The following questions answers are as under:-
What is the valence bond theory?
What are the shortcomings of VBT?
What are the merits of the valence bond theory?
Contains information about various crystal types in solid state chemistry like Rock Salt, Wurtzite, Nickel Arsenide, Zinc Blende etc. It also gives a brief description of lattice energy and Born Haber cycle.
Valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory is a model used in chemistry to predict the geometry of individual molecules from the number of electron pairs surrounding their central atoms. It is also named the Gillespie-Nyholm theory after its two main developers, Ronald Gillespie and Ronald Nyholm
Optical activity in catenanes and rotaxanesPRUTHVIRAJ K
These class of compounds do not contain any formal chiral centre but exhibit stereoisomerism due to presence of either a chiral axis or a chiral plane and are called stereoaxis and stereoplanes respectively
Theories of coordination compounds, CFSE, Bonding in octahedral and tetrahedral complex, color of transition metal complex, magnetic properties, selection rules, Nephelxeuatic effect, angular overlap model
Contains information about various crystal types in solid state chemistry like Rock Salt, Wurtzite, Nickel Arsenide, Zinc Blende etc. It also gives a brief description of lattice energy and Born Haber cycle.
Valence shell electron pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory is a model used in chemistry to predict the geometry of individual molecules from the number of electron pairs surrounding their central atoms. It is also named the Gillespie-Nyholm theory after its two main developers, Ronald Gillespie and Ronald Nyholm
Optical activity in catenanes and rotaxanesPRUTHVIRAJ K
These class of compounds do not contain any formal chiral centre but exhibit stereoisomerism due to presence of either a chiral axis or a chiral plane and are called stereoaxis and stereoplanes respectively
Theories of coordination compounds, CFSE, Bonding in octahedral and tetrahedral complex, color of transition metal complex, magnetic properties, selection rules, Nephelxeuatic effect, angular overlap model
Chemical bonding xi , dr.mona srivastava , founder masterchemclassesDR MONA Srivastava
Viewers,
This ppt of chemical bonding is designed to give a complete idea and though conceptual extract of the topic for the students of XI to help them understand the basics of chemical bonding in chemistry. Hope it covers all important aspects and points .
Dr Mona Srivastava
Founder-
Masterchemclasses
chemical bonding and molecular structure class 11sarunkumar31
hybridisation, bonding and antiboding, dipole moment, VSPER theory, Molecular orbital diagram, Phosphorous pentachloride, ionic bond, bond order, bond enthalpy, bond dissociation, sp and sp2hybridisation, hydrogen bonding,electron pair,lone pair repulsion, resonance structure of ozone, how to find electron pair and lone pair, sp3 hybridization of methane.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
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redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
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sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
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A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
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Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
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2. Valence Bond Theory
Principles of VBT:-
1) Ligand approached the metal atom by
donating the electrons.
2) Ligand and metal form coordinate bond.
3) To accommodate these electrons metal
atom possess require number of vacant
orbitals having equal energy.
4) These orbital obtained by hybridization of
metal orbitals to give sets of equal energy
orbitals.
2
3. Valence Bond Theory
Principles of VBT(continue..):-
5) Sometimes unpaired electrons in (n-1) d orbitals paired up as
fully as possible prior to hybridization make the required d
orbitals vacant.
6) Central metal atom make available the number of empty
orbitals equal to the coordination number for formation of
coordinate bond with ligand.
7) When ligand approach, metal ligand bond are formed by
overlapping of these orbitals with ligand by donation of electrons
to the empty hybridized orbitals.
8) Thus bond of equal length , strength formed.
3
5. Valence Bond Theory
5
• Formation of Octahedral Complex:-
i) Number of ligands.
ii) Coordination number.
iii) Hybridization.
iv) Magnetic properties.
7. Valence Bond Theory
Formation of tetrahedral complexe:-
i) Number of ligands.
ii) Coordination number.
iii) Hybridization.
iv) Magnetic properties.
7
9. Formation of trigonal planar complex:-
i) Number of ligands.
ii) Coordination number.
iii) Hybridization.
iv) Magnetic properties.
9
Valence Bond Theory
12. 12
Valence Bond Theory
1) Misleading magnetic behavior.
2) Why some complex of same metal in a particular
oxidation state are low spin and high spin. For
example:[Co(NH3)6]3+ and [Co(F)6]3
3) Color of complex cannot explained.
4) Thermodynamic or kinetic stabilities of
complexes.
5) Not explain about weak and strong Ligands.
Limitations of VBT:-
15. Question No.1
What is the valence bond theory?
It is a theory which describes chemical
bonding.
VBT states that the overlap of incompletely
filled atomic orbitals leads to the formation of a
chemical bond between two atoms.
The unpaired electrons are shared and a
hybrid orbital is formed.
15
16. Question No.2
What are the shortcomings of VBT?
The valence bond theory fails to explain the
tetravalency of carbon and also fails to provide
insight into the energies corresponding to the
electrons.
The theory also assumes that the electrons
are localized in certain areas.
16
17. Question No.3
What are the merits of the valence bond
theory?
The condition of maximum overlap described by the
VBT can be used to explain how covalent bonds are
formed in many molecules.
The theory can also offer insight into the ionic
character of chemical bonds.
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