Invasive pest species have the potential to develop rapidly and spread in a new area to cause significant crop loss and can adversely affect food security. In India, a total of 25 species of invasive pests are recorded from 1889 to till date. Most of the invasive pests had an outbreak and destroyed the crops because they came into India without their natural enemies. Therefore, exploration should be made in the areas of origin of the pests or efforts should be made to search some effective natural enemies in the invaded area so that the pest population could be curtailed within Economic Threshold Level There is a need for interdisciplinary coordinated work among scientists, in identifying invaded organisms and in assessing their ecological problems, environmental concerns in different ecosystems, economic damage and sustainable management by prevention, eradication and control. Hence, it is necessary to know the recent invasive pests to protect the crops from economic loss.

1. PANDIT JAWAHARLAL NEHRU COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
AND RESEARCH INSTITUTE, KARAIKAL - 609 603.
ENT 591 - SEMINAR(0+1)
Departmentof AgriculturalEntomology
Presentedby
L. GOPIANAND
(18PGA201)
2019-20(Batch)
Date: 13/11/2019
Chairman: Dr. M. Kandibane, Ph.D.,
Members: Dr. K. Kumar, Ph.D.,
Dr. P. Saravanane,Ph.D.,
INVASIVE PESTS IN INDIA

2. INVASIVE PESTS IN
INDIA

3. INTRODUCTION
Invasive pests are non-native or exotic
organisms that occur outside their natural
adapted habitat and dispersal potential.
(Raghubanshi et al., 2005)

4. “Alien Invasive Species is one
which becomes established in
natural or semi natural ecosystems
or habitat, and threatens native
biological diversity”.
International Union for Conservation
of Nature and Natural Resources
(IUCN)

5. “Globalization”
Increased
international
agricultural
trade
Movement of
seeds and
planting
materials
Risk of exotic
pests into new
areas
Spread of
invasive alien
species (IAS)

6. COLONIZATION
PATHWAYINTRODUCTION
ESTABLISHMENT
SPREAD
NATURALIZATION
Richardson et al.,. (2000)

7. Processofinvasion

8. Characteristics of IAS

9. Characteristics of Invaded Habitats
Origin Ecosystems Receiving Ecosystems
Lack of co-evolved predators and parasites

10. • Hitchhikers on Nursery Plants
• Pink Hibiscus Mealybug
• Hitchhikers on Cut Flowers
• Leaf Miners
• Soil Pests
• Clemora smithi (Sugarcane White Grub)
Transferred from Barbados to Mauritius
in Sugarcane

11. Pathways of Unintentional Spread
• Commercial shipping
• Ships
• Planes
• Trains
• Vehicles – Trucks
• People movers
• Ships, Planes, Trains,
Vehicles

12. EFFECTS OF INVASIVE SPECIES ON ECOSYSTEMS
Native speciesExotic species

13. Spotted Lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula White
(Fulgoridae: Hemiptera)
Invasive planthopper native to China, India, Vietnam.
Pennsylvania - 2014
(USDA, 2019)

14. DISPLACEMENT OF NATIVE SPECIES
(Warui and Kuria, 1983)
(Overholt et al., 1994)
1978- 81
Chilo partellus and C.
orichalcociliellus were nearly equally
abundant in maize and sorghum, and
that Sesamia calamistis was much less
common.
1991- 92
C. partellus accounted for > 80 per cent
of the stemborers.
C. orichalcociliellusand S. calamistis.
Africa

15. Lucanus cervus
Native stag beetles suffers serious and
direct impacts because of similarity of
ecological niche.
(Goka, 2004)
JAPAN

16. PURPOSEFULLY INTRODUCTION BECAME INVASIVE
(Goulson, 2003)
Apis mellifera (Linnaeus) Introduced into countries far beyond their home range
Bumblebees (Bombus sp.), The alfalfa
leafcutter bee Megachile rotundata (F.) and
various other solitary species.

17. Paper cups filled with sugary liquid are a lethal trap for honeybees
(Chandrasekaran,2011)

18. EXOTIC PESTS WITH POTENTIALOF BIO-WEAPON
(Khetrapal and Gupta, 2007)
Mediterranean fruit fly
(Ceratitis capitata)
Cotton boll weevil
(Anthonomus grandis)
Russian wheat aphid
(Diuraphis noxia)
Grapevine phylloxera
(Phylloxera vitifoliae)

19. The boll weevil plaque Boll Weevil Monument
Enterprise, Alabama

20. THE GENERIC PLAN FOR A NEW INVASIVE
Identification
Preliminary risk assessments
Planning for eradication programme
Risk assessment review
Monitoring

21. • There is need to study the biology and ecology of known
insect pests and their natural enemies.
• Study the ecology and genetic makeup of the Invasive insect
pest.
• Tracking of geographical distribution of pest.
• Developing cultivars resistant to insect pests.
MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES AGAINST INVASIVE
INSECT PESTS

22. • Judicious use of insecticides to prevent resistance and
resurgence development.
• To identify, conserve and augment natural enemies of invaded
insect pests.
• Modify crop management practices.
• Develop suitable integrated pest management programmes.
• Phytosanitary regulations to prevent or limit the introduction
of risky insect pests.
Cont.,

23. List of invasive pests in India
Woolly apple aphid
San Jose scale
Diamond back moth
Lantana bug
Cottony cushion scale
Potato tuber moth
Pine woolly aphid/ Adalgid
Subabul psyllid
American serpentine leaf miner
Coffee berry borer beetle
Spiralling white fly
Coconut eriophyid mite
Silver leaf whitefly
Cotton mealybug
Lotus Lily midge
Eucalyptus gall wasp
Erythrina gall wasp
Papaya mealybug
Banana mealybug
Madeira mealybug
Tomato Pinworm
Western flower thrips
Rugose spiralling whitefly
Fall armyworm
Neotropical whitefly
1889
1911
1914
1915
1921
1937
1970
1988
1990
1990
1994
1997
1999
2004
2005
2006
2006
2008
2012
2012
2014
2015
2016
2018
2019

24. CN: Wooly apple aphid
SN: Eriosoma lanigerum (Hausmann)
(Aphididae: Homoptera)
Origin: Eastern North America
(CIE, 1975)
1889CHINA INDIA
Distributed worldwide mainly via apple rootstocks
WOOLYAPPLE APHID
Main Host: Apple

25. Shimla, Coimbatore, Shillong
failed to establish
Aphelinus mali
The effective predators for the management included Coccinella septempunctata,
Ballia ancharis, Chilomenes bijugus, Exochomus uropygialis, Coleophora sunzeti.
1930
Kulu valley 98% suppression
NATURALENEMIES
(Mishra, 1920)

26. CN: San Jose scale
SN: Quadraspidiotus perniciosus (Comstock)
(Diaspididae: Homoptera)
Origin: Eastern Asia
(Singh, 2004)
1911CHINA INDIA
San Jose scale
Main Host:
Trees species

27. The effective Predator
Chilocorus bijugus Mulsant
The local natural enemies from Himachal Pradesh as reported by included the Aphytis sp.,
Nova proclia (Walker), Encarsia perniciosi (Towers) and Teleterbratus perversus Compere and
Zinna.
NATURALENEMIES
(Rawat et al., 1993)
(Rawat and Pawar, 1991)

28. CN: Diamond back moth
SN: Plutella xylostella (Linnaeus)
(Plutellidae: Lepidoptera)
Origin: Europe
(Fletcher, 1914)
1914EUROPE TN, INDIA
Diamond back moth
(Diamond shape marking)
(Hardy, 1983)
Main Host: Cruciferous
vegetables

29. The effective Predators
Apantelesplutellae Kurdjumov
NATURALENEMIES
(Jayarathnam, 1977)
Yellow wagtails (Motacilla flava) Camponotus sericeus

30. CN: Lantana bug
SN: Orthezia insignis (Browne)
(Orthezidae: Homoptera)
Origin: Sri Lanka
(Muniappanet al., 1986)
1915Sri Lanka or West Indies Nilgiri, INDIA
Lantana bug
(mobile scale insect)
Main Host: Coffee,
citrus, brinjal etc.

31. NATURALENEMY
Hyperaspis pantherina Fursch
(Muniappanet al., 1986)

32. CN: Cottony cushion scale
SN: Icerya purchasi (Maskell)
(Margarodidae: Homoptera)
Origin: Australia
(Rao, 1951)
1921AUSTRALIA INDIA
Cottony cushion scale
Hermaphrodite
Main Host: Citrus,
guava etc.

33. NATURALENEMY
(Rao, 1951)
Vedalia beetle, Rodolia cardinalis

34. CN: Potato tuber moth
SN: Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller)
(Gelechiidae: Lepidoptera)
Origin: Italy
(Lefroy, 1907)
(Chandlaet al., 1987)
1937ITALY INDIA
Potato tuber moth
Main Host: Potato

35. NATURALENEMIES
(Singh, 1994)
• Insecticides commonly use to keep the pest below EIL with
bio agents Chelonus blackburni and Copidosoma kochleti.
Chelonus blackburni
Hawaii
(1980)

36. CN: Pine woolly aphid/ Adelgid
SN: Pineus pini (Macquart) &
Pineus laevis
(Adelgidae: Homoptera)
Origin: Western and Central Europe
(Sujay et al., 2010)
1970Australia, Europe,
New Zealand
Nilgiris hills, South India
Pine woolly aphid/ Adelgid
(Blackman and Eastop, 1994)
Main Host: Pine trees

37. NATURALENEMY
Predatory bug, Tetraphleps raoi
(Sujay et al., 2010)

38. CN: Subabul psyllid
SN: Heteropsylla cubana (Crawford)
(Psyllidae: Homoptera)
Origin: Central America & Caribbean islands
(Singh et al., 1989)
(Veeresh, 1990)
1988Sri Lanka Chengalpattu, Chennai; Bengalore
Subabul psyllid
(Napompeth, 1990).
Main Host: Subabul

39. NATURALENEMY
Cheilomenes sexmaculatus
(Jalali and Singh, 1989)

40. CN: American serpentine leaf miner
SN: Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess)
(Agromyzidae: Diptera)
Origin: USA
(Virakthamath et al., 1993)
1990California to Kenya INDIA
American serpentine leaf miner
Main Host: greens,
tomato,cucurbits,
castor etc.

41. NATURALENEMY
(Kapadia, 1997)
Diglyphus begini Ashmead
(Eulophidae: Hymenoptera)

42. CN: Coffee berry borer beetle
SN: Hypothenemus hampei (Ferrari)
(Scolytidae: Coleoptera)
Origin: Northeast Africa
(Vega et al., 1999)
1990Sri Lanka Kerala, Karnataka, TN
Coffee berry borer beetle
Main Host: Coffee

43. NATURALENEMIES
Phymastichus coffea Lasalle Proropsnasuta WaterstonCephalonomiastephanoderisBetrem

44. CN: Spiralling whitefly
SN: Aleurodicus disperses (Russell)
(Aleyrodidae: Homoptera)
Origin: Central America
(Palaniswami et al., 1995)
(Mani, 2010)
1994Hawaii India
Spiralling whitefly
Host: Polypahagous
– 481 plants

45. DISTRIBUTION
Caribbean region and Central America
1970s
Hawaii
Spread westward in Pacific islands to Philippines
Sri Lanka
INDIA
(David and Regu, 1995)
1994
1990

46. Hosts Highly polyphagous
481- host plants
Damage symptoms
Copious white, waxy flocculent material
secreted by the nymphs
Sticky honeydew Sooty mould interfering
with photosynthesis

47. NATURALENEMIES
• Encarsia haitiensis Dozier (Aphelinidae: Hymenoptera) in Bangalore, Karnataka
(Srinivasa et al., 1999)
Encarsia guadeloupe Viggiani
Per cent parasitism
ranged from 0.00 to 38.88

48. CN: Coconut eriophyid mite
SN: Aceria guerreroronis (Keifer)
(Eriophyidae: Acari)
Origin: South America
(Desai et al., 2009)
(Sarkar, 2011)
1997South America India
Coconut eriophyid mite
Main Host:
Coconut and palm

49. DISTRIBUTION
1965 Guerrero, Mexico
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
1990 Tanzania (East Africa),
India, and Sri Lanka1997

50. Coconuts damage by coconut mite A colony of a coconut mite
(Pic. Credit: F.W. Howard) (Pic. credit: J. V. DeFilippis)
Damage symptoms

51. A colony of a coconut mite under microscope

52. NATURALENEMIES
(Desai et al., 2009)
(Sarkar, 2011)
Amblyseius largoensis Muma Neoseiulus mumai DenmarkSteneotarsonemus furcatus DeLeon.
Predatory mites

53. CN: Silver leaf whitefly
SN: Bemisia argentifolii (Bellows and Perring)
. Bemisia tabaci Biotype B / M|EAM
(Aleyrodidae: Homoptera)
(Kedar, 2014)
(Kranthi, 2015)
Silver leaf whitefly
First noticed in October 1999 in Kolar district, Karnataka
Main Host: Tomato etc.

54. B. tabaci is now nominated as among 100 of the ‘world’s worst’ invaders
Over 900 plants have been recorded for B. tabaci and it reportedly
transmits 111 virus species.
(Ananthakrishnan, 2009).
Hosts
Alfalfa, beans, broccoli, citrus, ficus, lantana, lettuce, melons,
cotton, grape, sweet potato and poinsettia

55. The excretion of honeydew and the
subsequent development of sooty mold fungi
Pyrethroid pesticides more effective
Neem seed extract is not as acutely toxic
Damage symptoms
Management

56. CN: Cotton Mealy bug
SN: Phenacoccus solenopsis (Tinsley)
(Pseudococcidae; Hemiptera)
Origin: North America
(Maruthaduraiand Singh, 2015)
2004North America India
Cotton Mealy bug
Main Host: Cotton

57. HOST
Solenopsis mealy bug attack on malvaceae (lady finger), solanaceae
(tomato, brinjal, potato, chilly), leguminoceae (filed bean), cucurbitaceae
(pointed gourd, cucumber, melons and gourds).
84 host plants under 28 families - Central cotton growing zone
of India up to 2009.
60 plant species under 22 families belonged to weeds.

58. Description
Nymphs and adults are soft bodied insects covered
by a mass of mealy white waxy covering over the
body
Eggs seen on stems, soil, cracks and crevices of the
stem and inside crumpled leaves
10-15 generations / year
Life cycle - 45 days
Nymphs develop into adults in 30 days
(500-600) are orange coloured eggs

59. Management
Remove of alternate hosts and weeds like Parthenium, Vernonia from the field
Spraying of fish oil resin soap @ 20g/lit of water
Spraying entomopathogenic fungi Verticillium lecanii @ 5g/lit of water

60. NATURALENEMIES
(Pala and Saini, 2009)
Aenasiusbambawalei Hayat Cryptolaemusmontrouzieri
Parasitize over 70% of the cotton mealybug populations

61. CN: Lotus Lily midge
SN: Stenochironomus nelumbus (Tok & Kur)
(Chironomidae: Diptera)
Origin: China
(Deepu and Habeeburrahman,2008)
2005China Kerala, India
Lotus Lily midge
Main Host: Lotus

62. Extensive leaf-rotting disease
The mining of subcuticular parenchyma by the newly hatched grub
DAMAGE SYMPTOMS

63. CN: Eucalyptus gall wasp / Blue gum chalcid
SN: Leptocybe invasa (Fisher and Lasalle)
(Eulophidae: Hymenotpera)
Origin: Australia
(Ananthakrishnan,2009)
(Senthilkumar et al., 2013)
2006Australia Karnataka, India
Eucalyptus gall wasp / Blue gum chalcid
Main Host: Eucalyptus

64. DISTRIBUTION
Australia
Tamil Nadu, Puducherry, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh
Nurseries of Eucalyptus
camaldulensis and E. Tereticornis
Eucalyptus camaldulensis; E. tereticornis; E. grandis; E. deanei; E.
globules; E. nitens; E.botryoides; E. saligna; E. gunii, E. robusta; E.
bridgesiana; E. viminalis.
HOSTS

65. (Mendel et al., 2004).
DESCRIPTION
Eggs are inserted in the epidermis of the upper side of newly developed
leaves on both sides of the midrib, petiole and parenchyma tissue of
twigs, always in a lined group
The wasp reproduces by thelytoky (predominantly producing females)

66. Damage symptoms
Galls on the leaf midribs Adult emergence holes

67. CN: Erythrina gall wasp
SN: Quadrastichus erythrinae (Kim)
(Eulophidae: Hymenoptera)
Origin: East African
(Faizal, et al., 2006)
2006Taiwan Kerala, India
Erythrina gall wasp
Main Host: Black pepper

68. DISTRIBUTION
East African
Singapore and Mauritius2002
Taiwan
2006 Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala
Kholapur, Maharashtra
Dharwad, Karnataka

69. NATURAL ENEMIES
Eurytoma erythrinae Gates & Delvare
(2008) (Tanzania and Ghana)
12 species of chalcidoids, mostly eulophids, in
association with erythrina galls in West and East
Africa
Aprostocetus exertus La Salle
(2009) (from Tanzania)
(Prinsloo and Kelly, 2009)

70. CN: Papaya mealybug
SN: Paracoccus marginatus
(Williams & Granara de Willink)
(Pseudococcidae: Hemiptera)
Origin: Mexico / Central America
(Muniappanet al., 2009)
2008Mexico Coimbatore, TN, India
Papaya mealybug
(Miller et al. 1999)
Main Host: Papaya

71. • A white wax and flour-like substance around the body is
the reason for not able to control this pest easily.
• Spread rapidly due to lack of natural enemies.
• Reproduction is 15 times a year and capable of laying (500
and 600 eggs a year).
Reasons faster spread of Mealybug

72. Hosts
More than 25 genera of host plants, including several economically
important plants such as papaya, citrus, yams, cassava, hibiscus,
and several other unconfirmed hosts.
Initial reports from Tamil Nadu, India, were on papaya, but it was
recently found to be attacking cotton for the first time in Coimbatore,
Tamil Nadu
Severe infestation (80 to 90 %) was observed on the crops viz.,
papaya, mulberry, tapioca, brinjal, tomato, bhendi and flower crops.

73. Symptoms of Mealybug infestation
• Presence of red and black ants movement.
• Adhesive glossy honey- waste like growth and dark fungal
growth found on it and at high intensities, plants showed like
burnt withered leaves.
Infestation on fruit Infestation on leaf

74. NATURALENEMIES
Anagyrusloecki Pseudleptomastixmexicana Acerophaguspapaya
(Muniappanet al., 2009)

75. CN: Banana mealybug
SN: Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi (Gimpel and Miller)
(Pseudococcidae: Hemiptera)
Origin: Neotropical region
(Mani et al. 2013)
2012Neotropical region Coimbatore, TN, India
Banana mealybug
Main Host: Banana

76. Host
• Highly polyphagous.
• Papaya, banana, custard apple, hibiscus, etc.
The undersides of leaves covered with the white ovisacs
produced by the adult females in heavy infestations.
Damage
(Gimpel and Miller, 1996)

77. Natural Enemies
Other natural enemies include fungi, lacewings, occasional flies, and
mites.
Mealybugs usually have associated parasites in the Chalcidoidea,
particularly the Encyrtidae, and predators in the Coccinellidae.

78. CN: Madeira mealybug
SN: Phenacoccus madeirensis
(Pseudococcidae: Hemiptera)
Origin: Neotropical region
(Shylesha and Joshi, 2012)
2012Neotropical region Karnataka, India
Madeira mealybug
Main Host: Oats,
bell pepper etc.

79. Highly polyphagous and found on numerous host plants.
Avena sativa (oats), Capsicum annuum (bell pepper), Citrus Coleus,
Gossypium (cotton), Hibiscus (rosemallows), Lantana camara
(lantana), Manihot esculenta (cassava), Solanum melongena
(aubergine), Solanum tuberosum (potato) etc.
Hosts
Damage
Heavy feeding activity may result in the discoloration of the leaves
and fruit.

80. NATURALENEMIES
Acerophagus pallidus from California, USA, was
introduced to control P. madeirensis in Bermuda.
(Cock, 1985)

81. CN: Tomato Pinworm
SN: Tuta absoluta (Meyrick)
(Gelechiidae: Lepidoptera)
Origin: South America
(Sharma and Gavkare, 2017)
2014South America Pune, India
Tomato Pinworm
Main Host: Tomato

82. DISTRIBUTION
Spain
Netherlands and Iran2002
Northern Africa
2010 Western Africa
Senegal
Pune
2006
2008
2012
2014

83. Host
The main host of T. absoluta is tomato, but potato is also reported
as a host together with Lycopersicon hirsutum, Solanum lyratum
and various wild solanaceous species such as Solanum nigrum,
Solanum elaeagnifolium, Solanum puberulum, Datura stramoniu,
Datura ferox and Nicotiana glauca.
(Galarza, 1984; Notz, 1992)

84. Description
• Eggs are cylindrical and creamy white in colour and are laid
singly or in small groups (4 to 8 days).
• Larva - four instars.
• Neonate larva mines the leaf, stem or fruit. Incubation period
is around seven days.
• Pupation may take place in the soil, on the leaf surface, within
mines, in cocoons.
• Adult is greyish brown in colour and is 6-8 mm long.
• Adults live for about 7-9 days at 24-260C, and for about 23
days at 130C.

85. • Larvae mine in the mesophyll of leaves and
make irregular, papery mines.
• The larvae also mine apical buds and stems.
• In cases of heavy infestation, both green and
red fruits are attacked and infested fruits show
small holes on the surface and the larvae
tunnel / mine below the surface.
DAMAGE SYMPTOMS

86. Combine application of mass release of Trichogramma pertiosum and
Bacillus thuringiensis resulted fruit damage only 2 % in South America.
Microbial control
(Medeiros et al., 2006)

87. Neochrysocharisformosa
NATURALENEMIES
Chalcidid wasps, Brachymeria secundaria (Ruschka) and Hockeria unicolor
Walker, were associated with T. absoluta in Turkey.
(Yu and Actherberg, 2010)

88. Nesidiocoris tenuis Reuter
The most widely spread species are mirids belonging to the tribe Dicyphini, with
Nesidiocoris tenuis (Reuter) spontaneously recorded in eleven countries almost all
year round both in protected and open-field tomato crops.
Predators

89. Integrated Pest Management Strategy
• Massive trapping before planting,
• Clearing the soil of crop residues,
• The application of imidacloprid in the irrigation water 8- 10 days
after planting,
• The application of either spinosad or Indoxacarb if occasional
individuals of Tuta absoluta are observed.
• Elimination of the remnants of the crop immediately after the last
fruits have been harvested
(Robredo et al., 2008)

90. CN: Western thrips
SN: Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande)
(Thripidae: Thysanoptera)
Origin: America
(Suganthy et al., 2016)
2015America Karnataka, India
Western thrips
Male Female
Main Host: Capsicums
and cucumbers

91. Host
It causes direct damage by feeding on a variety of hosts
including groundnut, cotton, tobacco, vegetables (cucurbits,
cabbage, eggplant, tomato, carrot, peas, beans, capsicum,
etc.), fruits (grapes, apple, peach, plum, etc.) and ornamentals
(gladiolus, hibiscus, geranium, roses, orchids, etc.).

92. • Capsicums and cucumbers that have been attacked
whilst young, show serious distortions as they mature.
• Eggs laid in petal tissue cause a 'pimpling' effect in
flowers such as orchids.
• Egg laying on sensitive fruits such as table grapes,
tomatoes and apples leads to the spotting of the skin of
the fruit, which reduces the aesthetic value of the fruit. It
can also lead to splitting and subsequent entry of fungi.
DAMAGE SYMPTOMS

93. Vector for viral disease
• Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV),
• Impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV),
• Groundnut ringspot virus (GRSV),
• Chrysanthemum stem necrosis virus (CSNV) and
• Tomato chlorotic spot virus (TCSV).
(Whitfield et al., 2005)

94. • Hymenopterous parasites has been less effective, although the
polyphagous eulophid, Ceranisus menes, has been used in several
countries with varying levels of success.
• Fungal pathogens and nematodes, such as Beauveria
bassiana and Steinernema feltiae, are also being commercially used.
Amblyseius swirskii Neoseiulus cucumeris
(Predatory mites)
(Buitenhuis and Shipp, 2006)
NATURALENEMIES

95. CN: Rugose spiralling whitefly
SN: Aleurodicus rugioperculatus (Martin)
(Aleyrodidae Hemiptera)
Origin: Central America
(Sundararajand Selvaraj, 2017)
2016Central America Kerala, India
Rugose spiralling whitefly
Main Host: Coconut
and banana

96. Aleurodicus rugioperculatus (Martin)

97. Host
• It is a polyphagous pest feeding on a least 118 plant species,
which include a combination of edibles, ornamentals, palms,
weeds, as well as native and invasive plant species.
• A total of 17 plant species under 11 families were recorded as
preferred hosts of A. rugioperculatus at Kerala.
(Stocks and Hodges, 2012)

98. Host plants recorded from 2009 to 2012 at Florida
PALM
34%
GUMBO LIMBO
25%
Calophyllum spp
16%
AVACADO
14%
BLACK OLIVE
6%
MANGO
5%
(Francis et al., 2016)

99. • sticky, glistening liquid substance (honeydew)
• sooty moulds (disrupt the photosynthesis process)
• Honeydew also attracts ants and wasps that protect the
whiteflies from their natural enemies
(Stocks and Hodges, 2012)
DAMAGE SYMPTOMS

100. Egg spirals seen on the underside of the leaves

101. MANAGEMENT
Central Plantation Crop Research Institute (CPCRI), Kasargod, has
recommended the following measures:
• Spraying starch solution (1%) to dislodge the heavy sooty mould
deposition on the leaves of infested plants.
• Use of yellow sticky traps to trap the adult whiteflies.
• In case of severe infestation, spray neem oil 0.5%.

102. • Encarsia guadeloupae Viggiani (Aphelinidae: Hymenoptera)
• Encarsia dispersa Polaszek parasitisation ranging from 40 to 70%.
NATURALENEMIES
(Poorani and Thanigairaj, 2017)

103. Spiralling whitefly parasitised by E. guadeloupae
The per cent parasitism ranged from 20 - 60 % in different
locations, with highest parasitism recorded in Kerala as compared to
other surveyed states.
(Selvaraj et al., 2016)

104. E. guadeloupae adultemergence

105. Encarsia dispersa
(Mani, 2010)

106. Predators
Pseudomallada sp. Cybocephalus sp
Diadiplosis sp. Jauravia pallidula
Poorani and Thanigairaj, 2017

107. Jauravia pallidulaPseudomallada sp.

108. CN: Fall armyworm
SN: Spodoptera frugiperda (J E Smith)
(Noctuidae: Lepidoptera)
Origin: America
(Kalleshwaraswamy et al., 2018)
2018America Shivamogga, Karnataka, India
Fall armyworm
Adult male Adult female

109. DISTRIBUTION
• Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Nathamedu of Krishnarayapuram block
and Karuppur of Thanthoni block in Karur district on
09/08/2018.
• Ranasthalam village, Srikakulam district; Pusapatirega,
Vizianagaram district; at RARS farm, Anakapalle of North
Coastal zone and at RARS farm, Chinthapalli in high altitude
zone of Andhra Pradesh on 10/08/2018 by ANGRAU Scientists.

110. HOST
• Maize primarily but known to feed on more than 100
plant species (several grain crops, vegetables, and wild
plants).
• Infestation recently observed on Sorghum in southern
Karnataka.

112. Life stages of S. frugiperda:A & B, eggs; C-F, larval instars; H, adult male in habitus; I,
adult male (dorsal view); J, adult female in habitus; K, adult female (dorsal view).
(Photo Credit: Ankita Gupta)

114. Young larva leaving silvery transparent membrane on leaves, feeding
symptoms like larva feeding inside whorl with faecal matter and tassel feeding.
Nature of damage

115. S. frugiperda infestation on rice

116. Parasitoid complex of S. frugiperda: A-C, parasitized eggs of S. frugiperda with Telenomus sp.; D-F,
parasitized eggs of S. frugiperda with Trichogramma sp.; G, cocoons of larval parasitoid Glyptapanteles
creatonoti; adult female wasp of G. creatonoti; I, larval parasitoid Campoletis chlorideae Uchida; J,
Ichneumonid larval-pupal parasitoid.
(Photo Credit: Ankita Gupta)

117. CN: Neotropical whitefly
SN: Aleurotrachelus atratus (Hempel)
(Aleyrodidae: Hemiptera)
Origin: Neotropical region
(Selvaraj et al., 2019)
2019Neotropical region Karnataka, India
Neotropical whitefly
Main Host:
Coconut and palm

118. Distributed widely in the tropics and subtropics and
colonize on more than 110 plant species belonging to
Arecaceae, Rutaceae, Solanacee, Cycadaceae and
Lauraceae.
DISTRIBUTION
(Malumphy, 2013)
It is now found in Africa, North and South America, Central
America and the Caribbean, Europe and Oceania.

119. HOST
The pest is found to be colonising on coconut palm, Cocos
nucifera (Arecales: Arecaceae) and ornamental palm, Dypsea
lutescens (Arecales: Arecaceae) at Mandya and Mysore districts of
Karnataka during February, 2019.

120. • Eggs and larvae occur on the underside of palm fronds, and when abundant
they are highly conspicuous due to the dense flocculent white wax which
covers the black pupae.
• Eggs are stalked, initially creamy white and turn to dark brown before
hatching.
• The first instar nymph has four pairs of wax plumes excreted by glands at
the base of dorsal setae.
• Adults are different from the other recently invaded whiteflies of coconut;
smaller than rugose spiralling whitefly, Aleurodicus rugioperculatus and
larger than Bondar's nesting whitefly, Paraleyrodes bondari, without any
wavy marking on the wings.
Description:

121. Typical puparia of A. atratus and their natural enemies on coconut

122. NATURAL ENEMIES
Encarsia spp.
(Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae)
Dichochrysa astour
(Neuroptera: Chrysopidae)
Cybochephalus spp.
(Coleoptera: Nitidulidae)
Chilocorus nigrita and Jauravia pallidula
(Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)

123. CONCLUSION
• Invasion of insects was the result of globalization and the
invasive insect pest caused substantial damage to the native flora
and fauna, and also resulted in the extinction of species.
• These species, if not accompanied by the natural enemies which
keep them in check in their native range, can multiply in large
proportion and cause damage to economically important plant
species and crop plants.
• Hence it is necessary to know the recent invasive insect pests in
order to protect the crops from economic loss.

124. “We can evade reality, but we cannot evade the
consequences of evading reality” – Ayn Rand.