have success in unusual locations in
the field, during transport, and on hospital
floors.
19. Anti-fog capability: Even the greatest camera
may be rendered useless if condensation is
present on the lens.
A long-lasting rechargeable battery with an
alternative alternating-current (AC) power
source is important.
Image storage capacity: can be used for
review, quality assurance and teaching.
20. Advantage over fiberoptic bronchoscopy
(FB)
Railroading of the endotracheal tube over
the fiberscope remains a “blind technique”
and may result in injury to laryngeal
structures due to impingement of tube
21. Limitations of VL over FB
Cannot be introduced through nose or tracheostomy
Cannot be used in patients with complete trismus or
wired jaw.
Not helpful in confirming the placement of a double
lumen tube, bronchial blocker or performing
pulmonary toilet.
32. Blade: 13 mm thick & curved to a
60° angle to match anatomical
alignment.
CMOS camera, an LED light source,
anti-fogging mechanism and a
separate view screen.
Size ranging from 2,3,4,5 from
paediatric to adult and morbidly
obese.
33. Stroumpoulis and colleagues performed direct
laryngoscopy followed by laryngoscopy with the
GlideScope in 112 patients with predicted difficult
intubation. The percentage of Cormack grade 1 and 2
views increased from 63% to 90% with the GlideScope,
and intubation was successful in 98% of cases.
Nakstad and Sandberg examined the use of the
GlideScope Ranger during intubations of a simulated
entrapped patient.
In this study, 8 anesthesiologists intubated a manikin with
access only to the caudal end of the head. While only half
could successfully accomplish the intubation with a
Macintosh, all could secure the airway within 60 seconds
using the GlideScope.
35. Portabile, easy to setup, lack
of wires and cables.
An 1.7” LCD screen is mounted
atop the handle of the
laryngoscope to display the
image. Screen angle is
adjustable
An adjustable Camera Stick
36. A low cost single-use, 13mm
thick, polycarbonate blade cover
can be placed over the
CameraStick
Powered by a single rechargible
1.5V AA battery(2hr) or a
standard alkaline battery in
handle(1hr)
37. O’Leary and co-workers reported successful
endotracheal intubation with the McGrath in 30
instances in which traditional laryngoscopy had
failed
In inexperienced hands, however, Walker and
colleagues concluded that the McGrath offered no
advantage to traditional laryngoscopy, and they
found the intubation time longer than with direct
laryngoscopy (median 47 s vs 30 s).
39. Truview comes with 5 blade sizes: neonate to
large adult
Side channel for oxygen: prevents fogging and
provides apneic oxygenation.
40. Distal lens on optical view
tube is a prism
Permits visualization of
structures 47⁰
anterior(useful for
anterior larynx)
Can be used as optical
laryngoscope or as
videolaryngoscope
46. The Airtraq is a single-use optical device with a 60
min battery life.
Different sizes are available for various ETT sizes,
pediatric, nasotracheal, and double-lumen
endobronchial intubations.
A 30–45-second warm-up time is necessary to
reduce fogging.
A video camera can attach to the optical lens to
permit viewing on an external monitor or
recording.
47.
48. Tuna Erturk et al (2015) concluded that in cases with
seemingly difficult intubations, the Airtraq laryngoscope
has an advantage over the Macintosh laryngoscope, owing
to its better view of the oropharyngeal and glottic areas &
is helpful in facilitating intubation in patients with limited
head extension.
Gómez-Ríos MÁ et al (2016) evaluated the advantages of
the Airtraq device with accessory technology innovation-
“Airtraq video laryngoscope” by four experienced
anesthesiologists and were asked to state their
preference. The anesthesiologist showed their
preference for AVL and they found that this innovation
offers several benefits in contrast to direct vision via the
eyepiece.
50. Portable, Durable and Reusable
video display.
Powered by Standard AAA size batteries that
lasts for ̴90 min.
The LED light and CMOS camera( resolution=
640 x 480 VGA)
Monitor: 6.1cm / 2.4" diagonal; anti-
reflective coating on display window
52. Murphy LD et al (2014) concluded that there was a
lower Cormack-Lehane grade and higher
percentage of glottic opening with the KVL
compared to MAC.
Akihisa Y et al in 2014 concluded that the KVC but
not the KVNC, could be used as an alternative
device for intubation by novice personnel.
54. The C-Mac laryngoscope has a dedicated 7-
inch portable external monitor to display a
high-resolution image (800*480) with an 80°
angle of view
The camera’s electronics are incorporated
into the handle of the laryngoscope, with the
image acquired by a CMOS chip incorporated
into the blade along with an LED light source.
55. Sizes 2, 3, and 4 reusable Macintosh blades are
available. Sterile processing of the reusable
blade is required after use.
Angulated blade is available only in size 4
which is called C-Mac “D” Blade.
Powered by a rechargeable battery that
permits ̴2 hours of continuous operation. The
system can be used while recharging on AC.
Images can be recorded in JPEG or MPEG4
format.
59. The Berci-Kaplan DCI (V-MAC) is compatible with
other Storz endoscopic video imaging systems.
Miller and Macintosh blades in pediatric and
adult sizes are available.
Sterile processing of the blade is necessary after
use.
The camera’s electronics are incorporated into the
handle of the laryngoscope. The angle of view is
60°. A high resolution (15,000 pixel) image is
viewed on an external monitor, which simplifies
shared viewing and teaching
60. In pediatric patients, Vlatten and colleagues
compared the use of the DCI laryngoscope to
standard laryngoscopy using a Miller 1 or
Macintosh 2 blade in children <4 years old.
Video laryngoscopy provided a better view of
the glottis, but intubation time was
longer.Macnair and colleagues published
similar results.
62. Resembles a traditional battery-powered
laryngoscope with an attached 3.5-inch view
screen on its handle.
The view screen has an external videoout
port.
Contains the LED light source and CCD
camera unit that attaches to a reusable
blade.
63. Only video laryngoscope with Miller,
Macintosh, Bullard and J-shaped blades.
Sizes 2, 3, and 4 Macintosh and sizes 0 and 1
Miller blades are available.
Powered by rechargeable lithium-ion
battery, ̴60 min. The unit can also be run on
AC power via a dedicated charger.
65. Stylets are rigid or semi-rigid
rods that carry both light and
video bundles.
Lightweight, cost effective and
highly portable video-assisted
intubation stylet.
Video stylet has two detachable
parts:
-Display module: 2.4 inches color
TFT LCD
-Stylet module: with a light
source
66. Advantageous for oral endotracheal
intubation when mouth opening is
limited.
Require a substantial learning curve
and the optics may be subject to
secretions and fogging
69. All predictors present till date are for
conventional rigid laryngoscopy.
Those pertaining to videolaryngoscopy may
include:
-Altered neck anatomy
-Presence of surgical scar
-Radiation changes,
-Oropharyngeal or neck mass
-Mouth opening <1.5cm
-Reduced thyromental distance.
71. ƒ“Time to intubation” is significantly longer with VL.
May cause prolonged apnea time
Prolonged apnea with a VL may cause hypoxia in
patients with reduced oxygen store, such as obese
patients, obstetric women
Difficulty during insertion of the tracheal tube may
result in injuries to the soft palate, oropharynx, and
tonsils
There is possibility of endotracheal tube impingement
at the vocal cords or luminal surface of the anterior
tracheal wall. This can often be overcome by rotating
the tube at 180° after withdrawing the stylet.
73. Video techniques are quickly replacing direct
laryngoscopy in many practices, especially
when teaching novices or when difficult
intubation is anticipated.
Each model of video laryngoscope has its own
unique strengths, weaknesses, and best
applications.
No one model appears uniformly superior to
another, and none is 100% successful.
74. Those instruments that appear familiar and
intuitive to the experienced user, may be
more easily accepted into clinical practice.
Video techniques are continuously evolving
and is likely that it will continue to evolve.