The document discusses sex selection and the current status of gender imbalance in India. It begins by explaining the natural sex ratio at birth and definitions of related terms. It then covers historical practices and myths related to sex selection. The document outlines current methods used for sex selection both pre-implantation and post-implantation. It discusses where sex selection occurs globally and within India and explores social, demographic, commercial and logistical reasons for sex selection. Metrics for measuring gender imbalance are defined and data on declining sex ratios in India over time is presented. The implications and challenges posed by the unbalanced sex ratio are also mentioned.
female foeticide/infanticide/Save girl child ppt by Paras PareekParas Pareek
This document discusses the issue of female foeticide in India. It notes that female foeticide means killing the female fetus in the mother's womb, and has been practiced in India for ages despite women once being regarded as goddesses. The causes include poverty, gender discrimination, lack of education, traditional practices, and viewing women as a liability. It urges stopping this evil practice in the name of humanity and discusses legal initiatives and the need for education to end female infanticide.
This document discusses female foeticide in India. It begins with definitions of foeticide and an overview of reasons for female foeticide such as societal preferences for sons. It then discusses the prevalence of female foeticide in India, noting laws like the PCPNDT Act that have tried to address the issue but have been poorly enforced. Child sex ratios vary significantly by state, with northern states having much higher ratios indicative of more female foeticide. The document provides background on the origin and spread of ultrasound technology that enabled prenatal sex determination and fueled female foeticide in India.
This presentation summarizes the issue of female foeticide and infanticide in India. It discusses how the practice has been followed for ages in India where female fetuses and infants are killed. Some of the key causes mentioned are poverty, gender discrimination, lack of education, and traditional practices. The presentation uses a diary format from the perspective of an unborn female baby who is killed after the parents find out she is a girl. It argues that stopping this evil practice is a responsibility and highlights how technology and education can help influence people to value the girl child.
The document discusses the issue of declining sex ratios and missing female children in India due to practices like female infanticide and sex-selective abortions. It notes that the natural sex ratio at birth favors boys but that cultural preferences for sons over daughters, combined with access to sex determination technology, have led to millions of missing girls. This is considered a human rights violation and has social consequences like increased violence against women and human trafficking. Solutions proposed include strong enforcement of laws against sex determination and changing deep-rooted social attitudes of gender discrimination.
The presentation describes the situation of female foeticide in Indian society. Its causes ,effects and remedies are also described in this presentation.
This document summarizes female feticide in India, the reasons it occurs, and steps that can be taken to counter it. Female feticide involves aborting a female fetus after determining its sex, and has contributed to India's declining sex ratio. It stems from a preference for sons, discrimination against girls, dowry practices, and lack of enforcement of laws against sex determination. Suggested countermeasures include education programs, effective implementation of laws banning sex determination, and government schemes providing support to girls like Ladli and Kishori Shakti Yojna.
Female foeticide refers to aborting a female fetus after determining its sex, often due to a preference for male children and issues like dowry. It is a widespread problem in India, with over 10 million female fetuses aborted each year. Reasons for female foeticide include sex discrimination, poverty, illiteracy, and viewing women as a financial burden. The practice has severe social consequences like a skewed sex ratio and increased risks of violence against women. Several laws and organizations aim to curb female foeticide by banning sex-selective abortion and promoting the adoption of girls.
This document discusses the issue of female foeticide in India. It defines female foeticide as aborting a female fetus after sex determination testing. It notes that the practice is fueled by social, economic and religious factors like the caste system, denial of property rights to women, and social stigma. Statistics are presented showing declining child sex ratios over time and a more severe problem in rural areas. Several slides call for ending this cruelty against girls and saving the disappearing girl child in order to strengthen the nation.
female foeticide/infanticide/Save girl child ppt by Paras PareekParas Pareek
This document discusses the issue of female foeticide in India. It notes that female foeticide means killing the female fetus in the mother's womb, and has been practiced in India for ages despite women once being regarded as goddesses. The causes include poverty, gender discrimination, lack of education, traditional practices, and viewing women as a liability. It urges stopping this evil practice in the name of humanity and discusses legal initiatives and the need for education to end female infanticide.
This document discusses female foeticide in India. It begins with definitions of foeticide and an overview of reasons for female foeticide such as societal preferences for sons. It then discusses the prevalence of female foeticide in India, noting laws like the PCPNDT Act that have tried to address the issue but have been poorly enforced. Child sex ratios vary significantly by state, with northern states having much higher ratios indicative of more female foeticide. The document provides background on the origin and spread of ultrasound technology that enabled prenatal sex determination and fueled female foeticide in India.
This presentation summarizes the issue of female foeticide and infanticide in India. It discusses how the practice has been followed for ages in India where female fetuses and infants are killed. Some of the key causes mentioned are poverty, gender discrimination, lack of education, and traditional practices. The presentation uses a diary format from the perspective of an unborn female baby who is killed after the parents find out she is a girl. It argues that stopping this evil practice is a responsibility and highlights how technology and education can help influence people to value the girl child.
The document discusses the issue of declining sex ratios and missing female children in India due to practices like female infanticide and sex-selective abortions. It notes that the natural sex ratio at birth favors boys but that cultural preferences for sons over daughters, combined with access to sex determination technology, have led to millions of missing girls. This is considered a human rights violation and has social consequences like increased violence against women and human trafficking. Solutions proposed include strong enforcement of laws against sex determination and changing deep-rooted social attitudes of gender discrimination.
The presentation describes the situation of female foeticide in Indian society. Its causes ,effects and remedies are also described in this presentation.
This document summarizes female feticide in India, the reasons it occurs, and steps that can be taken to counter it. Female feticide involves aborting a female fetus after determining its sex, and has contributed to India's declining sex ratio. It stems from a preference for sons, discrimination against girls, dowry practices, and lack of enforcement of laws against sex determination. Suggested countermeasures include education programs, effective implementation of laws banning sex determination, and government schemes providing support to girls like Ladli and Kishori Shakti Yojna.
Female foeticide refers to aborting a female fetus after determining its sex, often due to a preference for male children and issues like dowry. It is a widespread problem in India, with over 10 million female fetuses aborted each year. Reasons for female foeticide include sex discrimination, poverty, illiteracy, and viewing women as a financial burden. The practice has severe social consequences like a skewed sex ratio and increased risks of violence against women. Several laws and organizations aim to curb female foeticide by banning sex-selective abortion and promoting the adoption of girls.
This document discusses the issue of female foeticide in India. It defines female foeticide as aborting a female fetus after sex determination testing. It notes that the practice is fueled by social, economic and religious factors like the caste system, denial of property rights to women, and social stigma. Statistics are presented showing declining child sex ratios over time and a more severe problem in rural areas. Several slides call for ending this cruelty against girls and saving the disappearing girl child in order to strengthen the nation.
The presentation discusses the issue of female feticide in India. It notes that the sex ratio in Odisha has declined from 1086 females per 1000 males in 1921 to 971 in 1991, reflecting increasing abortion and killing of female fetuses. The reasons given for female feticide include the caste system, economic oppression, denial of property rights, and lack of education for women. The presentation argues that females are a precious asset who care for others, teach, bless, rule, explore, struggle, and sacrifice. It calls for stopping the cruelty of female feticide and saving the disappearing girl child to save the nation.
This document provides information about Mamta Singh's Individual Social Responsibility project on the social cause of saving the girl child. It includes an executive summary, introduction, key issues related to medical ethics, legal jurisdiction, and socio-economic issues facing the girl child such as declining sex ratios, female foeticide, and initiatives to address child marriage and education. It also discusses the work of the NGO Save Girl Child Organization and the national plan of action to save the girl child in India.
Female foeticide is the termination of pregnancies based on the gender of the fetus being female. This practice stems from a preference for sons over daughters in India due to cultural and economic factors like the dowry system. The widespread use of technologies like ultrasound has led to an estimated 10 million female fetuses being illegally aborted, severely skewing the sex ratio in some states. While the government has passed laws banning the practice, enforcement has been lacking and loopholes allow sex-selective abortions to continue. Awareness campaigns by celebrities and organizations aim to curb female foeticide by highlighting the problem.
This document is written from the perspective of an unborn female fetus describing her development from attachment to an ovary to ultimately being aborted after her parents discovered she was a girl. She questions why she was killed just for her gender, noting that societies love and value mothers, wives, girlfriends, and daughters. The document argues that killing female fetuses is a serious and sinful practice motivated by poverty, gender discrimination, lack of education, and dowries. It notes that saving the girl child is important because women are precious assets who bring new life into the world and nurture society. The conclusion calls for joining hands to fight against this injustice of female foeticide and raise awareness to see more women achievers in the future
Female infanticide refers to the deliberate killing of girl children, especially through neglect or sex-selective abortion. It is most prevalent in patriarchal societies with low social status for women and a cultural preference for sons. Factors like poverty, dowry practices, illiteracy, and government policies have historically contributed to female infanticide in regions with overpopulation and an economic view of daughters as less advantageous than sons. Addressing this issue requires educating women, changing discriminatory mindsets, banning sex detection before birth, and enacting laws against practices like dowry that incentivize favoring sons over daughters.
The document discusses issues related to protection and development of girl children in India. It provides statistics showing declining sex ratios and highlights various social problems faced by girls such as female infanticide, malnutrition, lack of education and child marriage. It also outlines initiatives by NGOs and the government to promote girls' education and raise awareness about girls' rights through campaigns, sponsorship programs, and celebrating important days. Comprehensive action is needed across various sectors to ensure equitable development and empowerment of girls in India.
1) Female foeticide and sex selection has led to over 1 crore missing girls in India in the last 2 decades according to government data. The child sex ratio has declined significantly from 927 girls per 1000 boys in 2001 to 880 in 2005.
2) Factors driving this include son preference, easy access to technology like ultrasound machines, and involvement of medical professionals in sex determination. States with higher density of ultrasound machines see much lower child sex ratios.
3) The Indian Medical Association is committed to working proactively to reverse the declining child sex ratio. It aims to sensitize doctors, collaborate with authorities, and set up monitoring cells to curb violations of the Pre-Conception and Pre-N
Female infanticide is the intentional killing of infant girls. It occurs most commonly in patriarchal societies with low social status of women and a strong cultural preference for sons. Factors like poverty, the dowry system, and lack of education contribute to female infanticide, which has negative effects like increased sexual violence and human trafficking. Laws have attempted to curb the practice by banning dowry and sex-selective abortion. Changing cultural mindsets through education is also important to address the root causes of female infanticide.
Female foeticide, or the killing of female fetuses, is a major issue in India. It is driven by social preferences for sons over daughters and enabled by technology like ultrasounds. This has led to unnatural increases in the male to female sex ratio, with 108.8 males for every 100 females according to the 2011 census. The government has tried to address this through acts banning sex-selective abortions, but enforcement has been a challenge due to social attitudes.
The girls have not vanished overnight. Decades of sex determination tests and female foeticide that has acquired genocide proportions are finally catching up with states in India.
This is only the tip of the demographic and social problems confronting India in the coming years. Skewed sex ratios have moved beyond the states of Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, Gujarat and Himachal Pradesh. With news of increasing number of female foetuses being aborted from Orissa to Bangalore there is ample evidence to suggest that the next census will reveal a further fall in child sex ratios throughout the country.
The decline in child sex ratio in India is evident by comparing the census figures. In 1991, the figure was 947 girls to 1000 boys. Ten years later it had fallen to 927 girls for 1000 boys.
Since 1991, 80% of districts in India have recorded a declining sex ratio with the state of Punjab being the worst.
States like Maharashtra, Gujarat, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh and Haryana have recorded a more than 50 point decline in the child sex ratio in this period.
Despite these horrific numbers, foetal sex determination and sex selective abortion by unethical medical professionals has today grown into a Rs. 1,000 crore industry (US$ 244 million). Social discrimination against women, already entrenched in Indian society, has been spurred on by technological developments that today allow mobile sex selection clinics to drive into almost any village or neighbourhood unchecked.
The PCPNDT Act 1994 (Preconception and Prenatal Diagnostic Techniques Act) was modified in 2003 to target the medical profession - the ‘supply side’ of the practice of sex selection. However non implementation of the Act has been the biggest failing of the campaign against sex selection
According to the latest data available till May 2006, as many as 22 out of 35 states in India had not reported a single case of violation of the act since it came into force. Delhi reported the largest number of violations – 76 out of which 69 were cases of non registration of birth! Punjab had 67 cases and Gujarat 57 cases.
But the battle rages on.
This document discusses issues facing girl children in India from fetal stage through adolescence. It notes that discrimination begins with sex-selective abortion and that girls have poorer nutrition and health outcomes than boys. Girls have lower education levels due to high dropout rates and parental reluctance. The document outlines government goals to promote girl children, including banning sex determination tests and increasing education, nutrition, and legal protections for girls. It emphasizes taking a life-cycle approach and addressing discrimination faced by girls at each stage of development.
The document discusses violence against women in India. It defines gender-based violence and outlines various forms such as domestic, sexual, physical, cultural, religious, and socio-economic violence. It also examines the situation of violence against women in India, including gender discrimination, caste discrimination, and impacts of economic policies. The document analyzes the effects of family violence on women's lives and children. It provides statistics on violence against women in India from sources like NFHS and NCRB. It discusses laws and initiatives to protect women from domestic violence.
Female infanticide has been practiced throughout history on every continent by both tribal and civilized societies. While poverty and population control have contributed to the practice, a bias against females in patriarchal societies is a major underlying cause. Historically, female infanticide was common in Arabia, India, China, and some Western societies prior to legal bans. Today it remains a significant problem in parts of Asia, where sex-selective abortion and neglect have resulted in millions of missing women. Prohibitions against the practice in major religions like Islam, Judaism, and Christianity did not always prevent it from occurring socially.
The number of crimes against women reported in Mumbai has more than doubled from 2012 to 2013, according to police data. Specifically, the number of cases registered in the first seven months of 2013 was 129% higher than the same period in 2012, with 1,723 cases recorded so far in 2013 compared to 753 cases during the same period last year.
The document discusses the declining child sex ratio in India from 1991 to 2011, defined as the number of girls per 1000 boys aged 0-6. This decline from 945 to 918 is alarming and indicates discrimination against girls. It is caused by both pre-birth sex selection and post-birth discrimination. The government has launched the Beti Bachao Beti Padhao initiative across 100 districts to ensure the survival, protection, and empowerment of the girl child through a multisectoral approach.
This document summarizes laws in India related to violence against women. It discusses laws around female foeticide and infanticide, honor killings, domestic violence including dowry deaths, sati, witch killings, obscenity and modesty issues, rape, and trafficking and prostitution. Some key laws mentioned include the Domestic Violence Act of 2005, the Immoral Trafficking (Prevention) Act of 1986, sections of the Indian Penal Code related to murder, assault and sexual offenses, and the Commission of Sati Prevention Act of 1987. The document provides details on the sections and provisions of these various laws that aim to protect women's rights in India.
This document summarizes many important laws and rights for women in India. It outlines legislation related to dowry, domestic violence, sexual harassment, and more. It also describes legal rights for women regarding filing police reports, healthcare access, and protections for rape victims. Additionally, it covers rights in live-in relationships, harassment, stalking, cruelty, and maintenance and benefits related to marriage, children, and maternity leave.
The document discusses several issues facing girl children in India, including female infanticide and foeticide, child marriage, inadequate nutrition, disparities in education, trafficking, sexual harassment, and lack of safety. It notes that the practice of eliminating female fetuses has led to millions of missing girls. Child marriage violates girls' rights and can lead to health risks. Girls often receive inferior nutrition compared to boys. Fewer girls receive education due to factors like early marriage and household responsibilities. Trafficking disproportionately affects girls for exploitation and crimes against women are very common in India. The government has implemented various policies and programs to promote girls' welfare and development.
“Save the Girl Child” is a social initiative in India to fight against the practice of female foeticide. The initiative also aims are protecting, safeguarding, supporting, and educating the girl child.
Female foeticide is a horrific and illegal practice that has got to be stopped. The way to do this is by implementation of stronger laws and bringing about a change in the mind-set of our countrymen – uphill tasks, but absolutely crucial nevertheless.
This document discusses several methods for laboratory diagnosis of viral infections, including virus culture and isolation techniques like plaque assay and TCID50 assay, detection of viral antigens and antibodies, and detection of viral genomes through techniques like PCR. It provides an overview of each method, outlines their advantages such as speed and inexpensiveness for some techniques, and notes potential disadvantages like expense, required skill level, and variability. The goal is to detect, identify, and quantify viruses using techniques ranging from cell culture to molecular analysis.
The presentation discusses the issue of female feticide in India. It notes that the sex ratio in Odisha has declined from 1086 females per 1000 males in 1921 to 971 in 1991, reflecting increasing abortion and killing of female fetuses. The reasons given for female feticide include the caste system, economic oppression, denial of property rights, and lack of education for women. The presentation argues that females are a precious asset who care for others, teach, bless, rule, explore, struggle, and sacrifice. It calls for stopping the cruelty of female feticide and saving the disappearing girl child to save the nation.
This document provides information about Mamta Singh's Individual Social Responsibility project on the social cause of saving the girl child. It includes an executive summary, introduction, key issues related to medical ethics, legal jurisdiction, and socio-economic issues facing the girl child such as declining sex ratios, female foeticide, and initiatives to address child marriage and education. It also discusses the work of the NGO Save Girl Child Organization and the national plan of action to save the girl child in India.
Female foeticide is the termination of pregnancies based on the gender of the fetus being female. This practice stems from a preference for sons over daughters in India due to cultural and economic factors like the dowry system. The widespread use of technologies like ultrasound has led to an estimated 10 million female fetuses being illegally aborted, severely skewing the sex ratio in some states. While the government has passed laws banning the practice, enforcement has been lacking and loopholes allow sex-selective abortions to continue. Awareness campaigns by celebrities and organizations aim to curb female foeticide by highlighting the problem.
This document is written from the perspective of an unborn female fetus describing her development from attachment to an ovary to ultimately being aborted after her parents discovered she was a girl. She questions why she was killed just for her gender, noting that societies love and value mothers, wives, girlfriends, and daughters. The document argues that killing female fetuses is a serious and sinful practice motivated by poverty, gender discrimination, lack of education, and dowries. It notes that saving the girl child is important because women are precious assets who bring new life into the world and nurture society. The conclusion calls for joining hands to fight against this injustice of female foeticide and raise awareness to see more women achievers in the future
Female infanticide refers to the deliberate killing of girl children, especially through neglect or sex-selective abortion. It is most prevalent in patriarchal societies with low social status for women and a cultural preference for sons. Factors like poverty, dowry practices, illiteracy, and government policies have historically contributed to female infanticide in regions with overpopulation and an economic view of daughters as less advantageous than sons. Addressing this issue requires educating women, changing discriminatory mindsets, banning sex detection before birth, and enacting laws against practices like dowry that incentivize favoring sons over daughters.
The document discusses issues related to protection and development of girl children in India. It provides statistics showing declining sex ratios and highlights various social problems faced by girls such as female infanticide, malnutrition, lack of education and child marriage. It also outlines initiatives by NGOs and the government to promote girls' education and raise awareness about girls' rights through campaigns, sponsorship programs, and celebrating important days. Comprehensive action is needed across various sectors to ensure equitable development and empowerment of girls in India.
1) Female foeticide and sex selection has led to over 1 crore missing girls in India in the last 2 decades according to government data. The child sex ratio has declined significantly from 927 girls per 1000 boys in 2001 to 880 in 2005.
2) Factors driving this include son preference, easy access to technology like ultrasound machines, and involvement of medical professionals in sex determination. States with higher density of ultrasound machines see much lower child sex ratios.
3) The Indian Medical Association is committed to working proactively to reverse the declining child sex ratio. It aims to sensitize doctors, collaborate with authorities, and set up monitoring cells to curb violations of the Pre-Conception and Pre-N
Female infanticide is the intentional killing of infant girls. It occurs most commonly in patriarchal societies with low social status of women and a strong cultural preference for sons. Factors like poverty, the dowry system, and lack of education contribute to female infanticide, which has negative effects like increased sexual violence and human trafficking. Laws have attempted to curb the practice by banning dowry and sex-selective abortion. Changing cultural mindsets through education is also important to address the root causes of female infanticide.
Female foeticide, or the killing of female fetuses, is a major issue in India. It is driven by social preferences for sons over daughters and enabled by technology like ultrasounds. This has led to unnatural increases in the male to female sex ratio, with 108.8 males for every 100 females according to the 2011 census. The government has tried to address this through acts banning sex-selective abortions, but enforcement has been a challenge due to social attitudes.
The girls have not vanished overnight. Decades of sex determination tests and female foeticide that has acquired genocide proportions are finally catching up with states in India.
This is only the tip of the demographic and social problems confronting India in the coming years. Skewed sex ratios have moved beyond the states of Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, Gujarat and Himachal Pradesh. With news of increasing number of female foetuses being aborted from Orissa to Bangalore there is ample evidence to suggest that the next census will reveal a further fall in child sex ratios throughout the country.
The decline in child sex ratio in India is evident by comparing the census figures. In 1991, the figure was 947 girls to 1000 boys. Ten years later it had fallen to 927 girls for 1000 boys.
Since 1991, 80% of districts in India have recorded a declining sex ratio with the state of Punjab being the worst.
States like Maharashtra, Gujarat, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh and Haryana have recorded a more than 50 point decline in the child sex ratio in this period.
Despite these horrific numbers, foetal sex determination and sex selective abortion by unethical medical professionals has today grown into a Rs. 1,000 crore industry (US$ 244 million). Social discrimination against women, already entrenched in Indian society, has been spurred on by technological developments that today allow mobile sex selection clinics to drive into almost any village or neighbourhood unchecked.
The PCPNDT Act 1994 (Preconception and Prenatal Diagnostic Techniques Act) was modified in 2003 to target the medical profession - the ‘supply side’ of the practice of sex selection. However non implementation of the Act has been the biggest failing of the campaign against sex selection
According to the latest data available till May 2006, as many as 22 out of 35 states in India had not reported a single case of violation of the act since it came into force. Delhi reported the largest number of violations – 76 out of which 69 were cases of non registration of birth! Punjab had 67 cases and Gujarat 57 cases.
But the battle rages on.
This document discusses issues facing girl children in India from fetal stage through adolescence. It notes that discrimination begins with sex-selective abortion and that girls have poorer nutrition and health outcomes than boys. Girls have lower education levels due to high dropout rates and parental reluctance. The document outlines government goals to promote girl children, including banning sex determination tests and increasing education, nutrition, and legal protections for girls. It emphasizes taking a life-cycle approach and addressing discrimination faced by girls at each stage of development.
The document discusses violence against women in India. It defines gender-based violence and outlines various forms such as domestic, sexual, physical, cultural, religious, and socio-economic violence. It also examines the situation of violence against women in India, including gender discrimination, caste discrimination, and impacts of economic policies. The document analyzes the effects of family violence on women's lives and children. It provides statistics on violence against women in India from sources like NFHS and NCRB. It discusses laws and initiatives to protect women from domestic violence.
Female infanticide has been practiced throughout history on every continent by both tribal and civilized societies. While poverty and population control have contributed to the practice, a bias against females in patriarchal societies is a major underlying cause. Historically, female infanticide was common in Arabia, India, China, and some Western societies prior to legal bans. Today it remains a significant problem in parts of Asia, where sex-selective abortion and neglect have resulted in millions of missing women. Prohibitions against the practice in major religions like Islam, Judaism, and Christianity did not always prevent it from occurring socially.
The number of crimes against women reported in Mumbai has more than doubled from 2012 to 2013, according to police data. Specifically, the number of cases registered in the first seven months of 2013 was 129% higher than the same period in 2012, with 1,723 cases recorded so far in 2013 compared to 753 cases during the same period last year.
The document discusses the declining child sex ratio in India from 1991 to 2011, defined as the number of girls per 1000 boys aged 0-6. This decline from 945 to 918 is alarming and indicates discrimination against girls. It is caused by both pre-birth sex selection and post-birth discrimination. The government has launched the Beti Bachao Beti Padhao initiative across 100 districts to ensure the survival, protection, and empowerment of the girl child through a multisectoral approach.
This document summarizes laws in India related to violence against women. It discusses laws around female foeticide and infanticide, honor killings, domestic violence including dowry deaths, sati, witch killings, obscenity and modesty issues, rape, and trafficking and prostitution. Some key laws mentioned include the Domestic Violence Act of 2005, the Immoral Trafficking (Prevention) Act of 1986, sections of the Indian Penal Code related to murder, assault and sexual offenses, and the Commission of Sati Prevention Act of 1987. The document provides details on the sections and provisions of these various laws that aim to protect women's rights in India.
This document summarizes many important laws and rights for women in India. It outlines legislation related to dowry, domestic violence, sexual harassment, and more. It also describes legal rights for women regarding filing police reports, healthcare access, and protections for rape victims. Additionally, it covers rights in live-in relationships, harassment, stalking, cruelty, and maintenance and benefits related to marriage, children, and maternity leave.
The document discusses several issues facing girl children in India, including female infanticide and foeticide, child marriage, inadequate nutrition, disparities in education, trafficking, sexual harassment, and lack of safety. It notes that the practice of eliminating female fetuses has led to millions of missing girls. Child marriage violates girls' rights and can lead to health risks. Girls often receive inferior nutrition compared to boys. Fewer girls receive education due to factors like early marriage and household responsibilities. Trafficking disproportionately affects girls for exploitation and crimes against women are very common in India. The government has implemented various policies and programs to promote girls' welfare and development.
“Save the Girl Child” is a social initiative in India to fight against the practice of female foeticide. The initiative also aims are protecting, safeguarding, supporting, and educating the girl child.
Female foeticide is a horrific and illegal practice that has got to be stopped. The way to do this is by implementation of stronger laws and bringing about a change in the mind-set of our countrymen – uphill tasks, but absolutely crucial nevertheless.
This document discusses several methods for laboratory diagnosis of viral infections, including virus culture and isolation techniques like plaque assay and TCID50 assay, detection of viral antigens and antibodies, and detection of viral genomes through techniques like PCR. It provides an overview of each method, outlines their advantages such as speed and inexpensiveness for some techniques, and notes potential disadvantages like expense, required skill level, and variability. The goal is to detect, identify, and quantify viruses using techniques ranging from cell culture to molecular analysis.
This document provides an overview of epidemiology and public health planning principles. It defines epidemiology as the study of distribution and determinants of health problems in populations and its application to control such problems. The key objectives of epidemiology are described as understanding disease causation, testing hypotheses, evaluating intervention programs, and informing public health administration. Effective public health planning requires defining goals, objectives, strategies, approaches, and approaches for monitoring and evaluation. Descriptive epidemiology involves observing the basic features of disease distribution by person, place, and time to identify problems and plan services. Developing hypotheses about potential causes involves interrogating usual suspects and looking for clues in patterns of who, where, and when individuals become ill.
This document discusses different types of epidemiological studies including descriptive studies, analytical studies, and experimental studies. Descriptive studies are divided into population studies and individual studies. Analytical studies include case-control studies and cohort studies. Key aspects of case-control and cohort study designs such as selection of cases/controls, sources of information, issues in analysis/interpretation, and strengths/weaknesses are described.
This document provides an overview of ocular pharmacology. It discusses ocular anatomy and physiology, pharmacokinetics of ocular drugs, routes of drug administration, therapeutic applications of drugs in ophthalmology including glaucoma treatment, antimicrobial agents, immunomodulatory drugs, and new drug delivery systems. Specific drug classes are explained in depth including prostaglandin analogs, beta blockers, alpha agonists, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, and others for glaucoma treatment. Adverse effects and treatment approaches are also summarized.
This document provides an overview of infectious disease epidemiology. It begins with a brief history of some major infectious disease outbreaks and their impacts. It then discusses concepts and definitions relevant to infectious disease epidemiology, including reservoirs, modes of transmission, epidemiological triad, and terminology. The document outlines the importance of studying infectious disease epidemiology and highlights current challenges like antimicrobial resistance and emerging/re-emerging pathogens. It also summarizes successes in disease eradication/elimination and the ongoing global burden of infectious diseases.
Glaucoma is a group of eye diseases that damage the optic nerve and causes vision loss and blindness. It is often asymptomatic in the early stages. The main cause is increased pressure within the eye (intraocular pressure) due to impaired fluid drainage from the eye. There are two main types - open angle glaucoma which develops slowly over time and closed angle glaucoma which is a medical emergency with sudden severe eye pain. Treatment aims to reduce intraocular pressure and halt further optic nerve damage.
Female feticide refers to aborting a female fetus after determining its sex, often due to a preference for sons or fear of dowry. Advancements in technology allow parents to learn the sex before birth and selectively abort female fetuses. This has led to a decline in the female population in India, with millions of "missing" women. While laws like the Prenatal Diagnostic Techniques Act have been passed to regulate sex identification and selective abortion, female feticide remains a significant problem in India due to cultural preferences and financial concerns.
Prevention and control of infectious diseasesJasmine John
This document discusses various methods for controlling infectious diseases, including controlling the disease reservoir, early diagnosis and notification, epidemiological investigations, isolation of infected individuals, treatment of infected individuals, and quarantine of exposed individuals. It provides details on each method, including definitions, objectives, examples of diseases where each method is particularly effective, and limitations.
This document provides an overview of key concepts in epidemiology. It defines epidemiology as the study of frequency, distribution, and determinants of diseases and health conditions in populations along with applying this study to disease prevention and health promotion. The document also describes the components of epidemiology, its history, scope, purpose, types (descriptive and analytic), basic assumptions, features, disease causation theories and models, the natural history of diseases, levels of disease prevention, and the infectious disease process.
The document discusses determinants of the gender divide and child sex ratio in Cuddalore District, Tamil Nadu. It begins with an introduction on gender discrimination and India's poor ranking in terms of gender gaps. A literature review covers previous studies finding factors like education level, nutrition, and patriarchy influence sex ratios. The study aims to understand declining child sex ratios in Cuddalore District by examining health, socio-economic, cultural and policy determinants. Secondary data is collected from local health centers, anganwadis and households on births, deaths and other relevant information to identify the key factors skewing the child sex ratio in the region.
This document discusses several potential benefits that men may have evolved to gain from commitment and marriage, including increased certainty of paternity of children, access to higher quality mates, increased social status and allies. It also examines preferences that men have evolved for cues associated with female fertility, such as youth and certain physical attributes like waist-to-hip ratio. Ensuring fidelity within marriage helped men solve the problem of paternity uncertainty.
Our concern is with the sex ratio in infancy and childhood, and we use this in order to examine the magnitude and implications
of gender imbalance. More precisely, our focus in this paper is on the sex ratio (defined as the number of males per 100 females) from birth to 6 years of age—we shall refer to it simply as the child sex ratio (CSR). The narrowness of our focus has two advantages. First, whereas the overall population sex ratio is a complex aggregate that depends on many factors, the natural determinants of the child sex ratio are more limited, allowing us a cleaner analysis. Second, it is this ratio that is liable to be affected by selective abortions, whereas the population sex ratio moves only a little with these new developments.
The document discusses the issue of female foeticide and infanticide in India. It notes that the practice is widespread and discriminates against girls from the womb through their lives. Statistics show India's child sex ratio has declined significantly over time, indicating millions of missing girls. The root cause is a societal preference for sons due to financial and care-taking expectations. While laws against sex determination and female feticide exist, enforcement is lacking. A multifaceted approach is needed, including empowering women, improving health services, regulating medical professionals, increasing awareness, and ensuring girls receive equal treatment. Punitive action must also be taken against parents and doctors involved in illegal sex-selective procedures and female feticide
this is a presentation made in DELHI on 30th may for save the girl child and say NO to sex selection in the IIS 2012 CONFERENCE...........
WE ALL NEED TO UNDERSATND OUR SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY AND BE "GOOD DOCTOR"................
The document discusses the declining sex ratio in India and some of the factors contributing to it. It notes that the census of 2001 revealed a sex ratio of 933 females per 1000 males, representing a deficit of around 3.5 crore women. The widespread use of sex-selective abortions has led to 60 lakh missing girls. While some states like Kerala have a favorable ratio, others like Haryana and Punjab have seen their child sex ratios decline sharply due to such practices. The PNDT Act was passed in 1994 to regulate sex determination tests but has not been effectively implemented.
Approximately 50 million women are missing from the populations of India and China due to practices like female infanticide, preferential treatment of boys, and sex-selective abortion. Advances in technology now allow for prenatal determination of sex, leading millions of female fetuses to be aborted each year in these countries. While laws have been implemented to ban sex determination and selective abortion, underground markets have emerged and skewed the sex ratios to as high as 130 boys for every 100 girls. The review discusses the history of attempts to select sex through natural and medical means, as well as more recent developments in gender selection methods prior to conception.
The child sex ratio in India has declined dramatically from 962 females per 1000 males in 1981 to 914 in 2011 according to the most recent census. This decline is alarming and is due to factors like son preference, female feticide, and social attitudes that view daughters as a burden. Efforts are needed to change perceptions and prevent sex determination tests in order to save the girl child and achieve a balanced population. Legal initiatives have been implemented but more action is still required to properly address this issue.
This document summarizes a study that explored perceptions of teenage pregnancy in South Africa. It conducted 17 focus group discussions with 193 participants from diverse backgrounds. The study found that teenage pregnancy is common and viewed both as acceptable and unacceptable depending on factors like economic gain, peer pressure, and religious views. It identified several perceived causes of teenage pregnancy like poverty, lack of education, lack of parental guidance, and believing pregnancy can't happen the first time having sex. The discussion concluded teenage pregnancy is a complex issue with varied social and economic drivers that prevention efforts need to address.
The document discusses son preference in India and its implications. It summarizes a study by Rohini Pande of the International Center for Research on Women that addressed three questions: 1) What does a culture of son preference mean for the health and care of girls? 2) How strong is the ideology of son preference in India? 3) What factors exacerbate or diminish its strength? The study used National Family Health Survey data to find that son preference has negative implications for the treatment and well-being of girls, exhibiting the strength of son preference ideology in India. Certain social and economic factors were found to strengthen son preference.
The document lists the professional accomplishments and positions held by Dr. Laxmi Shrikhande, including being Chairperson Elect of ICOG, National Corresponding Editor of JOGI, and founder of various organizations. It then discusses gender-based violence against females in the womb in India through practices like female feticide and infanticide due to a strong son preference. It notes the social, economic, and religious factors that contribute to this issue, as well as efforts made through laws and policies to address prenatal sex selection and promote the education and welfare of girls in India.
This document discusses evolutionary explanations for relationships, specifically the concept of sexual selection. It defines sexual selection as the process by which species change over time based on genes that make individuals more attractive to the opposite sex. Sexual selection occurs through mate preference and competition for mates, driving the evolution of physical and behavioral adaptations. Studies find cross-cultural preferences for traits like low waist-to-hip ratios in women, demonstrating the influence of sexual selection on human mate choice and reproductive behavior.
This document discusses female foeticide and the declining sex ratio in India. It notes that pre-natal diagnostic techniques are being misused to selectively abort female fetuses. The factors that promote female foeticide include the evil of dowry, desire for a son for social security, small family norms, and easy access to techniques like amniocentesis. The document highlights India's skewed sex ratio according to census data and how it varies between rural and urban areas. It also discusses the impact on women and calls for restoring respect for women in Indian culture.
The document discusses sex ratio in India, defined as the number of females per 1000 males. Census data shows the sex ratio has declined from 933 in 2001 to 927 in 1991, with a deficit of females rising from 3.5 million in 1901 to 35 million in 2001. The child sex ratio has also declined sharply from 962 in 1981 to 914 in 2011. Reasons for the declining ratios include the menace of dowry, desire to keep wealth within the family through sons, and the need to control family size. While some progress has been made through legal and administrative actions, more tangible plans are needed to improve the status of girls and women in India.
Human fetal sex determination – implications in India.pdfsoniaangeline
The document discusses human fetal sex determination and its implications in India. It provides background on India's preference for male children and the history of female infanticide. It summarizes the Prenatal Diagnostic Techniques Act passed in 1994 that banned determining the gender of fetuses to address the issue. The act was later upgraded in 2003 as the PC-PNDT Act to further ban related advertisements and technologies. However, sex-selective abortions still illegally occur and the act has been criticized by some. The document also describes medical techniques like amniocentesis and CVS that can determine fetal sex but also carry risks.
Mother and child health for UnderGraduatess.pptxArvind Kushwaha
The document outlines learning objectives and content related to maternal and child health (MCH). It discusses key MCH indicators, the linked health of mothers and children, common causes of maternal and child morbidity and mortality, and components of preconception care. It also describes MCH services across the lifecycle including adolescent health, antenatal care, safe delivery and postnatal care.
This document discusses vector-borne diseases (VBDs) and their history, epidemiology, and impact. It notes that VBDs represent 17% of the global disease burden and cause millions of cases and deaths annually from diseases like malaria, dengue, and filariasis. The document covers the basic concepts of VBD transmission cycles and how environmental factors can influence disease spread. It outlines the roles of mosquitoes, flies, lice, fleas, and ticks as disease vectors. The history of medical entomology and associations between vectors and major diseases are also summarized.
Here are the answers to your questions:
1. FINER criteria of a good research question are: Feasible, Interesting, Novel, Ethical, Relevant.
2. A null hypothesis is a statistical hypothesis that predicts that no relationship exists between two variables.
3. The types of relationships that may exist between two variables are: positive, negative, or no relationship.
4. Read around comes first before read into. Read around gives a broad overview of the topic area, while read into involves an in-depth review.
5. The literature review is often called the "mother of the research" as it helps identify gaps and formulate the research question.
6. If we
The care of women during pregnancy is called antenatal care, which begins after conception and aims to have a healthy mother and child at birth. Antenatal care includes clinic visits, examinations, tests, immunizations, supplements, and interventions as needed. Care continues through pregnancy with additional visits in the third trimester to monitor for complications, counsel on warning signs, and prepare for delivery. Postnatal care aims to restore the mother's health and prevent complications, and provides basic care for the mother and child, education, and family planning services.
1. Antenatal care includes regular checkups during pregnancy to monitor the health of the mother and baby, provide supplements and immunizations, educate on warning signs, and plan for delivery.
2. Less than half of women in India receive antenatal care during their first trimester as recommended. Home births are still common which increases risks.
3. Objectives of antenatal care include promoting maternal and infant health, detecting high-risk pregnancies, advising on self-care, preparing for labor and lactation, and reducing anxiety. Regular checkups and tests are done to monitor progress and identify any issues.
Maternal mortality refers to the death of a woman during pregnancy, childbirth or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy. Some key points:
- Causes of maternal mortality include hemorrhage, sepsis, unsafe abortion, obstructed labor, eclampsia, and complications from existing medical conditions.
- Maternal mortality is highest in Sub-Saharan Africa, where 1 in 16 women face the risk of dying from pregnancy or childbirth-related causes.
- In India, an estimated woman dies every seven minutes from pregnancy or childbirth complications. The maternal mortality ratio in India is around 200 per 100,000 live births.
- Prevention strategies focus on increasing access to antenatal
IMNCI was developed by WHO-UNICEF in 1999 to integrate the management of neonatal and childhood illnesses like ARI, diarrhea, measles, malaria and malnutrition. It uses a syndromic approach to classify and treat common signs and symptoms in children aged 0-5 years. The integrated case management process involves assessing for danger signs, identifying symptoms, classifying conditions, and providing treatment and follow-up care. IMNCI improves case management skills of health workers, strengthens health systems, and promotes better family and community health practices.
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5-HT is utilised to transport messages between nerve cells, is known to be involved in smooth muscle contraction, and adds to overall well-being and pleasure, among other benefits. 5-HT regulates the body's sleep-wake cycles and internal clock by acting as a precursor to melatonin.
It is hypothesised to regulate hunger, emotions, motor, cognitive, and autonomic processes.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Travel Clinic Cardiff: Health Advice for International TravelersNX Healthcare
Travel Clinic Cardiff offers comprehensive travel health services, including vaccinations, travel advice, and preventive care for international travelers. Our expert team ensures you are well-prepared and protected for your journey, providing personalized consultations tailored to your destination. Conveniently located in Cardiff, we help you travel with confidence and peace of mind. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
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Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
Nano-gold for Cancer Therapy chemistry investigatory projectSIVAVINAYAKPK
chemistry investigatory project
The development of nanogold-based cancer therapy could revolutionize oncology by providing a more targeted, less invasive treatment option. This project contributes to the growing body of research aimed at harnessing nanotechnology for medical applications, paving the way for future clinical trials and potential commercial applications.
Cancer remains one of the leading causes of death worldwide, prompting the need for innovative treatment methods. Nanotechnology offers promising new approaches, including the use of gold nanoparticles (nanogold) for targeted cancer therapy. Nanogold particles possess unique physical and chemical properties that make them suitable for drug delivery, imaging, and photothermal therapy.
The skin is the largest organ and its health plays a vital role among the other sense organs. The skin concerns like acne breakout, psoriasis, or anything similar along the lines, finding a qualified and experienced dermatologist becomes paramount.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
DECLARATION OF HELSINKI - History and principlesanaghabharat01
This SlideShare presentation provides a comprehensive overview of the Declaration of Helsinki, a foundational document outlining ethical guidelines for conducting medical research involving human subjects.
Summer is a time for fun in the sun, but the heat and humidity can also wreak havoc on your skin. From itchy rashes to unwanted pigmentation, several skin conditions become more prevalent during these warmer months.
1. SEX SELECTION:
IMPLICATIONS & CURRENT STATUS
Lt Col A S Kushwaha
Dept of Community Medicine
5/9/2012 Lt Col A S Kushwaha 1
2. NATURE
• Statistically speaking, there are 51 boys born
for every 49 girls.
• For every 100 females about 104-106 boys are
expected.
5/9/2012 Lt Col A S Kushwaha 2
3. HUMAN: MALE BABY OBSESSION
• 330 BC, Aristotle – Tying left testicle
• Chinese conception chart
• Wheelan method- timing of intercourse
• Shettles Method – position
• Urban Legends – diet, drugs, age
5/9/2012 Lt Col A S Kushwaha 3
4. Urban Legends
• Change your diet to include lots of red meat, salty
snacks, and cola soft drinks.
• Legend says if the man climaxes first, you'll conceive a baby
boy.
• Schedule your lovemaking sessions for odd numbered days
of the month.
• Have sex at night, preferably when there's a quarter moon in
the sky.
• Have as much sex as possible, since many people believe
more boys are conceived during the "honeymoon" phase of
a relationship.
• Have the man drink coffee before sex, since this causes the
sperm with Y chromosomes to become more active.
5/9/2012 Lt Col A S Kushwaha 4
5. Yatra naryestu pujjyante, ramante tatra devata’
- Ancient Indian scriptures
Having a daughter is like watering a flower in the neighbour's
garden. Tamil proverb (In Kannada : ‘maga manege; magalu
pararige’ )
‘Having a daughter is a punishment for the sins committed in
previous life’. - According to one dalit women,
5/9/2012 Lt Col A S Kushwaha 5
6. BAD GOOD UGLY
genetic
screening
cloning sex
selection
The
Technologies
gene
therapy artificial
placentas
post-
menopausal
motherhood
"The unholy alliance between tradition (son-complex) and
5/9/2012
technology is playing Col A S Kushwaha Indian Society”
Lt
havoc with
7. TECHNODOCS OPINION
providers of NRTs
• 64% - against sex selective abortions,
• 10 %- of them stated that too were against it but
they had to do it,
• 24% - approved of sex selective abortions.
A CEHAT study
5/9/2012 Lt Col A S Kushwaha
8. July 23, 2007
In a shocking discovery, the Orissa police
recovered as many as 30 polythene bags
stuffed with female fetuses and the body parts
of new-born babies from a dry well near a
private clinic in Nayagarh, close to
Bhubaneswar. Police have arrested the
manager of the clinic.
5/9/2012 Lt Col A S Kushwaha 8
9. , ‘Had
these clinics were available 30 years ago, many of us
would never have seen this world!’
As narrated by a literate woman in Village M
5/9/2012 Lt Col A S Kushwaha 9
10. SEX SELECTION
• What is it?
• How it is done?
• Where?
• Why?
• How we can measure?
• Current status?
• What will it lead to?
• What we can do?
5/9/2012 Lt Col A S Kushwaha 10
11. What is sex selection?
Human sex selection is the attempt
to control the sex of the offspring to
achieve a desired sex.
5/9/2012 Lt Col A S Kushwaha 11
12. METHODS OF SEX SELECTION
PRE-IMPLANTATION
1. Sperm sorting - by flow cytometry.
2. Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD)
POST-IMPLANTATION
1. Prenatal diagnosis & sex-selective abortion
(Double illegality)
5/9/2012 Lt Col A S Kushwaha 12
13. POST-BIRTH
• Sex-selective infanticide
• Sex-selective child abandonment
• Sex-selective adoption
• Differential stopping behaviour
5/9/2012 Lt Col A S Kushwaha 13
14. SEX SELECTION
• What is it?
• How it is done?
• Where?
• Why?
• Current status?
• How we can measure?
• What will it lead to?
• What we can do?
5/9/2012 Lt Col A S Kushwaha 14
15. WHERE?
• Globally
• SEAR countries -China
• India
• Punjab, Haryana, Delhi
5/9/2012 Lt Col A S Kushwaha 15
16. WHERE?
• Poor - Rich
• Illiterate - Educated
• Rural - Urban
• Orthodox families - Modern
• BIMARU states – DEMARU states
5/9/2012 Lt Col A S Kushwaha 16
17. SEX SELECTION
• What is it?
• How it is done?
• Where?
• Why?
• How we can measure?
• Current status?
• What will it lead to?
• What we can do?
5/9/2012 Lt Col A S Kushwaha 17
19. SOCIAL
• Women empowerment
• Expression of reproductive rights
• Minimize violence against women
• Conserve property of family
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20. Son Preference and
Daughter Aversion
Economic progress has not necessarily changed the
traditions of gender discrimination
- dowry
- family name
- property
- last rites
- old-age support
•Patrilocal
•Patrilineage
•Patriarchal
5/9/2012 Lt Col A S Kushwaha 20
24. DEMOGRAPHIC
• Family balancing
• Prevented occurrences of unintended
pregnancy and abortion,
• Population stabilization- TFR & NRR
• Small family Norm
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28. LOGISTIC /ADMINISTRATIVE
• Easy access to medical facilities
• Ability to pay the doctor and abortionist for
the test and abortion
• A good network of roads to cut down the cost
and time of travel
• Unholy alliance of traditional thoughts as
reflected in the ‘son complex’ and easily
available technological advances for sex-
determination in utero
5/9/2012 Lt Col A S Kushwaha 28
29. SEX SELECTION
• What is it?
• How it is done?
• Where?
• Why?
• How we can measure?
• Current status
• What will it lead to?
• What we can do?
5/9/2012 Lt Col A S Kushwaha 29
30. MEASUREMENTS
• M:F Sex Ratio
• Sex Ratio at Birth
• Child Sex Ratio (0-6 Yrs)
• Abortion rate & facilities
• Sex-selective abortion,
• Differential foetal mortality,
• Unreported female infanticide
• Excess female mortality
• Index of Son preference =100 (E/C)
(Where, E =the excess number of sons over daughters considered ideal)
5/9/2012 Lt Col A S Kushwaha 30
31. SEX RATIO
• Overall sex ratio
• Trend of sex ratio
• SRB (Sex Ratio at Birth)
• CSR (Child sex ratio)
• Females/1000 males (Female deficit) e.g. SR of
933/1000
• Males/100 females (Male surplus) = 107/100
5/9/2012 Lt Col A S Kushwaha 31
32. SEX SELECTION
• What is it?
• How it is done?
• Where?
• Why?
• How we can measure?
• Current status
• What will it lead to?
• What we can do?
5/9/2012 Lt Col A S Kushwaha 32
33. CURRENT STATUS
ECONOMIST -
“Where are the 100 million missing women?”
-Amartya Sen
Sen A. Development as Freedom. New York: Anchor Books; 1999
5/9/2012 Lt Col A S Kushwaha 33
34. MTP ACT 1971
• Law that turned against females for whom it
was designed.
• MTP Act + USG = Sex selective abortion
• PNDT Act 1994
• PCPNDT 2003
5/9/2012 Lt Col A S Kushwaha 34
36. Country
SEX RATIO
Sex Ratio
India 933
China 944
USA 1029
Indonesia 1004
Brazil 1025
Pakistan 938
Bangladesh 951
Japan 1041
Russian Fed.
5/9/2012
1140
Lt Col A S Kushwaha 36
37. Sex Ratio: India
Year No. of Females
1901 972
1911 964
1921 955
1931 950
1941 945
1951 946
1961 941
1971 930
1981 934
1991 927
2001
5/9/2012 933
Lt Col A S Kushwaha 37
42. INDIA
CHILD SEX RATIO IN
AGE GROUP 0-6
N.A.
INDIA
N.A.
INDIA
CHILD SEX RATIO IN CHILD SEX RATIO IN
AGE GROUP 0-6 AGE GROUP 0-6
1991 2001
A
A
A
FEMALES PER 1000 MALES A
IN AGE GROUP 0-6
800 AND BELOW
801 - 850
851 - 900
901 - 950
951 - 1000
1001 AND ABOVE N.A. DATA NOT AVAILABLE
Data Not Available
1991 2001
5/9/2012 Lt Col A S Kushwaha 42
43. PUNJAB
CHILD SEX RATIO IN AGE GROUP 0 - 6
(DISTRICT)
2001
1991
PUNJAB
PUNJAB CHILD SEX RATIO
CHILD SEX RATIO IN AGE GROUP 0-6
IN AGE GROUP 0-6 2001 (PROVISIONAL)
1991 Gurdaspur (DISTRICT)
Gurdaspur (DISTRICT) 775
878
Hoshiarpur
Hoshiarpur 810
Amritsar 884 Amritsar
861 783 Kapurthala
Kapurthala 775
879 K
K Jalandhar
Nawanshahr
Jalandhar Nawanshahr 797 810
886 900
Rupnagar
Ludhiana Rupnagar Moga Ludhiana
791
Moga
877 884 Faridkot 819 814
Faridkot 867 Fatehgarh 805 Fatehgarh
865 Sahib Sahib
874 754
Firozpur
Sangrur Muktsar Sangrur Patiala
Firozpur Muktsar
Patiala 819 807 Bathinda
873 871 784 770
887 Bathinda 779
858
860
Mansa Mansa
873 P FEMALES PER 1000 MALES IN AGE GROUP 0-6 779 P
800 AND BELOW
801 - 850
851 - 900
901 - 950
951 - 1000
1001 AND ABOVE
5/9/2012 Lt Col A S Kushwaha 43
44. HARYANA
CHILD SEX RATIO IN AGE GROUP 0 - 6
(DISTRICT)
1991 2001 Panc hkula
Panc hkula
890 837
Ambala 784 Yam unanagar
888 Yam unanagar Ambala 807
888
770
Kurukshetra Kurukshetra
868
Kaithal Kaithal
Karnal
854 Sirsa 789
Karnal 808
Fatehabad 818 Fatehabad
Sirsa 871
830
873
883
JIN D 807
Jind Panipat His ar 818 Panipat
858 889
His ar 830
864 Sonipat
Sonipat
878 Rohtak
Rohtak 783
796
868 Bhiw ani
Bhiw ani 838
Jhajjar Jhajjar
885 886 805
Gurgaon
895
Mahendragarh Rew ari Faridabad Mahendragarh Gurgaon
Rew ari
892 894 884 814 863
814
Faridabad
856
CHILD SEX RATIO
800 AND BELOW
801 - 850
851 - 900
901 - 950
951 AND ABOVE
5/9/2012 Lt Col A S Kushwaha 44
45. DELHI
CHILD SEX RATIO IN AGE GROUP 0 - 6
(DISTRICT) 2001
1991
North West
North West 854
913
North East North East
North 867
North 917 West 870
West 920 858
913 Central
Central 902 East
937 East
918 New Delhi 868
New Delhi 882
919
South West
South West 845
904
South
South 886
912
CHILD SEX RATIO
800 AND BELOW
801 - 850
851 - 900
901 - 950
951 AND ABOVE
5/9/2012 Lt Col A S Kushwaha 45
47. CURRENT STATUS
• Since 1991, 80% of districts in India have
recorded a declining sex ratio
• New Delhi , Punjab, Haryana and Uttar
Pradesh. have recorded a more than 50 point
decline in the child sex ratio in 10 years.
• CSR in Punjab stood at a mere 775 females
per 1000 males.
• India - deficit of 3.5 crore women when it
entered the new millennium.
5/9/2012 Lt Col A S Kushwaha 47
48. STATUS REPORT
• 2002-2003- every ninth household in the state
acknowledged sex selective abortion. (According to the
Chandigarh-based Institute for Development and Communication)
• More than 100,000 sex-selective abortions in India
every year (Arnold et al. 2002).
5/9/2012 Lt Col A S Kushwaha
50. PROVING THE NEXUS
• Sex selective abortion & USG
• The evidence of substantial sex-selective
abortion in states such as
Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, and Maharashtra is
consistent with the high rates of use of
ultrasound and amniocentesis (Retherford and
Roy 2003).
5/9/2012 Lt Col A S Kushwaha 50
51. Pregnancies with an Ultrasound
Percent of pregnancies in the past 5 years WHO GOES FOR USG
65 62
44
24
16
9
4
Total Rural Urban None 12+ Lowest Highest
Residence Education Wealth Index
5/9/2012 Lt Col A S Kushwaha
52. USG & PREGNANCY
• Undergone USG :20.1%
• Who asked :Doctor (53.2%)
• Where :Govt. facility (52 %)
:Private (20%)
• Why
• Abnormality :2.6 %
• Fetal position :15.6 %
• Age 35+ : 6.5 %
• Sex Determination : 26 %
5/9/2012 Lt Col A S Kushwaha 52
53. ARE ULTRASOUNDS BEING CONDUCTED FOR
SEX-SELECTION?
• There is evidence of sex selection, when the
sex ratio at birth deviates from the normal of
about 960-970 girls per 1,000 boys
• Thus, the question can be answered by
examining the sex ratio at birth for births that
result after a pregnancy with an ultrasound
5/9/2012 Lt Col A S Kushwaha 53
54. USG- SEX RATIO LINK
NO USG
100
USG
5/9/2012 Lt Col A S Kushwaha 54
55. Are ultrasounds being conducted for
sex-selection?
Girls per 1,000 boys born in the past 5 years (for pregnancies with an ultrasound)
988
876 908
849
751
665
570
Total 0 sons 1 son 0 sons 2 sons 0 sons 2-3 sons
1 child 2 children 3 children
5/9/2012 Lt Col A S Kushwaha
57. Implications
• By 2020 there could be more than 35 million
young "surplus males" in China and 25
million in India.
• Resurgence of practices such as
polyandry, infanticide?
• Trafficking ?
• Violence against women and girls
5/9/2012 Lt Col A S Kushwaha 57
58. The ‘shortage’ of women does not lead to their
increased value, but to greater restrictions and
control placed over them.
5/9/2012 Lt Col A S Kushwaha 58
59. • Ethical Concerns –designer babies
• Demographic concerns – gender imbalance
• Legal concerns -Of the 36 countries with laws
or policies on sex selection:
0 explicitly permit it
5 prohibit sex selection for any reason
1. China
2. India
3. Israel
4. New Zealand
5. UK
31 prohibit it for social or “non-medical” reasons
5/9/2012 Lt Col A S Kushwaha 59
60. SATA PRATHA
JAISALMER/JAIPUR:
Padam Mali (30) is unable to find
a suitable bride for himself
neither from his own caste nor
from others. The reason: his sister
is a minor and therefore, not yet
ready for marriage. It may sound
far-fetched, but the skewed sex
ratio in the desert district of
Jaisalmer has led to parents
marrying off their daughters in
families from where they can get
a bride for their son.
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62. • Rooted in patriarchal value of son preference
Sex selection is a key social issue
• Indicative of a gender divide in society which is not in tune
with the development aspirations of the country
• Also responsible for the demographic divide in the country
as it encourages large families in anticipation of an elusive
son
5/9/2012 Lt Col A S Kushwaha 62
63. • Falling sex ratio should be declared a national
emergency and adequate resources should be
allocated for the same.
It is time to bring in a social movement
• It is also important to build a national consensus on
the issue and mobilize all the stakeholders to stop
the practice of sex selection
5/9/2012 Lt Col A S Kushwaha 63
64. • In 1995, the Fourth
World Women’s
Congress passed the
Declaration of
Beijing, and Action
Plan, which have
become major
principles for
promoting gender
equality
internationally
5/9/2012 Lt Col A S Kushwaha 64
65. It is time ----
to change the perceptions and
values to create a positive image
of the girl child
5/9/2012 Lt Col A S Kushwaha 65
66. GOVT INITIATIVES
• National Support & Monitoring Cell
• Inspection Committee – visits
• Computerization of the records
• Community awareness – IEC campaign
• Training modules
• Medical curriculum
• Sex ratio indicators – RCH/NRHM
5/9/2012 Lt Col A S Kushwaha 66
67. ELEVENTH PLAN
• Develop targets & indicators- SRB, CSR
• Target: CSR 0-6 Yrs to 935 by 2011-12 and 950
by 2016-17
• Gender budgeting in health
• Resource transfers
• Data for tracking
• PHC level enumeration – routine
• Independent auth at district level
5/9/2012 Lt Col A S Kushwaha 67
68. Sex Selection
Never…
• Commit
• Condone or
• Remain silent
5/9/2012 Lt Col A S Kushwaha 68
69. Campaign Against Sex Selective Abortions
• DOWN WITH DISCRIMINATION
• SAY “NO” to FEMALE EXTERMINATION
• Eliminate Inequality, not Women”.
• “Destroy Dowry, not Daughters”.
• Daughters are not for slaughter.
• Say “NO” to Sex Determination
• Say “YES” to Gender Justice
5/9/2012 69
70. "A son is a son till he takes a wife
A daughter's a daughter the rest of her life."
5/9/2012 Lt Col A S Kushwaha 70
71. Women Achievers
????? MANY MORE
ELIMINATED BEFORE
THEY COULD ……….
5/9/2012 Lt Col A S Kushwaha 71
Sex selection is a problem with social, medical, commercial and demographic dimensions. It is rooted deeply in our society due to undue preference for male sex.
Since male infants are biologically more fragile, the higher conception rate appears to be nature's way of ensuring an even sex distribution
The Shettles Method-have intercourse no more than 24 hours before ovulation to no more than 12 hours past ovulation.The Whelan Method- Chinese Conception ChartUrban Legends
Some are unscientific and others out rightly silly.
The technology in the field of medicine must advance but sometimes we get results that may be Good, bad and at times Ugly.
Are’nt these stories shocking? This is happening in all states of India.
Sperm sorting - The separation of X chromosome sperm from Y chromosome sperm by flow cytometry. The resulting sorted sperm are used in either artificial insemination or in-vitro fertilization (IVF) procedures.Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) - In sex selection cases, embryos resulting from IVF procedures are genetically tested for X or Y chromosomes. The embryos of the desired sex are then implanted.POST-IMPLANTATIONPrenatal diagnosis - Amniocentesis and/or ultrasound is used to determine sex of an offspring, leading to subsequent sex-selective abortion of any offspring of the unwanted sex.
To those who do not have the facility for pre-implantation and prenatal sex selection, they practice the same after birth of the offspring.
The propertied class do not desire daughters because after marriage of the daughter, the son-in-law may demand a share in the property. The property-less classes dispose off daughters to avoid dowry harassment.
Patrilineality, patrilocality and patriarchy determine thedominant status of men in inheriting property, in living arrangements,in continuity of families, and in family power structure, and result inthe lower status of women