This document discusses vector-borne diseases (VBDs) and their history, epidemiology, and impact. It notes that VBDs represent 17% of the global disease burden and cause millions of cases and deaths annually from diseases like malaria, dengue, and filariasis. The document covers the basic concepts of VBD transmission cycles and how environmental factors can influence disease spread. It outlines the roles of mosquitoes, flies, lice, fleas, and ticks as disease vectors. The history of medical entomology and associations between vectors and major diseases are also summarized.
1. Vector-borne diseases are transmitted by arthropods like mosquitoes, flies, ticks, and mites or other living carriers like snails. Common vector-borne diseases include malaria, dengue, yellow fever, and lymphatic filariasis.
2. Lymphatic filariasis is caused by infection with nematode worms transmitted via mosquito bites. It causes swelling in the limbs and genitals.
3. Leishmaniasis is caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania transmitted by the bite of infected sand flies. It includes visceral leishmaniasis and cutaneous forms.
4. Scabies is caused by the mite S
This document provides an overview of vector-borne disease (VBD) research at Tulane University, including an introduction to relevant concepts and specific disease transmission cycles. It discusses training opportunities in VBD research and Tulane's focus on diseases like dengue, West Nile virus, malaria, and Chagas disease. Key sections define vectors and types of transmission, describe important vector species and the diseases they transmit, and explain parameters important to understanding transmission like vector competence and extrinsic incubation period. Case studies of dengue, West Nile virus, and Chagas disease transmission are also presented.
(1) Medical entomology is the study of arthropods of medical importance and is an important branch of preventive medicine.
(2) Arthropods of medical importance include insects, arachnids, and crustaceans such as mosquitoes, ticks, mites, lice, fleas, and cyclops that can transmit diseases mechanically or biologically.
(3) Diseases can be transmitted through direct contact with the arthropod, mechanical transmission of pathogens without replication in the vector, or biological transmission where the pathogen replicates or undergoes development in the vector before transmission.
This document discusses vector control measures for various disease-carrying insects and animals. It begins by defining vectors as living organisms that can transmit infectious diseases between hosts. It then categorizes common invertebrate vectors like mosquitoes, flies, ticks, mites, and fleas, as well as vertebrate vectors like mice and rats. The document outlines integrated vector management strategies, including environmental control, chemical treatments, biological control, and legislative measures. It provides specific control recommendations for major vector types like larval source reduction, residual sprays, genetic techniques, and personal protection measures.
The document discusses various fly genera that are important to humans and animals. It describes their distribution, hosts, feeding habits, and ability to transmit pathogens. Key genera discussed include Musca (house flies), Stomoxys (stable flies), Glossina (tsetse flies), and Dermatobia (human bot flies). Many of these flies transmit viruses, bacteria, protozoa, and other pathogens through feeding on infected hosts or contaminated surfaces. Their worldwide distribution has been facilitated by close association with humans and livestock.
1. Medical arthropods can directly or indirectly harm humans. Direct harms include injury from bites or acting as parasites while indirect harms include transmitting pathogens.
2. Five classes of arthropods are medically important - Insecta, Arachnida, Chilopoda, Diplopoda, and Crustacea. Within Arachnida, ticks and mites can transmit diseases.
3. Control of medical arthropods involves integrated approaches like environmental management, chemical, biological and genetic methods. Personal protection is also important.
The document discusses four mosquito-borne viral diseases: dengue, Japanese encephalitis, yellow fever, and chikungunya fever. It provides details on the causative viruses, transmission cycles, symptoms, treatment and prevention for each disease. Dengue is the most rapidly spreading mosquito-borne disease and exists throughout the tropics, mainly spread by Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes. Japanese encephalitis virus is transmitted in a zoonotic cycle between birds and pigs, with Culex mosquitoes acting as vectors. Yellow fever virus circulates between non-human primates and humans in Africa and South America. Chikungunya virus causes debilitating symptoms
1. Vector-borne diseases are transmitted by arthropods like mosquitoes, flies, ticks, and mites or other living carriers like snails. Common vector-borne diseases include malaria, dengue, yellow fever, and lymphatic filariasis.
2. Lymphatic filariasis is caused by infection with nematode worms transmitted via mosquito bites. It causes swelling in the limbs and genitals.
3. Leishmaniasis is caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania transmitted by the bite of infected sand flies. It includes visceral leishmaniasis and cutaneous forms.
4. Scabies is caused by the mite S
This document provides an overview of vector-borne disease (VBD) research at Tulane University, including an introduction to relevant concepts and specific disease transmission cycles. It discusses training opportunities in VBD research and Tulane's focus on diseases like dengue, West Nile virus, malaria, and Chagas disease. Key sections define vectors and types of transmission, describe important vector species and the diseases they transmit, and explain parameters important to understanding transmission like vector competence and extrinsic incubation period. Case studies of dengue, West Nile virus, and Chagas disease transmission are also presented.
(1) Medical entomology is the study of arthropods of medical importance and is an important branch of preventive medicine.
(2) Arthropods of medical importance include insects, arachnids, and crustaceans such as mosquitoes, ticks, mites, lice, fleas, and cyclops that can transmit diseases mechanically or biologically.
(3) Diseases can be transmitted through direct contact with the arthropod, mechanical transmission of pathogens without replication in the vector, or biological transmission where the pathogen replicates or undergoes development in the vector before transmission.
This document discusses vector control measures for various disease-carrying insects and animals. It begins by defining vectors as living organisms that can transmit infectious diseases between hosts. It then categorizes common invertebrate vectors like mosquitoes, flies, ticks, mites, and fleas, as well as vertebrate vectors like mice and rats. The document outlines integrated vector management strategies, including environmental control, chemical treatments, biological control, and legislative measures. It provides specific control recommendations for major vector types like larval source reduction, residual sprays, genetic techniques, and personal protection measures.
The document discusses various fly genera that are important to humans and animals. It describes their distribution, hosts, feeding habits, and ability to transmit pathogens. Key genera discussed include Musca (house flies), Stomoxys (stable flies), Glossina (tsetse flies), and Dermatobia (human bot flies). Many of these flies transmit viruses, bacteria, protozoa, and other pathogens through feeding on infected hosts or contaminated surfaces. Their worldwide distribution has been facilitated by close association with humans and livestock.
1. Medical arthropods can directly or indirectly harm humans. Direct harms include injury from bites or acting as parasites while indirect harms include transmitting pathogens.
2. Five classes of arthropods are medically important - Insecta, Arachnida, Chilopoda, Diplopoda, and Crustacea. Within Arachnida, ticks and mites can transmit diseases.
3. Control of medical arthropods involves integrated approaches like environmental management, chemical, biological and genetic methods. Personal protection is also important.
The document discusses four mosquito-borne viral diseases: dengue, Japanese encephalitis, yellow fever, and chikungunya fever. It provides details on the causative viruses, transmission cycles, symptoms, treatment and prevention for each disease. Dengue is the most rapidly spreading mosquito-borne disease and exists throughout the tropics, mainly spread by Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus mosquitoes. Japanese encephalitis virus is transmitted in a zoonotic cycle between birds and pigs, with Culex mosquitoes acting as vectors. Yellow fever virus circulates between non-human primates and humans in Africa and South America. Chikungunya virus causes debilitating symptoms
This document is a manual published by the World Health Organization in 1997 on vector control methods for use by individuals and communities. It contains 10 chapters that describe the biology, public health importance, and control measures for various disease vectors, including mosquitoes, tsetse flies, triatomine bugs, fleas, lice, ticks, mites, cockroaches, houseflies, freshwater snails, and cyclops. For each vector, the manual provides details on its life cycle, disease transmission, and recommends methods for personal protection as well as community-based control strategies.
This document discusses mosquitoes of medical importance in Sri Lanka, focusing on Aedes, Anopheles culicifacies, and Culex species. It outlines the diseases transmitted by each mosquito (e.g. Anopheles culicifacies transmits malaria), their life cycles, breeding habitats, and control strategies used in Sri Lanka like indoor residual spraying and eliminating larval habitats. The goal is to reduce mosquito densities and break disease transmission cycles to control mosquito-borne illnesses.
Arthropods form a major group of disease vectors with mosquitoes, flies, sand flies, lice, fleas, ticks and mites transmitting a huge number of diseases.
Many such vectors are haematophagous, which feed on blood at some or all stages of their lives.
This document discusses vectors and disease transmission. It begins by introducing important concepts regarding vectors, including definitions of vector and vectorial capacity. It then discusses arthropods as common disease vectors, focusing on mosquitoes transmitting diseases like dengue, malaria, and filariasis. The document outlines criteria for identifying vectors, including their contact with hosts, biological association with disease occurrence, ability to transmit disease experimentally, and extrinsic and intrinsic incubation periods. It also covers vector competence, types of transmission (mechanical, biological), and factors influencing a vector's ability to transmit pathogens.
Flies can transmit diseases in two ways: through their feces which can contaminate food, and through bites which can introduce pathogens into the bloodstream. Some diseases transmitted by flies include sleeping sickness, leishmaniasis, river blindness, tularemia, African horse sickness, bluetongue, bovine ephemeral fever, sand fly fever, Loiasis, anthrax, cholera, typhoid, trachoma, and salmonellosis. Flies act as biological vectors for diseases like sleeping sickness, leishmaniasis, and river blindness, carrying the infectious agents that cause these illnesses.
This document provides information on arthropods of medical importance, focusing on mosquitoes. It discusses the transmission of arthropod-borne diseases, including direct contact, mechanical transmission, and biological transmission. It then describes the life cycles and diseases transmitted by important mosquito genera like Anopheles, Culex, Aedes, and Mansonia. Control measures for mosquitoes and other arthropods like flies, sand flies, ticks, mites, and lice are also summarized. The document concludes by discussing various insecticides used for arthropod control, with a focus on the properties and action of DDT.
Sandflies are small, blood-feeding flies that can transmit diseases like leishmaniasis. They are found worldwide and come in various colors. Female sandflies require blood meals for reproduction and can lay 100 eggs after feeding. They have piercing mouthparts adapted for sucking blood and are most active at twilight and night. Sandflies vary in size from 2-5mm and have six legs, wings, and undergo complete metamorphosis from egg to adult.
Presentation by Delia Grace at the first United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Science-Policy Forum ahead of the Second Session of the United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA-2), Nairobi, Kenya, 20 May 2016.
This document discusses several insects and arthropods of public health importance including mosquitoes, flies, lice, fleas, ticks, mites, and water fleas. It describes the characteristics, life cycles, diseases transmitted, and methods of control for these insects and arthropods. Common diseases transmitted include malaria, dengue, typhus, plague, scabies, and guinea worm disease.
- Immature stage: The document discusses the different immature stages of mosquitoes including the egg, larva, and pupa stages. It notes key distinguishing characteristics between anopheline and culicine mosquitoes at each stage.
- Adult mosquitoes: The three main genera of mosquitoes - Anopheles, Culex, and Aedes - are described. Key identification features, breeding sites, biting behaviors, and diseases transmitted for each are outlined.
- Medical importance: Mosquitoes transmit many important diseases like malaria, dengue, yellow fever, and filariasis. Studying medical entomology and the arthropod vectors is important for preventing such diseases.
Vector borne diseases are caused by pathogens transmitted via the bite or contact with arthropods like insects and arachnids. The document outlines the major vector borne diseases according to the type of vector, including mosquito-borne diseases like malaria and dengue, fly-borne diseases such as African sleeping sickness, lice-borne typhus, flea-borne plague, and tick-borne Rocky Mountain spotted fever and Lyme disease. It provides details on the causative agents, hosts, methods of transmission, symptoms, and control measures for many of these important diseases.
Zoonoses are diseases that can be transmitted between animals and humans. 60% of emerging infectious diseases are zoonotic. Direct or indirect contact with infected animals puts some people at higher risk, such as farmers and veterinarians. Zoonoses can be caused by viruses, bacteria, parasites, and fungi transmitted through various routes like bites, scratches, aerosols, water, and food. Examples include avian influenza, rabies, anthrax, brucellosis, and toxoplasmosis. Proper hygiene and avoiding contact with sick or high-risk animals can help prevent zoonotic disease transmission.
This document provides information on arthropod vector borne diseases. It discusses key topics such as the definition of arthropods and vectors. It also outlines the different modes of disease transmission by vectors including direct contact, mechanical transmission, and various types of biological transmission. Several important vector-borne diseases are described in detail, including the vectors that transmit them, their signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Diseases covered include malaria, lymphatic filariasis, Japanese encephalitis, dengue, yellow fever, and more.
Zoonoses, or diseases that can be transmitted between animals and humans, were discussed. Key points included:
- Over 250 known zoonotic diseases ranging from mild to fatal illnesses. Common zoonoses include salmonellosis, Lyme disease, and West Nile virus.
- Diseases are transmitted through various routes such as direct contact, bites, food/water, fomites, and vectors like fleas and ticks.
- At risk groups include those working with animals, in agriculture, recreationally exposed to wildlife, and travelers. Animal reservoirs include dogs, cats, food animals, birds, and wild rodents.
Zoonoses (Greek “zoon” = animal) are the diseases or infections that are naturally transmissible from vertebrate animals to humans. This group of infections constitutes significant burdens on global public health. The World Health Organisation (WHO) estimates that 25% of the total 57 million annual deaths that occur globally are caused by microbes with a major proportion occurring in the developing world (Chugh, 2008). Of total identified 1,415 species of infectious organisms known to be pathogenic to humans (including 217 viruses and prions, 538 bacteria and rickettsia, 307 fungi, 66 protozoa and 287 helminths), zoonotic agents constitute 868 (61%), with humans serving as the primary reservoir for only 3% of them. Of the 175 diseases considered to be emerging, 132 (75%) are zoonotic in origin (Taylor et al., 2001). In low income countries, established and emerging zoonoses make up 26 % of the DALYs (Disability-adjusted life year) lost to infectious disease and 10 % of the total DALYs lost. In contrast, in high income countries it represent < 1 % of DALYs lost to infectious disease and only 0.02 % of the total disease burden (Grace et al., 2012).
Vectors are living organisms that can transmit infectious diseases between humans or from animals to humans. Vector-borne diseases are infections transmitted by the bite of infected arthropod species, such as mosquitoes, ticks, triatomine bugs, flies, fleas, sandflies, and blackflies (Confalonieri et al., 2007). Among these mosquitoes are the best known disease transmission vectors for many of the fatal and diseases of economic burden. Vector-borne diseases account for 17% of the estimated global burden of all infectious diseases (CDC, 2014). Every year > 1 billion people are infected and > 1 million people die from vector-borne diseases including malaria, dengue, schistosomiasis, leishmaniasis, yellow fever, lymphatic filariasis, Japanese encephalitis and onchocerciasis. One sixth of the illness and disability suffered worldwide is due to vector-borne diseases with more than half the world’s population currently estimated to be at risk of these diseases. Global trade, rapid international travel, unsustainable urbanization, environmental changes such as climate change and emerging insecticidal and drug resistances, are causing vectors and vector-borne diseases to spread beyond borders (WHO, 2014).
This document discusses Babesia, a protozoan parasite that causes Babesiosis. It begins with an introduction to Babesia taxonomy and species. It then discusses the life cycle of Babesia, noting it is transmitted through tick bites. Clinical signs of Babesiosis include fever and hemolytic anemia. The document outlines methods used to analyze gene expression changes in ticks infected with Babesia bovis and differences identified. Prevention focuses on avoiding tick habitats while treatment typically involves antibiotics like clindamycin and quinine.
The document discusses arthropods of medical importance. It describes that arthropods include insects and arachnids. Insects have 3 body segments and 3 pairs of legs, while arachnids have 2 segments and 4 pairs of legs. The document then discusses the 4 main categories of medically important arthropods: nuisance biters, ectoparasites, mechanical vectors, and biological vectors. It provides examples of arthropods in each category and the diseases they can transmit. The rest of the document details the characteristics and medical importance of specific classes, orders, and examples of arthropods.
The document discusses chemical methods for controlling mosquitoes that transmit diseases. It describes commonly used pesticides like malathion, which is an organophosphate adulticide. Resistance to chemicals is a growing problem, so integrated pest management is most effective and includes larviciding, adulticiding, source reduction and public education. The city of Gainesville spends hundreds of thousands of dollars annually on its mosquito control program, which surveys citizens find is working reasonably well.
The non-biting flies are one of the most important pest group because they are not only nuisance pests, but many are also important in disease transmission.
2) Flies feed on a variety of food materials but most of those of structural importance develop in either fermenting or decaying organic matter, although a few are parasitic on other animals. Fly control is often quite challenging because their larval developmental sites must usually be located and eliminated for success, and these sites may be some distance from where the adults are nuisance. Also, flies may invade the walls and attics of structures in large numbers to overwinter, presenting winter-time control challenge.
Vector-borne diseases-Malaria, Filariasis, Dengue, JE, YF, Chikungunya, KFD, Leishmaniasis and the national program against vector-borne diseases NVBDCP.
Vector-borne diseases are illnesses caused by pathogens and parasites in human populations. This presentation contains key facts about these diseases and global and European trends. WHO/Europe is making this presentation available to countries and partner organizations for use in their campaigns for World Health Day 2014.
This document is a manual published by the World Health Organization in 1997 on vector control methods for use by individuals and communities. It contains 10 chapters that describe the biology, public health importance, and control measures for various disease vectors, including mosquitoes, tsetse flies, triatomine bugs, fleas, lice, ticks, mites, cockroaches, houseflies, freshwater snails, and cyclops. For each vector, the manual provides details on its life cycle, disease transmission, and recommends methods for personal protection as well as community-based control strategies.
This document discusses mosquitoes of medical importance in Sri Lanka, focusing on Aedes, Anopheles culicifacies, and Culex species. It outlines the diseases transmitted by each mosquito (e.g. Anopheles culicifacies transmits malaria), their life cycles, breeding habitats, and control strategies used in Sri Lanka like indoor residual spraying and eliminating larval habitats. The goal is to reduce mosquito densities and break disease transmission cycles to control mosquito-borne illnesses.
Arthropods form a major group of disease vectors with mosquitoes, flies, sand flies, lice, fleas, ticks and mites transmitting a huge number of diseases.
Many such vectors are haematophagous, which feed on blood at some or all stages of their lives.
This document discusses vectors and disease transmission. It begins by introducing important concepts regarding vectors, including definitions of vector and vectorial capacity. It then discusses arthropods as common disease vectors, focusing on mosquitoes transmitting diseases like dengue, malaria, and filariasis. The document outlines criteria for identifying vectors, including their contact with hosts, biological association with disease occurrence, ability to transmit disease experimentally, and extrinsic and intrinsic incubation periods. It also covers vector competence, types of transmission (mechanical, biological), and factors influencing a vector's ability to transmit pathogens.
Flies can transmit diseases in two ways: through their feces which can contaminate food, and through bites which can introduce pathogens into the bloodstream. Some diseases transmitted by flies include sleeping sickness, leishmaniasis, river blindness, tularemia, African horse sickness, bluetongue, bovine ephemeral fever, sand fly fever, Loiasis, anthrax, cholera, typhoid, trachoma, and salmonellosis. Flies act as biological vectors for diseases like sleeping sickness, leishmaniasis, and river blindness, carrying the infectious agents that cause these illnesses.
This document provides information on arthropods of medical importance, focusing on mosquitoes. It discusses the transmission of arthropod-borne diseases, including direct contact, mechanical transmission, and biological transmission. It then describes the life cycles and diseases transmitted by important mosquito genera like Anopheles, Culex, Aedes, and Mansonia. Control measures for mosquitoes and other arthropods like flies, sand flies, ticks, mites, and lice are also summarized. The document concludes by discussing various insecticides used for arthropod control, with a focus on the properties and action of DDT.
Sandflies are small, blood-feeding flies that can transmit diseases like leishmaniasis. They are found worldwide and come in various colors. Female sandflies require blood meals for reproduction and can lay 100 eggs after feeding. They have piercing mouthparts adapted for sucking blood and are most active at twilight and night. Sandflies vary in size from 2-5mm and have six legs, wings, and undergo complete metamorphosis from egg to adult.
Presentation by Delia Grace at the first United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) Science-Policy Forum ahead of the Second Session of the United Nations Environment Assembly (UNEA-2), Nairobi, Kenya, 20 May 2016.
This document discusses several insects and arthropods of public health importance including mosquitoes, flies, lice, fleas, ticks, mites, and water fleas. It describes the characteristics, life cycles, diseases transmitted, and methods of control for these insects and arthropods. Common diseases transmitted include malaria, dengue, typhus, plague, scabies, and guinea worm disease.
- Immature stage: The document discusses the different immature stages of mosquitoes including the egg, larva, and pupa stages. It notes key distinguishing characteristics between anopheline and culicine mosquitoes at each stage.
- Adult mosquitoes: The three main genera of mosquitoes - Anopheles, Culex, and Aedes - are described. Key identification features, breeding sites, biting behaviors, and diseases transmitted for each are outlined.
- Medical importance: Mosquitoes transmit many important diseases like malaria, dengue, yellow fever, and filariasis. Studying medical entomology and the arthropod vectors is important for preventing such diseases.
Vector borne diseases are caused by pathogens transmitted via the bite or contact with arthropods like insects and arachnids. The document outlines the major vector borne diseases according to the type of vector, including mosquito-borne diseases like malaria and dengue, fly-borne diseases such as African sleeping sickness, lice-borne typhus, flea-borne plague, and tick-borne Rocky Mountain spotted fever and Lyme disease. It provides details on the causative agents, hosts, methods of transmission, symptoms, and control measures for many of these important diseases.
Zoonoses are diseases that can be transmitted between animals and humans. 60% of emerging infectious diseases are zoonotic. Direct or indirect contact with infected animals puts some people at higher risk, such as farmers and veterinarians. Zoonoses can be caused by viruses, bacteria, parasites, and fungi transmitted through various routes like bites, scratches, aerosols, water, and food. Examples include avian influenza, rabies, anthrax, brucellosis, and toxoplasmosis. Proper hygiene and avoiding contact with sick or high-risk animals can help prevent zoonotic disease transmission.
This document provides information on arthropod vector borne diseases. It discusses key topics such as the definition of arthropods and vectors. It also outlines the different modes of disease transmission by vectors including direct contact, mechanical transmission, and various types of biological transmission. Several important vector-borne diseases are described in detail, including the vectors that transmit them, their signs and symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Diseases covered include malaria, lymphatic filariasis, Japanese encephalitis, dengue, yellow fever, and more.
Zoonoses, or diseases that can be transmitted between animals and humans, were discussed. Key points included:
- Over 250 known zoonotic diseases ranging from mild to fatal illnesses. Common zoonoses include salmonellosis, Lyme disease, and West Nile virus.
- Diseases are transmitted through various routes such as direct contact, bites, food/water, fomites, and vectors like fleas and ticks.
- At risk groups include those working with animals, in agriculture, recreationally exposed to wildlife, and travelers. Animal reservoirs include dogs, cats, food animals, birds, and wild rodents.
Zoonoses (Greek “zoon” = animal) are the diseases or infections that are naturally transmissible from vertebrate animals to humans. This group of infections constitutes significant burdens on global public health. The World Health Organisation (WHO) estimates that 25% of the total 57 million annual deaths that occur globally are caused by microbes with a major proportion occurring in the developing world (Chugh, 2008). Of total identified 1,415 species of infectious organisms known to be pathogenic to humans (including 217 viruses and prions, 538 bacteria and rickettsia, 307 fungi, 66 protozoa and 287 helminths), zoonotic agents constitute 868 (61%), with humans serving as the primary reservoir for only 3% of them. Of the 175 diseases considered to be emerging, 132 (75%) are zoonotic in origin (Taylor et al., 2001). In low income countries, established and emerging zoonoses make up 26 % of the DALYs (Disability-adjusted life year) lost to infectious disease and 10 % of the total DALYs lost. In contrast, in high income countries it represent < 1 % of DALYs lost to infectious disease and only 0.02 % of the total disease burden (Grace et al., 2012).
Vectors are living organisms that can transmit infectious diseases between humans or from animals to humans. Vector-borne diseases are infections transmitted by the bite of infected arthropod species, such as mosquitoes, ticks, triatomine bugs, flies, fleas, sandflies, and blackflies (Confalonieri et al., 2007). Among these mosquitoes are the best known disease transmission vectors for many of the fatal and diseases of economic burden. Vector-borne diseases account for 17% of the estimated global burden of all infectious diseases (CDC, 2014). Every year > 1 billion people are infected and > 1 million people die from vector-borne diseases including malaria, dengue, schistosomiasis, leishmaniasis, yellow fever, lymphatic filariasis, Japanese encephalitis and onchocerciasis. One sixth of the illness and disability suffered worldwide is due to vector-borne diseases with more than half the world’s population currently estimated to be at risk of these diseases. Global trade, rapid international travel, unsustainable urbanization, environmental changes such as climate change and emerging insecticidal and drug resistances, are causing vectors and vector-borne diseases to spread beyond borders (WHO, 2014).
This document discusses Babesia, a protozoan parasite that causes Babesiosis. It begins with an introduction to Babesia taxonomy and species. It then discusses the life cycle of Babesia, noting it is transmitted through tick bites. Clinical signs of Babesiosis include fever and hemolytic anemia. The document outlines methods used to analyze gene expression changes in ticks infected with Babesia bovis and differences identified. Prevention focuses on avoiding tick habitats while treatment typically involves antibiotics like clindamycin and quinine.
The document discusses arthropods of medical importance. It describes that arthropods include insects and arachnids. Insects have 3 body segments and 3 pairs of legs, while arachnids have 2 segments and 4 pairs of legs. The document then discusses the 4 main categories of medically important arthropods: nuisance biters, ectoparasites, mechanical vectors, and biological vectors. It provides examples of arthropods in each category and the diseases they can transmit. The rest of the document details the characteristics and medical importance of specific classes, orders, and examples of arthropods.
The document discusses chemical methods for controlling mosquitoes that transmit diseases. It describes commonly used pesticides like malathion, which is an organophosphate adulticide. Resistance to chemicals is a growing problem, so integrated pest management is most effective and includes larviciding, adulticiding, source reduction and public education. The city of Gainesville spends hundreds of thousands of dollars annually on its mosquito control program, which surveys citizens find is working reasonably well.
The non-biting flies are one of the most important pest group because they are not only nuisance pests, but many are also important in disease transmission.
2) Flies feed on a variety of food materials but most of those of structural importance develop in either fermenting or decaying organic matter, although a few are parasitic on other animals. Fly control is often quite challenging because their larval developmental sites must usually be located and eliminated for success, and these sites may be some distance from where the adults are nuisance. Also, flies may invade the walls and attics of structures in large numbers to overwinter, presenting winter-time control challenge.
Vector-borne diseases-Malaria, Filariasis, Dengue, JE, YF, Chikungunya, KFD, Leishmaniasis and the national program against vector-borne diseases NVBDCP.
Vector-borne diseases are illnesses caused by pathogens and parasites in human populations. This presentation contains key facts about these diseases and global and European trends. WHO/Europe is making this presentation available to countries and partner organizations for use in their campaigns for World Health Day 2014.
National vector borne disease control programme 2 by nitin vermaKartikesh Gupta
The document summarizes India's National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP) which aims to prevent and control vector-borne diseases like malaria, filariasis, kala azar, Japanese encephalitis, dengue, and chikungunya. The strategy includes disease management through early detection and treatment, integrated vector management using indoor spraying and larvivorous fish, and behavior change communication. The objectives are to reduce mortality from malaria, dengue, and JE by half and eliminate kala azar by 2010 and lymphatic filariasis by 2015. It provides recent case numbers and trends for these diseases and outlines prevention and control efforts.
National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP)Vivek Varat
This document provides information about India's National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP). The key points are:
1. NVBDCP aims to prevent and control malaria and other vector-borne diseases like dengue, Japanese encephalitis, kala-azar through strategies like early detection and treatment of cases, vector control measures and community participation.
2. Malaria control is a major focus, with strategies including prompt treatment, vector control through indoor residual spraying and larviciding, use of insecticide-treated bed nets, and environmental management.
3. The programme aims to reduce malaria morbidity and mortality in India and achieve an annual parasite index of less than 1 per 1000 population by 2017.
Vector-borne diseases such as malaria, dengue, and Japanese encephalitis pose major health burdens globally and in India. In India, the National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP) was launched in 2003 to control six key vector-borne diseases through integrated vector management and other strategies. The NVBDCP aims to reduce mortality from malaria, dengue, and Japanese encephalitis by half and eliminate kala-azar and lymphatic filariasis by targeted years. Japanese encephalitis, transmitted by Culex mosquitoes, poses high risks for children and is a growing problem in India. Chikungunya, transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, caused over a million cases during an
NVBDCP National Vector Borne Disease Control ProgramMihir Rupani
The document discusses guidelines for the National Vector Borne Disease Control Program (NVBDCP) in India. The NVBDCP is an integrated program that aims to prevent and control six vector-borne diseases - malaria, dengue, chikungunya, Japanese encephalitis, kala-azar, and filariasis. It outlines strategies like surveillance, diagnosis, treatment, vector control, capacity building, and inter-sectoral collaboration. Specific guidelines for malaria control include microscopy-based diagnosis, use of rapid test kits, indoor residual spraying, larviciding, epidemic preparedness, and training of health workers.
Integrated vector control approach Dr Kulrajat Bhasin.drkulrajat
The document discusses integrated vector control (IVC), which combines multiple control methods to maximize results while minimizing effort. IVC is the trend for mosquito control, utilizing appropriate technologies and management techniques cost-effectively while avoiding overuse of any single method. Selection of control measures requires detailed field information on vector ecology and disease transmission role. Key elements of an IVC strategy include source reduction, biological controls like larvivorous fish, chemical controls such as insect growth regulators, and health education on personal protection measures.
This document defines key terms related to communicable diseases and their transmission. It begins by defining infection, contamination, pollution, infestation, infectious disease, communicable disease, and contagious disease. It then describes the different modes of disease transmission, including direct transmission through contact, droplets, soil, inoculation, and transplacentally. Indirect transmission occurs through vehicles like water, food, and air; or vectors like arthropods. Diseases can be transmitted via fomites, dust, or unclean hands and fingers. Communicable diseases are spread through these various direct and indirect modes of transmission between humans, animals, and the environment.
Drivers of Leptospirosis Transmission at the Human-Animal Interface in Distin...Global Risk Forum GRFDavos
This document summarizes research on the transmission of leptospirosis between humans and animals in different community types. The research finds that transmission is complex, varying based on interactions between host species, environmental conditions, and social/ecological factors. Transmission dynamics differ between regions, with different endemic levels and seasonal patterns. The study examines transmission in rodents, livestock, dogs, and humans in urban slums, rural villages, and farms in Chile. It finds transmission is driven by factors like rodent prevalence, rainfall, temperature, and habitat. The research aims to better understand these dynamics through multi-disciplinary prospective studies in various communities worldwide.
An outbreak occurs when there are more cases of a disease than expected. Outbreaks can be caused by a common source of infection or person-to-person transmission. It is important to investigate outbreaks to control ongoing spread, implement prevention measures, and strengthen disease surveillance. The steps of an outbreak investigation include confirming the outbreak, defining cases, identifying cases, analyzing descriptive data, developing hypotheses, testing hypotheses, implementing control measures, and communicating findings. Challenges include pressure to conclude investigations quickly despite limited data and potential for bias from early media reports.
Landscape management involves maintaining healthy landscapes through turf management, ornamental management, floriculture, irrigation, hardscapes, ponds, and lighting. It is a large and growing industry in the US and Georgia. The average landscape company generates $796,750 annually with 16 employees. Top concerns for the industry include rising fuel and insurance costs, immigration reform, weather fluctuations, competition, and increasing taxes and regulations.
Plants use photosynthesis to produce their own food. The process begins when energy from the sun is absorbed by chlorophyll in leaves. Water and carbon dioxide also enter leaves and undergo a reaction powered by the sun's energy. This produces oxygen, which is released, and glucose, which plants use as an energy source. Water vapor is also released through transpiration.
Plant diseases commonly affect citrus, rice, and coconut plants. Citrus canker is a bacterial disease of citrus plants caused by Xanthomonas citrus. Blast disease is a fungal rice infection that causes brown spots on leaves and panicles, which can be treated with fungicides like blastin and blasticidine. Root wilt of coconut is caused by phytoplasma pathogens transmitted by lace bugs and plant hoppers, with symptoms including bent leaflets, yellowed foliage, and necrosis of older coconut leaves.
Rodents are mammals with two constantly growing incisors. The document discusses several rodent species including beavers, dormice, squirrels, porcupines, prairie dogs, guinea pigs, pygmy mice, and capybaras. It provides characteristics of each species such as size, diet, habitat, and distinguishing features. It also includes questions to test the reader's understanding.
Turfgrass management requires selecting the right grass and providing proper care through mowing, watering, fertilizing, and thatch control to maintain an attractive lawn free of pests. When problems occur, the type of grass and cause must be identified to determine if management practices, soil modifications, or pesticides are needed for correction. Preventive measures include proper watering, mowing, drainage, and following insect and weed control programs.
This document provides information on investigating and solving rodent crimes at a zoo. It discusses the typical signs of rodent infestation like leptospirosis and asthma. When investigating, one should look for what rodents need to survive including food, heat, harborage, and water. Rodents often enter through roof and toilet vents after climbing trees and vines. The document recommends using CONTRAC bait initially due to its low toxicity and quick breakdown, and provides other bait options like DITRAC and RAMPAGE for different situations. It suggests adding attractants or bait carriers if rodents are not feeding well. With the right prevention techniques and baits, the document asserts that rodent problems at zoos can
This document outlines the steps for investigating an outbreak, including how outbreaks are recognized, why they should be investigated, and the epidemiological investigation process. It describes the 10 key steps in an outbreak investigation: 1) confirming the outbreak, 2) verifying diagnoses, 3) preparing for field work, 4) defining a case definition, 5) identifying and listing cases, 6) performing descriptive epidemiology, 7) generating hypotheses, 8) testing hypotheses, 9) implementing control measures, and 10) communicating findings. The goal of an outbreak investigation is to uncover public health problems, identify risk factors, prevent future outbreaks, and train health staff.
Rabbits have a specialized digestive system that allows them to derive nutrients from fibrous plants. They produce two types of feces - soft cecotropes which are high in nutrients and reingested, and hard pellets which are not. This coprophagy helps rabbits survive on low-protein forage. Proper diet is important to avoid digestive issues and includes unlimited hay, a small amount of pelleted food, and vegetables.
This document discusses sexually transmitted infections (STIs), specifically gonorrhea. It defines gonorrhea as an STI caused by the bacteria Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Gonorrhea is common, with over 340 million new cases occurring worldwide each year. It is most common among people aged 20-34, 35-49, and 18-19. Symptoms vary between men and women, but can include burning during urination and abnormal discharge. Untreated gonorrhea can lead to serious complications like infertility, pelvic inflammatory disease, and blindness in newborn babies. It is transmitted through unprotected oral, anal, or vaginal sex with an infected partner. Latex condoms can help prevent transmission when
Plague is caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis and is transmitted between rodents and humans via flea vectors. Rodents like rats and gerbils serve as reservoirs for the plague bacterium. Fleas become infected by feeding on infected rodents and transmit the bacterium to other rodents or humans during subsequent blood meals when they attempt to feed but cannot due to blockages in their digestive tract. There are three main forms of plague - bubonic, septicemic, and pneumonic - with pneumonic plague being able to spread from person to person. Historically, plague pandemics have contributed to major population declines and changes in societies.
This document discusses medical entomology, which deals with arthropods that affect human and animal health. It describes how insects can transmit diseases, inject venom, and cause irritation. Mosquitoes and ticks are responsible for transmitting many vector-borne diseases. Malaria, in particular, has had huge impacts on human history. The document outlines the life cycles of important disease vectors like mosquitoes, sand flies, black flies, triatomine bugs, fleas, lice, and tsetse flies. It also discusses the diseases they transmit, including malaria, dengue, plague, Chagas disease, sleeping sickness, and river blindness. Vector control methods like larviciding and using larvivorous fish are also mentioned.
Rabies is a viral infection transmitted through animal bites that causes acute encephalitis in humans and animals. It is estimated to cause 59,000 human deaths annually, with the majority occurring in Africa and Asia. The rabies virus has an RNA genome and infects a variety of mammals worldwide except in Antarctica. India accounts for approximately 20,847 human rabies deaths annually, which is 33% of global cases and 59.9% of cases in Asia. Rabies poses a significant disease burden, especially in rural poor populations where dog-mediated transmission is common and surveillance is lacking.
Ent-555_Outline of Class Lectures_Edited_17-08-19.pdfpragatighosh5
Nematodes are one of the most abundant animal phyla found on Earth. They live in nearly every environment and habitat, including extreme ones like ice and hot springs. Free-living nematodes play an important ecological role in soils and sediments by feeding on bacteria and detritus. Other nematodes are plant or animal parasites, infecting economically important crops and humans. Well-known parasitic nematodes that infect humans include hookworms, pinworms, Guinea worm, and roundworms. Nematodes have been observed and studied since ancient times but significant advances in nematology emerged with the development of microscopy and as taxonomic and evolutionary studies progressed over centuries.
The document discusses the Four Corners disease outbreak that occurred in 1993 in the Four Corners region of the United States. It describes how the outbreak was caused by a newly identified hantavirus, Sin Nombre virus (SNV), and led to the deaths of 32 people initially. The virus is typically carried by deer mice and transmitted to humans via aerosolized urine and feces of infected mice. The outbreak was likely exacerbated by increased mice populations following heavier than usual snowfall and rains. The disease was eventually named hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS).
Hantavirus has taken a life in different countries and has been a real concern across the globe. There have been several cases of Hantavirus in India in the past. In 2008, 28 people from the Irula community in Tamil Nadu’s Vellore district reported contracting the virus. In 2016, a 12-year-old boy in Mumbai died of this disease. Knowing the importance of this virus, this presentation may be helpful in giving an overview of that virus.
The document discusses common parasites of military importance, including intestinal parasites like Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lamblia, malaria parasites such as Plasmodium falciparum, blood flukes like Schistosoma species, and filarial parasites including Wuchereria bancrofti. It describes the lifecycles and military relevance of these parasites, noting how military personnel are at high risk of infection due to environmental exposures during operations and missions. The document aims to increase awareness of parasitic diseases that can impact military operations and public health.
This document discusses emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases. It begins by quoting Girolamo Frascatoro who spoke about syphilis in the 15th century, noting diseases will reoccur. Microbes evolve faster than humans. Infectious diseases have significantly impacted history, like the Black Plague. Emerging diseases are new, while re-emerging were previously controlled but increasing. Factors contributing to emergence include microbial adaptation, human behavior, and environmental changes. Examples discussed are MERS, Ebola, SARS, avian influenza, Zika virus, and potential bioterrorism agents. Preventing emergence requires surveillance, research, infrastructure, training, and prevention/control strategies.
This document discusses zoonoses, which are diseases that can be transmitted between animals and humans. It covers the definition of zoonoses, factors that influence their prevalence, classification, and modes of transmission. Specific zoonotic diseases discussed include rabies, herpes B, foot and mouth disease, monkeypox, Ebola, Nipah virus, and influenza. The laboratory diagnosis and treatment of some diseases is also reviewed.
This document provides information on various RNA viruses. It discusses positive strand RNA viruses like coronaviruses, which cause diseases such as COVID-19, MERS and SARS. It also covers negative strand RNA viruses including orthomyxoviruses (influenza viruses), paramyxoviruses, rhabdoviruses and filoviruses. It provides details on virus structure, genome and diseases caused, for virus families like Arenaviridae, Bunyaviridae, Reoviridae and Birnaviridae, which contain double stranded RNA genomes.
MALARIA. definition epedimiology and laboratory and managmentABIE10
Artesunate, IV
Uncomplicated: P. falciparum:
First line
Artemether + Lumefantrine
Uncomplicated: P. vivax:
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Chloroquine + Primaquine
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First line
Artemether + Lumefantrine
BY ABIE ASCHALE 47
Zoonosis history and bacterial zoonotic diseasesDeepika Jain
Zoonoses are diseases that can be transmitted between animals and humans. Some key points:
- Zoonoses have affected humans throughout history, with examples like the bubonic plague in the 14th century killing one third of Europe's population.
- World Zoonoses Day is celebrated annually on July 6th in recognition of Louis Pasteur developing the first vaccine against rabies in 1885.
- At-risk groups like the immunocompromised, elderly, and those with HIV/AIDS are more susceptible to severe illness from zoonotic infections involving bacteria like Salmonella, Campylobacter, and parasites like Toxoplasma and Cryptosporidium.
- Controlling
1.SANITATION VS VACCINATION- The History of Infectious DiseasesAntonio Bernard
The document discusses the origins of many infectious diseases in humans. It notes that 60% of human infectious diseases originated in animals, and that diseases emerged as early humans increasingly domesticated animals like cows, pigs, chickens, and camels. Close contact between humans and domesticated, disease-carrying animals allowed pathogens to jump species. For example, measles likely emerged from cattle viruses, smallpox from camel viruses, influenza from duck viruses, and whooping cough and typhoid from pig bacteria. It was not until the domestication of these animals that humans were exposed to these diseases.
Presentation bumpsa 2015-symposium - effect of global travel on health _ the ...Gordon Takop Nchanji
The aim of the presentation was to create awareness about the interaction between health and travel. Here, particular emphasis is on infectious diseases. Read and digest. Comments are welcomed.
Emerging and Re-emerging Zoonotic Diseases -An OverviewGazanfarAbass0966
Zoonotic diseases are infections that can be transmitted between animals and humans. Many serious human pathogens are zoonotic, including 61% of human pathogens, 64% of newly identified infectious agents between 1973-1994, and 74.45% of emerging infectious diseases. Zoonoses can be transmitted via direct or indirect contact with infected animals, through animal products, contaminated water, vectors like mosquitoes and ticks, and through the air. Groups at high risk include farmers, livestock owners, veterinarians, and individuals with weak immune systems. Zoonotic diseases are caused by a variety of disease-causing agents including bacteria, viruses, parasites, and fungi. Prevention strategies include proper hygiene, avoiding contact with sick or wild
Medical entomology "the need to know about little creatures"vckg1987
This document provides an overview of medical entomology. It defines entomology and medical entomology, and discusses the importance of studying arthropods that affect human and animal health. It covers the classification of medically important arthropods like mosquitoes, flies, ticks, mites and sand flies. The document discusses different disease transmission cycles and highlights important vector-borne diseases like malaria, dengue, Japanese encephalitis, filariasis, kala azar and diseases transmitted by the house fly. It also provides details on the biology, identification and control of major vector species like Anopheles, Aedes, Culex, sand flies and the house fly.
This document summarizes information about Tularemia, a bacterial zoonosis caused by Francisella tularensis. It discusses the history, etiology, epidemiology, life cycle, transmission, pathogenesis and symptoms of the disease. Tularemia is found globally and can infect a wide range of hosts. Humans typically get infected through arthropod bites, direct contact with infected animals, or inhalation. The disease presents with non-specific flu-like symptoms and can take several clinical forms depending on the route of infection.
Mother and child health for UnderGraduatess.pptxArvind Kushwaha
The document outlines learning objectives and content related to maternal and child health (MCH). It discusses key MCH indicators, the linked health of mothers and children, common causes of maternal and child morbidity and mortality, and components of preconception care. It also describes MCH services across the lifecycle including adolescent health, antenatal care, safe delivery and postnatal care.
This document provides an overview of infectious disease epidemiology. It begins with a brief history of some major infectious disease outbreaks and their impacts. It then discusses concepts and definitions relevant to infectious disease epidemiology, including reservoirs, modes of transmission, epidemiological triad, and terminology. The document outlines the importance of studying infectious disease epidemiology and highlights current challenges like antimicrobial resistance and emerging/re-emerging pathogens. It also summarizes successes in disease eradication/elimination and the ongoing global burden of infectious diseases.
Here are the answers to your questions:
1. FINER criteria of a good research question are: Feasible, Interesting, Novel, Ethical, Relevant.
2. A null hypothesis is a statistical hypothesis that predicts that no relationship exists between two variables.
3. The types of relationships that may exist between two variables are: positive, negative, or no relationship.
4. Read around comes first before read into. Read around gives a broad overview of the topic area, while read into involves an in-depth review.
5. The literature review is often called the "mother of the research" as it helps identify gaps and formulate the research question.
6. If we
The document discusses sex selection and the current status of gender imbalance in India. It begins by explaining the natural sex ratio at birth and definitions of related terms. It then covers historical practices and myths related to sex selection. The document outlines current methods used for sex selection both pre-implantation and post-implantation. It discusses where sex selection occurs globally and within India and explores social, demographic, commercial and logistical reasons for sex selection. Metrics for measuring gender imbalance are defined and data on declining sex ratios in India over time is presented. The implications and challenges posed by the unbalanced sex ratio are also mentioned.
The care of women during pregnancy is called antenatal care, which begins after conception and aims to have a healthy mother and child at birth. Antenatal care includes clinic visits, examinations, tests, immunizations, supplements, and interventions as needed. Care continues through pregnancy with additional visits in the third trimester to monitor for complications, counsel on warning signs, and prepare for delivery. Postnatal care aims to restore the mother's health and prevent complications, and provides basic care for the mother and child, education, and family planning services.
1. Antenatal care includes regular checkups during pregnancy to monitor the health of the mother and baby, provide supplements and immunizations, educate on warning signs, and plan for delivery.
2. Less than half of women in India receive antenatal care during their first trimester as recommended. Home births are still common which increases risks.
3. Objectives of antenatal care include promoting maternal and infant health, detecting high-risk pregnancies, advising on self-care, preparing for labor and lactation, and reducing anxiety. Regular checkups and tests are done to monitor progress and identify any issues.
Maternal mortality refers to the death of a woman during pregnancy, childbirth or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy. Some key points:
- Causes of maternal mortality include hemorrhage, sepsis, unsafe abortion, obstructed labor, eclampsia, and complications from existing medical conditions.
- Maternal mortality is highest in Sub-Saharan Africa, where 1 in 16 women face the risk of dying from pregnancy or childbirth-related causes.
- In India, an estimated woman dies every seven minutes from pregnancy or childbirth complications. The maternal mortality ratio in India is around 200 per 100,000 live births.
- Prevention strategies focus on increasing access to antenatal
IMNCI was developed by WHO-UNICEF in 1999 to integrate the management of neonatal and childhood illnesses like ARI, diarrhea, measles, malaria and malnutrition. It uses a syndromic approach to classify and treat common signs and symptoms in children aged 0-5 years. The integrated case management process involves assessing for danger signs, identifying symptoms, classifying conditions, and providing treatment and follow-up care. IMNCI improves case management skills of health workers, strengthens health systems, and promotes better family and community health practices.
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
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share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
Our backs are like superheroes, holding us up and helping us move around. But sometimes, even superheroes can get hurt. That’s where slip discs come in.
One health condition that is becoming more common day by day is diabetes.
According to research conducted by the National Family Health Survey of India, diabetic cases show a projection which might increase to 10.4% by 2030.
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
8. SCHEME OF PRESENTATION
HISTORY
BASIC CONCEPTS IN VBDs
WHY VBDs SHOULD CONCERN US
CLIMATE CHANGE & VBDs
CHALLENGES IN VBDS
SUMMARY
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8
9. HISTORY
WORST SCOURGES OF MANKIND
THREAT TO HUMAN SURVIVAL
KILLED MORE MEN THAN ALL THE WARS
CAHNGED THE COURSE OF HISTORY
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9
10. History of Medical Entomology:
• References to associations between humans
and arthropods – historical
(Homer and Aristotle, among others, wrote about the nuisance caused
by flies, mosquitoes, lice and/or bedbugs.)
• Important discoveries:
•1700’s - Microscope - Leeuwenhoek
•1800’s - Infectious Disease - Koch et al.
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11. History of Medical Entomology
• 1877- Manson, --Mosquitoes (Culex pipiens) and filarial
worms (Wuchereria bancrofti) • 1891 - Smith & Kilborne, -Tick (Boophilus annulatus) and
Texas cattle fever (piroplasmosis) transmission • 1900- Finlay, Reed, Carroll, Agramonte and Lazear,
Mosquito (Aedes aegypti) and yellow fever virus • 1895- Bruce- Trypanosomes in cattle blood -
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11
12. History of Medical Entomology –:
• Laveran – MP in blood
• 1896- Bruce, Tsetse fly (Glossina sp.)
transmission of trypanosomes • 1903- Bruce, Tsetse fly transmission of
trypanosomes to humans (African Sleeping
Sickness)
• Ronald Ross - Anopheles mosquitoes with
malaria parasites
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12
13. History of Medical Entomology - :
• Graham, 1902-- Mosquito transmission of dengue virus • Liston, Verjbitski et al., --1895 – 1910-- Fleas and plague • Chagas, 1908--Triatomine bugs and trypanosomes (Chagas
disease) • Blalock, 1926--Black flies and onchocerciasis (river blindness)
• Mosquitoes and viral encephalitides - Hammon and Reeves,
early 1940’s
• Ticks and Lyme disease - Spielman, early 1960’s
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14. MALARIA
>10000 years ago Malaria in Africa
19th Century AD- Malaria almost all over the globe
Early 20th Century AD- Millions die of malaria
almost all over the world
Early 1950s - Malaria almost disappears from North
America and from almost all of Europe; deaths mainly
in Africa
1960-70s: Malaria strikes back with vengeance
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14
15. MALARIA & WARS
"The history of malaria in war
might almost be taken to be the
history of war itself
Col. C. H. Melville, Professor of hygiene, Royal Army Medical College, London (1910) in
Ronald Ross's book The Prevention of Malaria.
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16. Cause of Deaths in War
War
Number Serving
in Army
Battle Injuries (BI)
Disease Non
Battle Injuries
(DNBI)
Arthropod Borne
Diseases
Civil War (Union)
2,128,948
138,154
221,374
Yellow fever,
typhoid, malaria
Spanish
American War
280,564
369
2,061
Typhoid, malaria
World War I
4,057,101
50,510
55,868
Trench fever,
malaria, louse
borne typhus
World War II
11,260,000
234,874
83,400
Malaria, scrub
typhus
Vietnam
4,368,000
30,922
7,273
Malaria
Desert Shield
246,682
98
105
Leishmaniasis
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17. Military Entomology - World War I
By World War I, the connection between insects
and disease was well established.
Entomologists (6-8) were commissioned as officers
in the Sanitary Corps.
Over 9,600 cases of malaria occurred in troops
training in the southern U.S.
Trench fever and louse-borne typhus were the
primary arthropod-borne diseases in Europe as
troops were often infested with lice.
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17
18. SCHEME OF PRESENTATION
HISTORY
BASIC CONCEPTS IN VBDs
WHY VBDs SHOULD CONCERN US
CLIMATE CHANGE & VBDs
CHALLENGES IN VBDS
SUMMARY
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18
19. BASIC CONCEPTS
HIGH TRANSMISSIBILITY.
HOST ANIMALS -----VECTOR-----HUMANS
VECTORS DON’T BECOME “ILL”
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19
20. Phylum Arthropoda :• Bilaterally symmetrical
• Jointed legs
• Dorsal heart – open circulatory system
• CNS (organized central nervous system)
• Striated muscle
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20
21. Phylum Arthropoda
Class Crustacea - lobsters, crabs, etc.
Class Chelicerata - spiders, mites, ticks, scorpions,
etc.
Class Diplopoda - millipedes
Class Chilopoda - centipedes
Class Insecta - beetles, flies, moths, mosquitoe.
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21
22. Insect Characteristics
THREE distinct body regions:
- Head (feeding, sensory, CNS)
- Thorax (locomotion, respiration)
- Abdomen (feeding, reproduction)
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23. Arthropods & Health
• Direct Causes of Disease or Distress
• Vectors or Hosts of Pathogenic
Organisms
• Natural Enemies of other medically
harmful insects
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25. INCRIMINATING A VECTOR
KOCH'S POSTULATES
ASSOCIATION
SPECIFIC CONNECTION
TRANSMISSION
BIOLOGICAL GRADIENT
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25
26. ARTHROPOD VECTOR
Must be susceptible to infection by pathogen.
Live long enough for pathogen to complete
multiplication or development.
THIS AFFECTS THE transmission rate in nature.
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26
27. COMPONENTS OF TRANSMISSION CYCLE
• A vector must take at least 2 blood meals during
its lifetime to transmit a parasite.
• Once to acquire the infection.
• Second to transmit parasite.
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28. GONOTROPHIC CYCLE.
This includes the sequence of 5 steps :
1. searching for a host (questing)
2. blood feeding
3. blood meal digestion
4. egg maturation
5. oviposition
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29. ARTHROPOD ACQUISITION & DEVELOPMENT
OF PATHOGENS
PATHOGEN+BLOOD INGESTED
(ORAL)
TISSUE CONCENTRATION
(SALIVARY GLANDS, or
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM)
PATHOGEN PASSAGE THRU
GUT WALL OR EPITHELIAL
LAYER
(GUT)
PATHOGEN MULTIPLIES
OR INACTIVATED
(GUT)
PATHOGEN TRANSPORT BY
HEMOLYMPH TO TISSUES OF
VECTOR
(HEMOLYMPH)
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30. ARTHROPOD VECTOR
Suitable host must be found:
Anthropophagic (feed on humans only)
endophilic (inside loving)
exophilic (outside loving)
Zoophagic (feed on vertebrates other than humans)
mammalophagic
ornithophagic
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31. ILLUSTRATION EXTRINSIC & INTRINSIC
INCUBATION PERIODS
Mosquito refeeds /
transmits virus
Mosquito feeds /
acquires virus
Viremia
0
Days
5
Illness
Human #1
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Intrinsic
incubation
period
Extrinsic
incubation
period
8
12
16
20
Viremia
24
28
Illness
Human #2
31
32. PATHOGEN DEVELOPMENT IN BODY OF
VECTOR ARTHROPODS
• Propagative transmission- (e.g. viruses, YF, WNV,
EEE, etc.)
• Cyclo-developmental (e.g. Wuchereria bancroftiBancroftian filariasis)
• Cyclo-propagative transmission-. (e.g. malaria,
Chagas)
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33. PATHOGEN ACQUISITION BY HOST
FROM ARTHROPOD
CONTAMINATED MOUTHPARTS
HOST INGESTS OR
CRUSHES INFECTED
ARTHROPOD
BACK PRESSURE DIGESTIVE
TRACT
CONTACT WITH
CONTAMINATED BODY
SURFACES
ESCAPE THROUGH BODY WALL
INFECTIVE FLUIDS FROM
GLANDS (e.g. tick coxal glands)
INFECTED FECES
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34. MODES OF TRANSMISSION
VERTICAL TRANSMISSION:
Passage of parasites/pathogens from one life stage to next
life stage or generation to generation.
EGGS
PARENTAL GENERATION
LARVAE
offspring
F1 GENERATION
ADULT
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OR
F2 GENERATION
34
37. “Bridging” mosquito species in yellow fever
another infected mosquito species
transmits pathogen now to humans
“Bridging”
PRIMARY VECTOR
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38. Vectorial Capacity is thus, a function of
(a)the vector's density in relation to
its vertebrate host,
(b) the frequency with which
it takes blood meals on the host species,
(c)the duration of the latent period in the
vector, and
(d) the vector's life expectancy.
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39. FACTORS THAT STRONGLY AFFECT
PATHOGEN TRANSMISSION BY VECTORS
Vector competence (ability to get infected & transmit)
Incubation period in vector (influenced by temperature)
Vector contact with critical host
Population abundance of vector & hosts
Diurnal feeding habits of vector
Pathogen replication in host
Host feeding preferences
Vector longevity
Precipitation – flooding & drought
Temperature
Proximity of vectors/reservoirs to human populations
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40. Mosquitoes and Key VBDs
Responsible for a great VBD burden
Malaria – parasite
Yellow fever – virus
Dengue fever/hemorrhagic fever – virus
Other viral fevers
West Nile, Rift Valley, Bunyamwera
Filiariasis – helminth
Encephalitis – viruses
Western Equine, Eastern Equine, St. Louis, etc.
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43. Fleas and VBDs - Plague
Plague: Pasteurella (now Yersinia) pestis
Historically, a cause of major epidemics and
pandemics
Now readily controllable with antibiotics
Concern as a bioterrorism agent
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46. GLOBAL SITUATION
These diseases represent 17% of the global disease
burden
300 million malaria cases (WHO, 2009a),
50–100 million dengue cases (WHO, 2009b),
120 million filariasis cases (WHO, 2000).
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52. Malaria
Every year, 500 million people become severely ill with
malaria
causes 30% of Low birth weight in newborns Globally.
>1 million people die of malaria every year. One child dies
from it every 30 seconds
40% of the world’s population is at risk of malaria. Most
cases and deaths occur in SSA.
Malaria is the 9th leading cause of death in LICs and MICs
11% of childhood deaths worldwide attributable to malaria
SSA children account for 82% of malaria deaths worldwide
54. African Trypanosomiasis
Related trypanosome
responsible for African
Sleeping Sickness
T. gambiense T. rhodesiense
Tsetse fly vector
Larger than T. cruzi
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66. Why worry about vector-borne diseases?
Negative impact on commerce, travel, & economies
(e.g., Rift Valley fever, yellow fever)
Explosive debilitating outbreaks (e.g., yellow fever)
Poorest are worst affected – min access to health care
Preventable cause of human illness & death
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75. How Env change affects VBDs?
Dr. Paul Reiter:
“The natural history of mosquito-borne diseases is
complex, and the interplay of climate, ecology, vector
biology, and many other factors defies simplistic
analysis.”
Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol. 109, 2001. pp. 141-161.
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76. Human-Driven Ecological Changes that alter
Incidence of Mosquito-Borne Diseases
Deforestation
Large-scale water projects
Global climate change
Urbanization
Industrial agriculture practices
Industrial animal husbandry practices
Widespread use of pesticides
Water pollution
Introduction of exotic species
Tendency towards monoculture
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76
77. The combination of increasing population and resource consumption, along with waste
generation, drives the regional environmental change typically indicated by trends in land
use and land cover change. Three characteristic processes occur in relation to land use:
urbanization, agricultural intensification (including food production and distribution)
and alteration of forest habitat which drives disease emergence.
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77
78. Global Climate Change
+ 8 - 16 C
+5-7 C
+3-8 C
+4-8 C
Interactive map: www.actoncopenhagen.decc.gov.uk
2/6/2014
Source: Met Office Hadley Centre
78
80. What diseases are the most
climate sensitive?
Sensitivity
High
Low
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–
–
–
–
–
–
–
–
heat stress
effects of storms
air pollution effects
asthma
vector-borne diseases
water-borne diseases
food-borne diseases
sexually-transmitted
diseases
80
81. Hypothesis: global warming will increase the incidence
of vector-borne infectious diseases
RATIONALE
“Bugs” like warmth
Vector-borne diseases don’t occur much in winter, or in
the Arctic or Antarctic, or on high mountains.
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81
82. Environment and Exposure
Where might Climate Impact?
Direct Exposure
Indirect Exposure
Anthroponotic Infections
Humans
Humans
Vehicle
Humans
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STDs
Measles
Hepatitis B
Vehicle
Humans
Malaria
Dengue
Roundworm
82
83. Environment and Exposure
Where might Climate Impact?
Direct Exposure
Indirect Exposure
Zoonotic Infections
Animals
Animals
Vehicle
Animals
Humans
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Vehicle
Animals
Anthrax
Ebola (?)
CJD
Humans
Lyme Disease
Hantaviral Disease
Most arboviral diseases
83
84. increases in global temperatures,
+
more frequent extreme weather events,
+
warmer winters and evenings
+
Other cofactors (biodiversity loss, urbanization)
=
opportunity for increased distribution,
expanded breeding, prolonged mosquito
incubation period .
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84
85. Increased Malaria Risk
The IPCC has noted that the global population at risk
from vector-borne malaria will increase by between
220 million and 400 million in the next century
While most of the increase is predicted to occur in
Africa, some increased risk is projected in Britain,
Australia, India and Portugal
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85
86. FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO EMERGENCE OR REEMERGENCE OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES
Resistance of the vectors of vector-borne
infectious diseases to pesticides.
Immunosuppression of persons due to medical
treatments or new diseases that result in infectious
diseases caused by agents not usually pathogenic
in healthy hosts.(e.g. leukemia patients)
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86
87. Insects-Bioterrorism ??
Of the 22 prime candidates, half were arthropod-borne
viruses.
Lockwood JA. Six-Legged Soldiers: Using Insects as Weapons of War.
Oxford University Press, Inc., New York, 2009, pp 400.
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87
88. International
commerce and
travel
Land use and
deforestation
Climate
change and
variability
Human behavior
and prevention
strategies
Vector-borne
diseases
Water storage
and irrigation
Human
population
growth
Poverty
Modified from Sutherst R.W. Clin Micribiol Rev 2004;17:136-73
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88
89. Changing Epidemiology
Areas affected by Malaria – Env change
P. falciparum proportion
Paradigms – Border, Project, Migrant, Tribal
Epidemics of VBDs - Dengue
Diagnostics- Microscope to RDTs
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89
90. Changing Epidemiology
Treatment- Chloroquine to ACT
Resistance – reported and rising
Prevention – IRS to LLINs
Vaccine development
Control - Eradication - Control
MDGs
RS & GIS – Surveillance
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90
Can you see something on the screen. Enemy’ size (Vector & microbes they carry) may not determine the potential of its threat always.
Vectors shouldn’t be thought of as mere dumb vessels or flying hypodermicneedles. It is helpful to think of them as tiny, well-programmed robots.
The Black Death, decimator of Europe, killer of tens of millions worldwide is the work of a tiny flea vectoring the bacilli that cause bubonic plague from rats to people.
The arthropods are by far the most successful phylum of animals, both in diversity of distribution and in numbers of species and individuals. They have adapted successfully to life in water, on land and in the air.
Malaria parasites in human blood - Laveran, 1894- Ross, 1897Transmission of bird malaria by Culex mosquitoes - Ross, 1898Complete development of human malaria parasite in mosquitoes - Grassi, 1898Transmission of human malarial parasite by mosquitoes - Sambon and Low, 1899Only Anopheles mosquitoes transmit human malarial parasites - Watson and Christophers, 1899
History of VBDs continues to evolve not only due to new agents being discovered but also due to Changing epidemiology of VBDs and adaptation and evolution of the vector due to ecological pressures.
Malaria has shaped the course of history for millennia. It has always been part of the ups and downs of nations; of wars and of upheavals. Kings, popes, and military leaders were struck down in their prime by malaria.Alexander the Great, conqueror of many nations, was vanquished by the bite of a tiny mosquito bearing malaria parasites in the marshes of what is now called Iraq.
These aresome statistics from different wars highlighting the contribution made by VBDs to the burden of Non- Battle casualties. The Malaria and typhus fevers being major problems of the soldiers. The history of many campaigns would have been different but for malaria.
Now we shall see some basic concepts related to VBDs.
The defining characteristic of a vector-borne infection is its high transmissibility.Vectors help pathogens bridge the gap from a diverse array of host animals (mice, rats, monkeys, birds, prairie dogs, pigs, etc.) to humans.Vectors generally don’t become “ill” from carrying their various viral, protozoan and nematode infections. They might accrue some damage to their tissues, but in some cases this “damage” actually makes them more likely to transmit and infect. A mosquito with problems in its feeding apparatus will need to take additional bites to complete a blood meal. A flea with a gut clogged with plague bacteria will regurgitate more.
Most vectors are arthropods which have the characteristics as given on slide.
Head is a multifunctional unit in insects responsible for feeding, sensory inputs and nervous system.
ASSOCIATION Demonstrate feeding or other effective contact with host.2. SPECIFIC CONNECTION A convincing biological association in time and/or space of suspected arthropod and host with occurrence of clinical or subclinical infection of host.3. TRANSMISSION Ability to transfer infectious agent under controlled conditions.4. BIOLOGICAL GRADIENT Low and high populations of suspect vector results in low and high cases in susceptible hosts, respectively.
When can an Arthropod function as a vector.
Blood meals provide an arthropod with nutrients necessary for the metabolism, metamorphosis, and reproduction
The reproductive cycle of an arthropod is called its gonotrophic cycle.
Propagative transmission-organism undergoes a change in its numbers, i.e. amplification only in the body of the vector. (e.g. viruses, YF, WNV, EEE, etc.)Cyclo-developmental transmission-organism undergoes cyclical change but does not multiply. (e.g. Wuchereriabancrofti-Bancroftianfilariasis)Cyclo-propagative transmission-organism undergoes a cyclical change and multiplies.(e.g. malaria, Chagas)
Transstadial transmission:sequential passage of parasites from one life stage to next when it occurs from adult to egg called: transovarial transmissionalso termed transgenerationalvenereal transmission: occurs as a result of passage of parasites between male and female vectors. RARE
In an era of NCDs like CHD, DM, HTN which our colleagues in the clinics so fondly talk of, why should we in the field of Public Health be harping on VBDs. Malaria has reduced, Typhus has come down, so many infections can now be prevented by a shot of vaccine. There are a number of reasons to explain our concern.
The toll from other vector-borne diseases like trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, Japanese encephalitis, onchocerciasis and yellow fever add more millions of cases each year.
If only mortality due to VBDs was not enough, these VBDs can put humans through lifelong suffering.
Filariasis is one such disease. Can you name another dreaded disease though not a VBD ------Leprosy.
The Dengue virus continues to spread its area of influence relentlessly, thanx to our indiscriminate urbanisation and use of disposable containers which we tend to throw around so carelessly.
Malaria was, is and will continue to be with us for ages to come. Malaria has reminded us of our limitations in our abilities to combat this tiny but very powerful adversary in hsitory of Public health.
The National Vector Borne Disease Control programme (NVBDCP) is providing 100% centralassistance to the seven North Eastern states for malaria control activities including provision ofmanpower, bed nets and spray wages. The Enhanced Malaria Control Project (EMCP) with WorldBank assistance was implemented during 1997-2005 in 100 districts of eight high malaria incidencestates. The World Bank is assisting the programme again through the National Vector BorneDisease Control Project (2008-2013) which was launched in September 2008. The IntensifiedMalaria Control Programme (IMCP) funded by Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria(GFATM) is in operation since 2005 in 106 districts of 10 states. These projects provide special inputs in these areas in the form of Rapid Diagnostic Tests (RDTs), Artesunate CombinationTherapy (ACT), Insecticde Treated Bednets (ITNs) and Health Systems Strengthening (HSS).
Insecticide resistance has been a problem in all insect groups that serve as vectors of emerging diseases. Although mechanisms by which insecticides become less effective are similar across all vector taxa, each resistance problem is potentially unique and may involve a complex pattern of resistance foci. The main defense against resistance is close surveillance of the susceptibility of vector populations.
Ever since the discovery of the first case of chloroquine resistance along the Thai-Combodian borderin the late 1950s, Southeast Asia has played an important role as a focus for the development of drugresistance in Plasmodium falciparum. Molecular markers for antimalarial resistance have been identified, including pfmdr-1 and pfcrt polymorphisms associated with chloroquine resistance and dhfr and dhps polymorphisms associated with SP resistance. The dihydrofolatereductaseinhibitors include proguanil, chloroproguanil, pyrimethamine and trimethoprime and sulfa drugs like dapsone, sulfalene, sulfamethoxazole and sulfadoxine. In India chloroquine resistance was first detected in 1973 in Karbi-Anglong district in Assam19 and in 1974 in Nowgong district of Assam. Gradually it has spread towards the west and south, covering almost the entire country. Resistance to SP was first described from theThai-Cambodian border in 1960s. Resistance in P. falciparum to SP combinationwas first detected in Delhi in 1987. Mefloquine resistance was first observed in late 1980snear the Thai-Cambodian border It is frequent in some parts of Southeast Asia. Resistance in P. falciparum to mefloquine in India was detected in Surat district in Gujarat state. .
This slide shows the change in temp all over the world. Different lines represent isotherms.
IPCC, 2007: Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.
Stockholm International Peace ResearchInstitute (SIPRI) published a meticulous analysis of themost likely pathogens to be developed as biologicalweapons (Geissler, A New Generation of BiologicalWeapons) [15].