Ventricular fibrillation
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Ventricular fibrillation occurs when the ventricles of the heart quiver due to uncoordinated contractions of the heart muscle fibers. This prevents the heart from effectively pumping blood throughout the body. Ventricular fibrillation can be caused by stress, damage, or electrical changes to heart tissue. It requires immediate treatment through defibrillation or medications to prevent organ damage or death from lack of oxygen.
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1) Intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation (IABP) provides systolic unloading and diastolic augmentation to improve cardiac output.
2) IABP is indicated for cardiogenic shock, high-risk PCI/CABG, and mechanical complications.
3) Potential complications include limb ischemia, infection, bleeding, and aortic injury.
4) Optimal IABP waveform analysis and timing are important to maximize hemodynamic support.
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This document discusses right bundle branch block (RBBB) in the electrocardiogram (ECG). It begins by explaining normal ventricular conduction, then describes RBBB. Key points of RBBB include a QRS duration of over 110ms, an rSR' pattern or notched R wave in lead V1, and a wide and slurred S wave in leads I and V6. The document contrasts RBBB and left bundle branch block (LBBB) and provides illustrations of complete RBBB, incomplete RBBB, intermittent RBBB, and RBBB with left anterior fascicular block. It emphasizes using lead V1 and the direction of the terminal QRS force (upward for RBBB, downward for LBBB)
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Cardiac arrest refers to the sudden cessation of cardiac activity and can lead to death if not treated. It is usually caused by conditions that disrupt the heart's electrical system such as coronary artery disease or structural heart abnormalities. Risk factors include a family history of sudden cardiac death, previous heart issues, and lifestyle factors like smoking and obesity. Diagnosis involves evaluating the patient's history, ECG, echocardiogram, and blood work. Treatment includes CPR, defibrillation, cardiac catheterization, bypass surgery, and medication to control arrhythmias and heart disease. Nursing care focuses on monitoring the patient's condition, providing oxygen, and educating on preventing future cardiac events.
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Cardiogenic shock occurs when the heart is damaged and unable to pump enough blood to vital organs. This causes blood pressure to drop and organs to fail. It is a serious medical emergency. The heart loses its ability to contract effectively due to lack of oxygen and nutrients. Clinical features include low blood pressure, confusion, and poor organ perfusion. Treatment aims to improve cardiac function and oxygen delivery through medications, surgeries like bypass and stenting, and devices like intra-aortic balloon pumps. Nursing care monitors the patient's condition and supports the medical management of this critical condition.
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1) Intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation (IABP) provides systolic unloading and diastolic augmentation to improve cardiac output.
2) IABP is indicated for cardiogenic shock, high-risk PCI/CABG, and mechanical complications.
3) Potential complications include limb ischemia, infection, bleeding, and aortic injury.
4) Optimal IABP waveform analysis and timing are important to maximize hemodynamic support.
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This document discusses supraventricular tachycardia (SVT), which are tachyarrhythmias originating from the atria or atrioventricular node that cause a rapid heart rate. SVTs are classified as either atrial or AV tachyarrhythmias based on their site of origin. Common causes include inherited conditions, structural heart abnormalities, coronary artery disease, and hyperthyroidism. Diagnosis involves an electrocardiogram (ECG), Holter or event monitor, exercise test, or electrophysiology study. Treatment depends on whether it is acute or long term, and may include vagal maneuvers, calcium channel blockers, cardioversion, or medications like digoxin, beta blockers,
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Defibrillators are devices that deliver an electrical shock to the heart to terminate life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias like ventricular fibrillation. They were first demonstrated on dogs in 1899 and first used on a human in 1947. There are several types including manual external defibrillators, automated external defibrillators (AEDs) found in public places, implantable cardioverter-defibrillators, and wearable defibrillators. AEDs can analyze the heart rhythm and instruct the user, who needs no training, on whether a shock is needed. Defibrillation aims to stop all cardiac electrical activity so the heart's natural pacemaker can resume normal rhythm, while cardioversion delivers synchronized shocks
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Mitral valve prolapse (MVP) is a common condition where the mitral valve leaflets bulge into the left atrium during systole. While often asymptomatic, it can increase the risk of arrhythmias, endocarditis, stroke, and mitral regurgitation. The classic findings are a mid-to-late systolic click and murmur. Treatment involves monitoring for complications and addressing symptoms like with beta-blockers. For severe mitral regurgitation, early surgical repair is recommended to prevent left ventricular dysfunction.
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1) Pulseless electrical activity (PEA) occurs when organized cardiac electrical activity is present but fails to produce adequate mechanical activity and blood flow. 2) Causes of PEA include hypoxia, acidosis, decreased contractility, and increased afterload. 3) Ventricular flutter and fibrillation represent severe irregularities of the heartbeat that can quickly lead to loss of consciousness and death if not treated with defibrillation.
dialated cardiomyopathies
Dilated cardiomyopathy is characterized by an enlarged and poorly contracting left ventricle. The main causes include inflammatory, toxic, metabolic, inherited, idiopathic and miscellaneous factors. On evaluation, patients typically present with decreased cardiac output, tachycardia and signs of congestion. Tests include echocardiogram, which shows increased left ventricular size and reduced ejection fraction, and ECG, which may show conduction delays. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms with diuretics and blocking neurohormonal activation to prevent worsening, while devices like ICDs are used in eligible patients.
Acute coronary syndromes
1) Acute coronary syndromes (ACS) describe conditions caused by coronary plaque rupture and include ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), and unstable angina.
2) Plaque rupture triggers blood clot formation, which can partially or completely block blood flow to the heart. STEMI involves complete blockage, while NSTEMI and unstable angina involve partial blockages.
3) Diagnosis involves ECG, cardiac enzyme tests, and angiography. Treatment depends on diagnosis but commonly includes aspirin, blood thinners, beta-blockers, and procedures like thrombolysis or angioplasty to restore blood flow.
Aortic dissection nikku ppt
An aortic dissection occurs when blood tears the inner layer of the aorta, separating it from the middle layer. It is classified by location and timing of symptoms. Risk factors include hypertension, connective tissue disorders, and family history. Treatment depends on location but may include surgery, endovascular stent grafting, or medical management of blood pressure. Prognosis depends on type and treatment, with mortality rates declining with advances in surgical and endovascular techniques.
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During fetal development, accessory pathways sometimes fail to disappear, forming an accessory pathway known as an atrioventricular bypass tract. These bypass tracts connect the atria and ventricles, partially bypassing the normal conduction system. Electrocardiograms of patients with accessory pathways show a wide QRS complex with early ventricular activation, a shortened PR interval, and a slurred upstroke of the QRS known as a delta wave. The location and direction of the delta wave provides clues about the location of the accessory pathway. Treatment depends on symptoms and includes medications, catheter ablation, or surgery to remove the accessory pathway.
Temperature measurement
The document discusses body temperature measurement and normal ranges. It explains that the average normal oral temperature is 37°C (98.6°F), but may vary from person to person and throughout the day. Factors like exercise, menstrual cycle, and time of day can cause temperature to fluctuate by up to 0.6°C (1°F). Different types of thermometers measure temperature from different body sites, and each has advantages and disadvantages. Accuracy depends on proper technique. A fever is indicated by higher than normal temperatures ranging from 38°C to 39.9°C orally and 37.4°C to 39.4°C under the arm.
History of modern medicine
Veterinary medicine was separated from human medicine in 1761 with the founding of the first veterinary school in Lyon, France. Before this, doctors treated both humans and animals. The modern era of biomedical research began in the late 18th century with discoveries like Edward Jenner's smallpox vaccine and Robert Koch's findings about bacteria transmission. Key early scientists who studied cells under microscopes in the 1600s-1800s helped develop the cell theory. In the post-18th century period, many important researchers from various countries made contributions to medicine. As science and technology advanced, medicine became more reliant on medications and pharmacology while adopting evidence-based practices.
Epidural anesthesia
This document discusses epidural anesthesia. It begins by defining anesthesia and its types. Epidural anesthesia involves introducing anesthetic agents into the epidural space between the fourth and fifth lumbar vertebrae. The document then discusses the history of anesthesia and epidural anesthesia specifically. It outlines the differences between spinal and epidural anesthesia, including involved spaces, doses, onset times, and effects. Potential adverse effects and contraindications of epidural anesthesia are also outlined.
Contraception
The document discusses various topics related to contraception and teen pregnancy. It provides definitions of contraception, describes different contraceptive methods like birth control pills, patches, shots, IUDs, condoms, and emergency contraception. It also discusses abstinence. The document notes that while contraception is important for preventing teen pregnancy and STDs, some view it as morally wrong because it separates sex from reproduction or can interfere with natural processes. However, most major religious denominations support contraception as a personal choice that enables responsible family planning. The document concludes by listing some common contraception myths.
Atopic dermatitis
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by dry, itchy skin rashes. It typically begins in childhood and can be associated with other allergic diseases. The prevalence of AD is increasing and is highest in early infancy and childhood. AD results from an allergic reaction causing inflammation of the skin. Genetic factors such as mutations in filaggrin that impact the skin barrier also contribute to AD development. Managing AD involves lifestyle changes, moisturizing skin care, and medications to reduce inflammation and itching.
Anorectal disorders
This document discusses common anorectal disorders including hemorrhoids, tears, fistulas, and abscesses. It describes different types of hemorrhoids such as bleeding piles, non-bleeding piles, and explains that they are swollen or enlarged blood vessels in the anal region that can cause pain and bleeding. Fissures and fistulas are also discussed, where fissures are tears in the skin around the anus often caused by constipation or straining, and fistulas are abnormal connections between the anal canal and skin that may result from previous abscesses. The symptoms of various anorectal disorders like hemorrhoids and fissures include pain, itching, bleeding, and lumps near the anus.
Ancient indian medicine
Ayurveda is an ancient Indian system of medicine that uses natural plants, animals, and minerals to treat illnesses through lifestyle and dietary changes. It views the human body as an interconnection with nature. Ayurvedic practitioners treat patients holistically. While Ayurvedic medicine is not yet standardized or approved in the US, it can effectively improve general skin health, treat skin conditions like eczema and psoriasis, increase collagen production, and aid wound healing through the use of ingredients found in nature like papaya, madder root, and neem.
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Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
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Ventricular fibrillation
- 2. Introduction • Fibrillation : It is the quivering due to uncoordinated muscle fiber contraction • Ventricular : Refers to the bottom chambers of the heart
- 3. VFIB • Ventricular fibrillation(Vfib or Vf): this means that the ventricular muscles are not contracting at the same time (in syncytium or in homogeneity) • The force required to pump blood throughout the entire body is greatly diminished as a result of VFIB
- 6. Causes of Vfib • This could be due to stress or damage of cardiac tissue that causes this tissue to become structurally or electrically changed. This is known as tissue heterogeneity
- 7. Cause of tissue heterogeneity • 1. Medications and elicit drugs • 2. Electrolyte imbalance • 3. Ischemia • 4. Scar tissue from heart attack • 5. External electrical stimulation • 6. Premature ventricular contraction (PVC) • 7.Functional and anatomical reentry
- 9. Treatment • Defibrillation by energy shock • Implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) • Medications after event to help reduce the possibility of recurrence in the future
- 10. Conclusion • Vfib is life threatening because major organs in the human system are greatly dependent on the oxygen and nutrients the blood supplies. Organs such as the brain and heart cannot stand oxygen deprivation for very long. • People who have this attacks tend to fall unconscious fast and require immediate medical attention