The document discusses the subjunctive mood in English grammar. It describes the two forms of the subjunctive as synthetic and analytic. The synthetic subjunctive has present and past tense forms, while the analytic subjunctive uses modal verbs like shall, should, would, may, might, and could followed by an infinitive. It provides examples of how the different forms of the subjunctive are used in various clause types like conditional clauses, subject clauses, and purpose clauses.
This document discusses different types of nouns and how to form their plurals. It identifies common and proper nouns and explains how nouns function in sentences. It also describes the different ways to form plurals of regular nouns, irregular nouns, foreign nouns, abbreviations, numbers, letters and measurements.
The document discusses homonyms, which are words that are identical in sound or spelling but have different meanings. It provides examples of different types of homonyms in English, such as lexical homonyms which differ only in meaning (e.g. fair-fare), grammatical homonyms which also differ in part of speech (e.g. milk-to milk), and lexico-grammatical homonyms which differ in both meaning and part of speech (e.g. tear-to tear). The document also examines how homonyms can arise through processes like sound changes, borrowings, shortenings, and the diverging or converging development of word meanings over time.
A verb phrase consists of a main verb combined with a helping verb, also known as an auxiliary verb. Some examples of verb phrases include "was preparing", "could speak", "may have been sleeping", and "must pay" which all contain a helping verb and main verb. A verb phrase is a group of words that together function as the verb, usually containing both a helping verb and main action verb like "are chasing" while a single verb like "chase" is not itself a verb phrase.
The document discusses theoretical grammar and the grammatical structures of the English language. It covers topics such as:
1) Theoretical grammar is concerned with language in general rather than a specific language, and aims to make the formal rules of grammar explicit.
2) A language incorporates phonological, lexical, and grammatical systems. The grammatical system determines the combination of lexical units to form utterances.
3) Theoretical grammar analyzes language systems to describe phenomena and explain their uniqueness, focusing on semantics, functions, and the intrinsic mechanisms of language.
4) Key aspects of theoretical grammar for English include morphology, which studies word forms and changes, and syntax, which examines phrase and sentence construction.
This document discusses morphology and word formation. It defines morphology as the study of the internal structure of words. It discusses how words are formed through processes like affixation, compounding, reduplication, and alternation. It also describes the hierarchical structure of derived words. Different types of languages are discussed, including analytic, synthetic, agglutinative, fusional, and polysynthetic languages. The key morphological concepts of morphemes, affixes, stems, and lexical categories are explained. Finally, it outlines procedures for morphological analysis when studying a new language.
The document discusses the subjunctive mood in Spanish. It begins by explaining that the subjunctive is not a verb tense but rather a mood used to indicate uncertainty or opinions that influence actions. It provides examples of how the subjunctive is used after verbs expressing wants, desires, hopes, and orders. It then explains how to conjugate verbs into the subjunctive and provides an acronym to summarize the major uses of the subjunctive mood.
1. Productivity describes the ability of a language process, like word formation, to generate new words. It involves factors like the number of potential new words, the rules that govern the process, and the actual occurrence of new words over time.
2. Productivity has both formal and semantic aspects. Formal productivity refers to consistent application of rules, while semantic productivity means the resulting words have uniform, predictable meanings. However, semantic regularity is not always present.
3. Semantic blocking occurs when an existing word inhibits creation of a new word with the same meaning, even if it could be formed by regular morphological rules. Common examples are semantic gaps filled by existing simple words.
The document discusses the subjunctive mood in English grammar. It describes the two forms of the subjunctive as synthetic and analytic. The synthetic subjunctive has present and past tense forms, while the analytic subjunctive uses modal verbs like shall, should, would, may, might, and could followed by an infinitive. It provides examples of how the different forms of the subjunctive are used in various clause types like conditional clauses, subject clauses, and purpose clauses.
This document discusses different types of nouns and how to form their plurals. It identifies common and proper nouns and explains how nouns function in sentences. It also describes the different ways to form plurals of regular nouns, irregular nouns, foreign nouns, abbreviations, numbers, letters and measurements.
The document discusses homonyms, which are words that are identical in sound or spelling but have different meanings. It provides examples of different types of homonyms in English, such as lexical homonyms which differ only in meaning (e.g. fair-fare), grammatical homonyms which also differ in part of speech (e.g. milk-to milk), and lexico-grammatical homonyms which differ in both meaning and part of speech (e.g. tear-to tear). The document also examines how homonyms can arise through processes like sound changes, borrowings, shortenings, and the diverging or converging development of word meanings over time.
A verb phrase consists of a main verb combined with a helping verb, also known as an auxiliary verb. Some examples of verb phrases include "was preparing", "could speak", "may have been sleeping", and "must pay" which all contain a helping verb and main verb. A verb phrase is a group of words that together function as the verb, usually containing both a helping verb and main action verb like "are chasing" while a single verb like "chase" is not itself a verb phrase.
The document discusses theoretical grammar and the grammatical structures of the English language. It covers topics such as:
1) Theoretical grammar is concerned with language in general rather than a specific language, and aims to make the formal rules of grammar explicit.
2) A language incorporates phonological, lexical, and grammatical systems. The grammatical system determines the combination of lexical units to form utterances.
3) Theoretical grammar analyzes language systems to describe phenomena and explain their uniqueness, focusing on semantics, functions, and the intrinsic mechanisms of language.
4) Key aspects of theoretical grammar for English include morphology, which studies word forms and changes, and syntax, which examines phrase and sentence construction.
This document discusses morphology and word formation. It defines morphology as the study of the internal structure of words. It discusses how words are formed through processes like affixation, compounding, reduplication, and alternation. It also describes the hierarchical structure of derived words. Different types of languages are discussed, including analytic, synthetic, agglutinative, fusional, and polysynthetic languages. The key morphological concepts of morphemes, affixes, stems, and lexical categories are explained. Finally, it outlines procedures for morphological analysis when studying a new language.
The document discusses the subjunctive mood in Spanish. It begins by explaining that the subjunctive is not a verb tense but rather a mood used to indicate uncertainty or opinions that influence actions. It provides examples of how the subjunctive is used after verbs expressing wants, desires, hopes, and orders. It then explains how to conjugate verbs into the subjunctive and provides an acronym to summarize the major uses of the subjunctive mood.
1. Productivity describes the ability of a language process, like word formation, to generate new words. It involves factors like the number of potential new words, the rules that govern the process, and the actual occurrence of new words over time.
2. Productivity has both formal and semantic aspects. Formal productivity refers to consistent application of rules, while semantic productivity means the resulting words have uniform, predictable meanings. However, semantic regularity is not always present.
3. Semantic blocking occurs when an existing word inhibits creation of a new word with the same meaning, even if it could be formed by regular morphological rules. Common examples are semantic gaps filled by existing simple words.
This document discusses the use of definite and indefinite articles (a, an, the) in English. It explains that "a" and "an" are used with non-specific singular nouns, while "the" is used with specific or definite singular and plural nouns. No article is used with uncountable nouns or indefinite plural count nouns. Examples are provided to illustrate the rules for using articles correctly in different contexts.
This document defines and provides examples of different types of compound words. It discusses endocentric compounds which have a head word that determines the category of the compound, and exocentric compounds which have no head word. Within exocentric compounds, it distinguishes bahuvrihi compounds which refer to attributes rather than entities, and copulative compounds which have a dual or plural relationship between constituents. The document also compares compounds to phrases and derived words, and discusses issues with distinguishing between them. Finally, it introduces the concepts of synthetic compounds, interfixes, allomorphy, and noun incorporation in word formation.
Morpheme, morphological analysis and morphemic analysissyerencs
Structure of morphological analysis and morphemic analysis. The morpheme refers to either a class of forms or an abstraction from the concrete forms of language. A morpheme is internally indivisible, it cannot be further subdivided or analyzed into smaller meaningful unit. It is also externally transportable; it has positional mobility or free distribution, occurring in various context.
Morphemes are represented which curly brace { } using capital letters for lexemes or descriptive designations for types of morphemes.
This document discusses semantics and how it studies meaning in language. It covers topics like how the meaning of sentences is determined by the meanings of its parts and their arrangement. It also examines different types of meanings, scales of meaning, and lexical semantics. Additionally, it explores semantic relations between words like synonymy and antonymy. The document notes that ambiguity is pervasive in language and discusses how word meanings can change over time through processes like semantic broadening, narrowing, amelioration, and pejoration.
Rules for changing singular nouns into plural nounsAnsar Gill
1. Most singular nouns form their plural by adding 's', with the sound of 'z', but some nouns ending in certain letters like p, k, t, f add 's' with the sound of 's'.
2. Nouns ending in o, ch, sh, ss, x form their plural by adding 'es' with the sound of 'iz'.
3. Nouns ending in y typically add 's' to form the plural, but if the letter before y is not a vowel, the plural is formed by removing y and adding 'ies'.
4. Twelve specific words ending in f or fe form their plural by removing f or fe and adding 'ves'.
The document discusses the differences between the verbs "say", "speak", "talk", and "tell". It notes that "say" and "tell" are used to express a single piece of information, while "speak" and "talk" refer more broadly to languages or discussions on a variety of topics. "Speak" is considered more formal than "talk".
This document discusses morphological concepts including:
- Inflectional morphemes change grammatical categories like number or tense, while derivational morphemes can change word class.
- Affix order is important, with derivational suffixes coming before inflectional ones.
- Some words have irregular or unidentifiable elements like plural sheep or past tense went.
- Morphemes are realized through morphs, with allomorphs being variant forms of a single morpheme like plural -s, -z, or -es.
WORD FORMATION (blending) PRESENTED BY SAFIAH ALMURASHIQUICKFIXQUICKFIX
This literature review discusses blending, a word formation process where parts of two or more words are combined to form a new word. The document defines blending, outlines its key characteristics, and categorizes types of blends. It also reviews several previous studies that have examined blending in languages like English and Arabic. The literature review finds that blending involves combining portions of source words, with the most common type being a blend of the beginning of one word and end of another. It also notes that while blending has many forms in English, it predominantly uses the first letters of one word and last letters of another in Arabic.
The document summarizes different reporting verbs and the structures they can be used with. It provides examples of reporting verbs followed by that, an object and infinitive, just an -ing form, or to. Some common reporting verbs and their structures include:
- Verbs like say, admit, claim can be followed by that and a clause or just an object and infinitive/ing form.
- Verbs like advise, encourage, recommend can take an object and infinitive or just an -ing form.
- Verbs like agree, promise, offer can take an object and to.
The document provides examples of sentences using various reporting verbs in different structures for reporting speech or thoughts.
The document discusses prepositions and provides examples of how they are used in sentences. A preposition connects a noun or pronoun object to another word. Common prepositions are listed on page 372 of the textbook. A preposition must be part of a prepositional phrase, which includes the preposition, its object, and the word the object is connected to. Some words can be either prepositions or adverbs depending on how they are used - as a preposition there is an object, as an adverb there is no object and it modifies a verb.
This document discusses the use of the expressions "wish" and "if only" to express wishes or desires. It provides examples of different structures used with "wish" and "if only" to convey different meanings: wishing to change the present, expressing regret about the past, making polite requests, and showing desire for ability. The structures are wish/if only + past simple/continuous, wish/if only + past perfect, wish/if only + would, and wish/if only + could. The document concludes by providing an exercise to write a 250-word composition using these different wish structures.
This document defines and provides examples of different types of adjectives, including descriptive adjectives, quantity adjectives, demonstrative adjectives, possessive adjectives, interrogative adjectives, and degrees of comparison for adjectives. It also provides rules for using adjectives and an order for placing adjectives before nouns.
Possessive nouns use an apostrophe to show ownership or belonging. For singular nouns, add 's to form the possessive. For plural nouns ending in s, add only an apostrophe. For other plural nouns, add 's. Possessive nouns can indicate something belongs to a person, place, or thing, or describe a characteristic of the noun.
The document discusses the difference between the denotation and connotation of words. It provides examples of words that have the same denotation but different connotations, such as "cheap" versus "inexpensive" and "new" versus "unproven." While denotation refers to the strict dictionary or literal meaning, connotation refers to the cultural or emotional associations that can be positive or negative.
The document discusses the proper uses of "who" and "whom" in sentences. It explains that "who" or "whoever" should be used as the subject of a sentence, while "whom" or "whoever" should be used as the object, such as in prepositional phrases beginning with "to." Examples are provided to illustrate using "who" when it can be replaced by "he" or "she" as the subject, and using "whom" when it can be replaced by "him" or "her" as the object.
This document discusses the levels of language and structure of sentences in systemic grammar. There are three levels of language: substance, form, and situation. Sentences have two important aspects - chain (surface structure) and choice (deep structure). Chain refers to the linear order and position of words. There are five ranks along the axis of chain: morph, word, group, clause, and sentence. Groups can be nominal, verbal, prepositional, or adverbial depending on the head word. Clauses include independent and dependent clauses, with conditioning, additioning, and reported dependent clauses. The structure of a sentence includes a subject, predicate, complement, and adjunct.
Nouns can sometimes function as adjectives to describe other nouns. Some examples include toothbrush, where "tooth" describes what kind of brush, car door, where "car" describes what type of door, and bike shop, where "bike" describes what type of shop. When a noun is used as an adjective to describe another noun, it takes on the role of an adjective by providing descriptive information about the other noun.
Types and forms of euphemisms in minangkabaunese KIMLI 2014 Rusdi Noor RosaRusdi Noor Rosa
This document discusses types and forms of euphemisms used in the Minangkabaunese language. It begins by providing background on euphemisms and how they are culturally dependent. It then examines universal euphemisms and identifies some basic ideas for their emergence, such as avoiding taboo words. The document outlines various forms of euphemisms including phonetic, lexical, grammatical, and rhetorical devices. It provides examples of positive euphemisms, like replacing "prison" with the name of a place, and negative euphemisms, such as terms for death, sex, and certain animals. The document concludes by recapping the different forms and types of euphemisms found in the Minangkabaune
This document discusses English word and sentence structure. It covers morphology, the study of word forms and how words are constructed from morphemes. It defines different types of morphemes such as bound, free, root, stem, derivational, and inflectional morphemes. It also discusses affixes, grammatical morphemes, and the relationship between morphemes and words. The document analyzes how English words are formed through processes like derivation, compounding, acronyms, backformations, and other methods.
This document provides an introduction to the Spanish subjunctive mood. It begins by explaining that the subjunctive is used to express hypothetical or subjective situations, unlike the indicative which states facts. It then discusses the forms of the subjunctive, including stem changes and irregular verbs. Finally, it outlines the main uses of the subjunctive, noting that it is typically used in subordinate clauses expressing cause/prevention, personal bias/emotion, or falseness/unreality. Examples are provided to illustrate each case. Memory devices like DISHES and ESCAPA are also introduced to help learn the irregular verb forms and common subjunctive triggers.
This document provides information about the Spanish subjunctive mood, including its forms and usage. It begins by explaining that the subjunctive expresses hypothetical or subjective situations, unlike the indicative which states facts. It then covers the forms of the subjunctive for regular and irregular verbs. Finally, it details the seven situations that trigger the subjunctive, such as expressing doubt, denial or emotion. Key examples are provided to illustrate each case of subjunctive usage.
This document discusses the use of definite and indefinite articles (a, an, the) in English. It explains that "a" and "an" are used with non-specific singular nouns, while "the" is used with specific or definite singular and plural nouns. No article is used with uncountable nouns or indefinite plural count nouns. Examples are provided to illustrate the rules for using articles correctly in different contexts.
This document defines and provides examples of different types of compound words. It discusses endocentric compounds which have a head word that determines the category of the compound, and exocentric compounds which have no head word. Within exocentric compounds, it distinguishes bahuvrihi compounds which refer to attributes rather than entities, and copulative compounds which have a dual or plural relationship between constituents. The document also compares compounds to phrases and derived words, and discusses issues with distinguishing between them. Finally, it introduces the concepts of synthetic compounds, interfixes, allomorphy, and noun incorporation in word formation.
Morpheme, morphological analysis and morphemic analysissyerencs
Structure of morphological analysis and morphemic analysis. The morpheme refers to either a class of forms or an abstraction from the concrete forms of language. A morpheme is internally indivisible, it cannot be further subdivided or analyzed into smaller meaningful unit. It is also externally transportable; it has positional mobility or free distribution, occurring in various context.
Morphemes are represented which curly brace { } using capital letters for lexemes or descriptive designations for types of morphemes.
This document discusses semantics and how it studies meaning in language. It covers topics like how the meaning of sentences is determined by the meanings of its parts and their arrangement. It also examines different types of meanings, scales of meaning, and lexical semantics. Additionally, it explores semantic relations between words like synonymy and antonymy. The document notes that ambiguity is pervasive in language and discusses how word meanings can change over time through processes like semantic broadening, narrowing, amelioration, and pejoration.
Rules for changing singular nouns into plural nounsAnsar Gill
1. Most singular nouns form their plural by adding 's', with the sound of 'z', but some nouns ending in certain letters like p, k, t, f add 's' with the sound of 's'.
2. Nouns ending in o, ch, sh, ss, x form their plural by adding 'es' with the sound of 'iz'.
3. Nouns ending in y typically add 's' to form the plural, but if the letter before y is not a vowel, the plural is formed by removing y and adding 'ies'.
4. Twelve specific words ending in f or fe form their plural by removing f or fe and adding 'ves'.
The document discusses the differences between the verbs "say", "speak", "talk", and "tell". It notes that "say" and "tell" are used to express a single piece of information, while "speak" and "talk" refer more broadly to languages or discussions on a variety of topics. "Speak" is considered more formal than "talk".
This document discusses morphological concepts including:
- Inflectional morphemes change grammatical categories like number or tense, while derivational morphemes can change word class.
- Affix order is important, with derivational suffixes coming before inflectional ones.
- Some words have irregular or unidentifiable elements like plural sheep or past tense went.
- Morphemes are realized through morphs, with allomorphs being variant forms of a single morpheme like plural -s, -z, or -es.
WORD FORMATION (blending) PRESENTED BY SAFIAH ALMURASHIQUICKFIXQUICKFIX
This literature review discusses blending, a word formation process where parts of two or more words are combined to form a new word. The document defines blending, outlines its key characteristics, and categorizes types of blends. It also reviews several previous studies that have examined blending in languages like English and Arabic. The literature review finds that blending involves combining portions of source words, with the most common type being a blend of the beginning of one word and end of another. It also notes that while blending has many forms in English, it predominantly uses the first letters of one word and last letters of another in Arabic.
The document summarizes different reporting verbs and the structures they can be used with. It provides examples of reporting verbs followed by that, an object and infinitive, just an -ing form, or to. Some common reporting verbs and their structures include:
- Verbs like say, admit, claim can be followed by that and a clause or just an object and infinitive/ing form.
- Verbs like advise, encourage, recommend can take an object and infinitive or just an -ing form.
- Verbs like agree, promise, offer can take an object and to.
The document provides examples of sentences using various reporting verbs in different structures for reporting speech or thoughts.
The document discusses prepositions and provides examples of how they are used in sentences. A preposition connects a noun or pronoun object to another word. Common prepositions are listed on page 372 of the textbook. A preposition must be part of a prepositional phrase, which includes the preposition, its object, and the word the object is connected to. Some words can be either prepositions or adverbs depending on how they are used - as a preposition there is an object, as an adverb there is no object and it modifies a verb.
This document discusses the use of the expressions "wish" and "if only" to express wishes or desires. It provides examples of different structures used with "wish" and "if only" to convey different meanings: wishing to change the present, expressing regret about the past, making polite requests, and showing desire for ability. The structures are wish/if only + past simple/continuous, wish/if only + past perfect, wish/if only + would, and wish/if only + could. The document concludes by providing an exercise to write a 250-word composition using these different wish structures.
This document defines and provides examples of different types of adjectives, including descriptive adjectives, quantity adjectives, demonstrative adjectives, possessive adjectives, interrogative adjectives, and degrees of comparison for adjectives. It also provides rules for using adjectives and an order for placing adjectives before nouns.
Possessive nouns use an apostrophe to show ownership or belonging. For singular nouns, add 's to form the possessive. For plural nouns ending in s, add only an apostrophe. For other plural nouns, add 's. Possessive nouns can indicate something belongs to a person, place, or thing, or describe a characteristic of the noun.
The document discusses the difference between the denotation and connotation of words. It provides examples of words that have the same denotation but different connotations, such as "cheap" versus "inexpensive" and "new" versus "unproven." While denotation refers to the strict dictionary or literal meaning, connotation refers to the cultural or emotional associations that can be positive or negative.
The document discusses the proper uses of "who" and "whom" in sentences. It explains that "who" or "whoever" should be used as the subject of a sentence, while "whom" or "whoever" should be used as the object, such as in prepositional phrases beginning with "to." Examples are provided to illustrate using "who" when it can be replaced by "he" or "she" as the subject, and using "whom" when it can be replaced by "him" or "her" as the object.
This document discusses the levels of language and structure of sentences in systemic grammar. There are three levels of language: substance, form, and situation. Sentences have two important aspects - chain (surface structure) and choice (deep structure). Chain refers to the linear order and position of words. There are five ranks along the axis of chain: morph, word, group, clause, and sentence. Groups can be nominal, verbal, prepositional, or adverbial depending on the head word. Clauses include independent and dependent clauses, with conditioning, additioning, and reported dependent clauses. The structure of a sentence includes a subject, predicate, complement, and adjunct.
Nouns can sometimes function as adjectives to describe other nouns. Some examples include toothbrush, where "tooth" describes what kind of brush, car door, where "car" describes what type of door, and bike shop, where "bike" describes what type of shop. When a noun is used as an adjective to describe another noun, it takes on the role of an adjective by providing descriptive information about the other noun.
Types and forms of euphemisms in minangkabaunese KIMLI 2014 Rusdi Noor RosaRusdi Noor Rosa
This document discusses types and forms of euphemisms used in the Minangkabaunese language. It begins by providing background on euphemisms and how they are culturally dependent. It then examines universal euphemisms and identifies some basic ideas for their emergence, such as avoiding taboo words. The document outlines various forms of euphemisms including phonetic, lexical, grammatical, and rhetorical devices. It provides examples of positive euphemisms, like replacing "prison" with the name of a place, and negative euphemisms, such as terms for death, sex, and certain animals. The document concludes by recapping the different forms and types of euphemisms found in the Minangkabaune
This document discusses English word and sentence structure. It covers morphology, the study of word forms and how words are constructed from morphemes. It defines different types of morphemes such as bound, free, root, stem, derivational, and inflectional morphemes. It also discusses affixes, grammatical morphemes, and the relationship between morphemes and words. The document analyzes how English words are formed through processes like derivation, compounding, acronyms, backformations, and other methods.
This document provides an introduction to the Spanish subjunctive mood. It begins by explaining that the subjunctive is used to express hypothetical or subjective situations, unlike the indicative which states facts. It then discusses the forms of the subjunctive, including stem changes and irregular verbs. Finally, it outlines the main uses of the subjunctive, noting that it is typically used in subordinate clauses expressing cause/prevention, personal bias/emotion, or falseness/unreality. Examples are provided to illustrate each case. Memory devices like DISHES and ESCAPA are also introduced to help learn the irregular verb forms and common subjunctive triggers.
This document provides information about the Spanish subjunctive mood, including its forms and usage. It begins by explaining that the subjunctive expresses hypothetical or subjective situations, unlike the indicative which states facts. It then covers the forms of the subjunctive for regular and irregular verbs. Finally, it details the seven situations that trigger the subjunctive, such as expressing doubt, denial or emotion. Key examples are provided to illustrate each case of subjunctive usage.
Verbs Of Emotion - The Use Of The Present Subjunctive In Noun ClausesSusan Watson
This English-Spanish handout and worksheet explains the use of the present subjunctive mood in noun clauses. It focuses on verbs of emotion. It is for English speakers who are studying Spansih.
The document discusses various aspects of -ing forms and phrasal verbs in English. It describes how -ing forms can be used as verb participles or gerunds. It then explains different types of phrasal verbs, including transitive vs intransitive, separable vs inseparable, and how objects and adverbs can be positioned. It also discusses stress patterns in spoken English and ergative verbs that can be used both transitively and intransitively.
This PowerPoint presentation discusses rules for pronoun agreement. It explains that pronouns must agree with their antecedents in number and gender. Some key points include: pronouns like it/its and they/them differ in singular and plural forms; indefinite pronouns like everyone are always singular; and when fixing agreement errors, avoid sexist language.
Direct vs Indirect Object Pronouns in SpanishLive Lingua
This article covers direct and indirect object pronouns in Spanish, including how and when to use them, and the differences between them. It provides examples in both sentence form and in graphs.
The document discusses direct and indirect speech. Direct speech uses quotation marks to report the exact words spoken. Indirect speech does not use quotation marks and usually involves changing the tense and pronouns when reporting what someone said. Some key changes when going from direct to indirect speech include changing the tense, time, and place references. Questions, orders, requests, suggestions, and reported speech about intentions are also discussed.
1) An infinitive is a verb form with "to" in front of it, such as "to do" or "to sleep." A gerund is a verb form ending in "-ing," such as "sleeping" or "drawing," that functions as a noun.
2) The document outlines 5 simple rules for using gerunds and infinitives: gerunds can be subjects, both can be objects; infinitives follow adjectives; infinitives follow nouns/pronouns referring to people; and gerunds follow prepositions with one exception.
The document provides an in-depth overview of infinitives in English grammar. It defines infinitives as verbals that act as other parts of speech. Infinitives can function as nouns, adjectives, and adverbs. As nouns, they can be subjects, direct objects, or predicate nominatives. As adjectives, they modify nouns and pronouns. As adverbs, they modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. The document also discusses verbs that are followed by infinitives and adjectives followed by infinitives. It provides examples and explanations of different infinitive uses and forms.
Ana is concerned that her boyfriend of 5 years has started smoking secretly over the past year after not smoking when they first got together, as she does not like the smell of tobacco. She has respected that he told her he was smoking for the past year and said he would quit, but it has now been 4-5 months and she sees that he has not stopped smoking. Ana wants advice on how she can help him quit smoking.
This document is a grammar book written by Amata Leno. It contains 12 sections covering topics such as nationalities, stem changing verbs, para, indirect object pronouns, pronoun placement, gustar, affirmative and negative words, superlatives, reflexives, affirmative and negative commands, and sequencing events. Each section provides explanations and examples of key grammar concepts and structures in Spanish.
This document provides a summary of Spanish grammar topics including nationalities, stem changing verbs, para, indirect object pronouns, pronoun placement, gustar, affirmative and negative words, superlatives, reflexives, commands, sequencing events, the preterite tense, trigger words, verbs ending in -car, -gar, -zar, deber and the infinitive, modal verbs, the present progressive, and adverbs. The document covers essential grammar structures and their usage in Spanish.
1. The document provides instruction on Spanish grammar concepts including pronoun placement, nationalities, stem-changing verbs, indirect object pronouns, reflexive verbs, affirmative and negative commands, and superlatives.
2. It explains how to form reflexive verbs, affirmative and negative commands, and superlatives. Examples are provided to demonstrate concepts like pronoun placement with commands.
3. Sequencing events in Spanish is discussed, including terms like primero, entonces, luego, después, por fin that indicate the order in which things occurred. Time phrases with por, la mañana, la tarde and la noche are also addressed.
This document provides an overview of key grammar concepts in Spanish, including stem-changers, uses of para, indirect object pronouns, object pronoun placement, gustar, affirmatives and negatives, superlatives, reflexives, affirmative and negative commands, and sequencing events. It defines each concept and provides examples to illustrate proper usage.
The document provides an overview of Spanish grammar concepts including:
- Verb tenses like the preterite, imperfect, future, and conditional.
- Uses of prepositions like por and para.
- Irregular verb forms.
- Reflexive and stem-changing verbs.
- Comparatives and superlatives.
- Uses of the imperfect versus preterite tenses.
The document discusses verbs and voice. It explains that voice indicates whether the subject performs or receives the action of the verb. There are two voices: active and passive. The active voice has the subject performing the action, while the passive voice has the subject receiving the action. The document provides examples and guidelines for when to use each voice, and how to identify and form passive voice verbs.
The document is a grammar book that provides an overview of Spanish grammar topics including: verb conjugations for regular and irregular verbs in the present, imperfect, preterite, and future tenses; stem changers; reflexive verbs; the impersonal 'se'; verbs like 'gustar'; spelling changes for certain verbs; comparatives and superlatives; and irregular verb forms. It includes tables and explanations of grammar rules and forms.
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Verbs Of Desire And Volition Use Of The Present Subjunctive In Noun Clauses
1. English-Spanish Helpful Handouts Page 1 of 2
Verbs Of Desire And Volition- The Use Of The Present Subjunctive In Noun Clauses
The subjunctive mood is used to express events or states that are not a part of the speaker’s reality or experience.
It is used to speak about things that are unreal, uncertain, or indefinite. One way that the present subjunctive is used is
to express the speaker’s desire or volition, that is, something that the speaker wants or wills. What one desires or
wills is not real or certain. It may or may not happen. It is indefinite.
Verbs of desire and volition are used in sentences with the present subjunctive. This kind of sentence has an
independent clause and a dependent noun clause. A dependent noun clause is a group of words that function as the
subject or the object of the verb in the independent clause. Independent noun clauses in Spanish are introduced by
the conjunction que.
There are 2 differences between the independent and dependent clauses. The first difference is the subject in the
independent clause is different from the subject in the dependent clause. The second difference is the independent
clause has a verb in the indicative mood while the dependent clause has a verb in the present subjunctive mood.
Bill quiere que Ann deje de fumar.
(Bill wants Ann to stop smoking.)
Independent Clause – Indicative Mood Dependent Noun Clause – Subjunctive Mood
bbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbb
Subject – Bill Subject - Ann
Subject
Bill quiere que Ann deje de fumar.
Here is a list of some verbs that express desire and volition.
permitir – to permit Los doctores no me permiten que The doctors don’t permit me to
fume. smoke.
insistir en – to insist on Insistimos en que vaya al hospital We insist that you go to the hospital.
.
preferir – to prefer Prefiere que su madre viva en España. He prefers that his mother live in
Spain.
exigir – to demand Les exigen que los niños regresen a They demand that the children return
las cinco de la tarde. at 5:00 p.m.
rogar – to pray Le rogamos que ella esté bien. We pray that she is well.
sugerir – to suggest Le sugieren a Brenda que compre el They suggest that Brenda buy the red
coche rojo. car.
Here are some more verbs of desire and volition.
advertir – to warn alentar – to encourage convencer – to convince decir – to tell, say
decidir – to decide dejar – to allow desear - to desire disponer – to stipulate
impedir – to prevent inducir – to induce mandar– to order necesitar – to need
prohibir – to prohibit proponerse – to propose requerir – to require pedir – to ask
Free handout from http://sites.google.com/site/englishspanishhelpfulhandouts. Written by S. Watson.
Photos: www.morguefile.com.
2. English-Spanish Helpful Handouts Page 2 of 2
Verbs Of Desire And Volition- The Use Of The Present Subjunctive In Noun Clauses
There are some verbs that can be used in both the indicative and subjunctive moods.
Decir is followed by a noun clause in the indicative mood when reporting what someone says.
Bill le dice que Joanna va al cine cada fin de semana.
(Bill says that Joanna goes to the movies every weekend.)
Decir is followed by a noun clause in the subjunctive mood when telling someone to do something.
Bill le dice a Joanna que lo busque en el cine a las cuatro de la tarde el sábado.
(Bill tells Joanna to meet him at the movies at 4:00p.m. on Saturday.)
Some verbs can be followed by the infinitve form of another verb or by a dependent noun clause in the subjunctive
without a change in meaning.
Les sugiero tomar el tren.
Les sugiero que tomen el tren.
(I suggest that they take the train.)
Here are some other verbs that can be followed by either the infinitive or subjunctive without a change in meaning.
dejar – to allow impedir – to prevent mandar – to order permtir – to permit prohibir – to forbid
rogar – to request, beg sugerir – to suggest
The verbs in the box above are always used with an indirect object pronoun when they are followed by the infinitive.
When they are followed by the subjunctive in a noun clause, the use of the indirect object pronoun is optional.
Practice.
Bill wills and desires many things. Use your imagination to create a noun clause in the
subjunctive mood for each sentence.
Bill me permite que yo _________________________________________________________
Bill insiste en que tú ___________________________________________________________
Bill prefiere que él ____________________________________________________________ Bill
Bill le exige que ella _______________________________________________________________________________
Bill nos ruega que nosotros _________________________________________________________________________
Bill les sugiere que ustedes __________________________________________________________________________
Bill les dice que ellos _______________________________________________________________________________
Free handout from http://sites.google.com/site/englishspanishhelpfulhandouts. Written by S. Watson.
Photos: www.morguefile.com.