This document discusses English grammar concepts including verbal, noun phrases, and relationals. It defines a verbal as a functional element that includes the main verb and any auxiliary or helping verbs. Auxillary verbs function as operators and can change a sentence to a question if placed in initial position. The document also discusses how tense, modals, perfective, progressive, and passive verbs are realized in a verbal. Additionally, it examines the noun phrase, defining it as a group of words with a noun as the head, and explores the different constituents that can make up a noun phrase, including premodifiers and postmodifiers.

1. MODERN ENGLISH GRAMMAR AND
USAGE
Verbal, Noun Phrase and Relationals
Dr. Abha Pandey
Ppt prepared for pre Ph.D Course 2014-15

2. VERBAL
 Like Subject, object and complement, verbal is a
Functional element
 Verbal includes- Main verb, may also have modal/
auxillary verbs
 Auxillary verbs function as operator. In sentence
initial position- sentence is changed to a yes/no
question.

3. MAIN VERB, MODALS
 Verbal (play) Verbal( can speak)


 Main Verb Auxiliary Main Verb

 play can speak






4. PERFECTIVE
 Perfective verbs also function as auxillary
 Verbal (have bought)


 Auxiliary Main Verb


 Perfective



 have -en buy

5. PASSIVE
Verbal (is investigating)


 Auxiliary Main Verb




Progressive



 be -ing investigate


6. VERBAL
 Verbal
 Tense modal perfective progressive passive
Main Verb
 Past may have -en be -ing be –en
interviewed

7. VERBAL: HOW IS TENSE REALIZED?
 Verbal
 Auxillary Main Verb
 Tense Modal Perfective Progressive Passive
 Every finite verbal will have an auxillary node
and a main verb node. Every auxillary node will
have a tense node. It may have other nodes but
tense will always be the first node.

8. BE HAVE AND DO : PRIMARY VERBS
 Be and have can be used as main verbs.
 She is my daughter
 Have has a stative meaning- possession and
relationship and a dynamic meaning – experience
 a). He has a car. Has he a car?
 ‘have’ functions as an operator.
 b). He had tea with biscuits. Did he have….?
 ‘have’ does not function as an operator.
 It needs a do support or do insertion.
 All other main verbs also require do as an empty or
dummy operator
 Do can also function as as main verb
 She has done the assignment

9. THE NOUN PHRASE: FUNCTIONS AND FORM
 Noun phrase is a formal label, like verbal,
adjective and adverb phrase.
 Functional labels: subject, object
(direct/indirect) subject complement, object
complement and adjunct depending on its
function in a sentence.
 Form: Noun phrase is a group of words with
a noun as a head, with and without any
words before of after the head. A noun
phrase must have a noun and may or may
not have pre/post modifiers

10. NOUN PHRASE
 A personal pronoun (he), A demonstrator (that),
or a wh word( what) may constitute a noun
phrase by itself.
 Exception: The rich, The poor, infinitives-To
believe is to see, That clause also work as
noun phrases- as subject.
 Noun phrase is a constitute, its constituents
are:
 Head word alone,
 Premodifier + headword
 Headword + post modifier,
 Pre modifier + headword + postmodifier

11. DIAGRAMMATIC REPRESENTATION OF A NOUN
PHRASE- PRE MODIFIERS
 NP
Predeterminer determiner ordinal quantifier
 Adj phrase classifier Noun
 Intensifier adjective

12. RELATIVE CLAUSE AND OTHER
POSTMODIFIERS
 N P
 (premodifier) Noun (postmodifier)
 Relative clause: restrictive or non restrictive
 Who, which, that clauses
 Other post modifiers:
 Prepositional phrases
 Adverb phrases
 Adjectives

13. THANK YOU