Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standley of the Cucurbitaceae family has nutritious tender shoots, fruits, and seeds that are of culinary use in rural communities as vegetables. However, no studies on variation, correlation, heritability and genetic advance of its nutritional traits were conducted in northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. This study aimed to characterise nutritional variability and heritability among L. siceraria genotypes from different origins. Nutritional traits were compared among different landraces using ANOVA, correlation, principal component analysis, cluster analysis and heritability estimates. Landraces varied significantly in their nutritional traits. Significant positive correlations were recorded among nutritional traits. The first three informative principal components had a total variability of 80.270%. Landraces in a biplot and dendrogram clustered closely to the nutritional components they strongly relate with, either positively or negatively. In five distinct clusters, landraces NRC, KSP and NRB were singletons in Clusters I, II and V, respectively. Cluster (III) consisted of NqSC, KSC, KRI, NSRC and DSI; whereas Cluster IV grouped landraces NSRC, RRP, MSC, NSRP, NqRC and RSP. High heritability estimates and genetic advance were recorded among nutritional traits. Therefore, this study serves as a reference for potential L. siceraria germplasm with ideal nutritional composition for future breeding programmes.
Nutritional Analysis of Edible Wild Fruit (Zizyphus Jujuba Mill.) Used By Rur...IOSR Journals
Wild edible plants form an important constituent of traditional diets in Himalayas. People of Hamirpur District are very close to Nature wild fruits like Zizyphus jujuba Mill. are one of the important natural resources in the district. The indigenous people of the district have direct dependence on the wild plants for their sustenance. Hundreds of wild edible plants are present in the north- western Himalayas, out of which the ‘Ber’ Zizyphus jujuba Mill. has its religious as well as nutritional advantage over the others. Because of the easy accessibility the fruits are very commonly eaten by the rural populace and the travellers. Biochemical analysis of the dried fruits showed remarkable presence of Carbohydrates 69.12%, Total sugars 27.75%, Phosphorus 133mg/100g, Calcium 199.19mg/100g, Magnesium 84.69mg/100g and Iron 4.15mg/100g on dry weight basis. In other words an important supplementary diet for giving strength to otherwise poor and deprived lot. The present communication aims to highlight the fruits eaten by the inner country side people and what nutritional components are they getting in return
Effects of 60Co gamma radiation doses on seed germination of Jatropha curcas ...Innspub Net
By: Baudouin K. Nyembo, Alexandre N. Mbaya, Calvin C. Ilunga, Jean-Louis N. Muambi, Luc L. Tshilenge
Key Words: Jatropha curcas, Gamma irradiation, Seed germination, LD50.
Int. J. Agron. Agri. Res. 13(5), 46-52, November 2018.
This study aimed to assess the effects of different gamma radiation doses from Cobalt -60 isotopic source on seed germination and early growth parameters of Jatropha curcas L. Healthy and dry seeds were subjected to three doses of gamma rays (100, 200 and 300 Gy). The experiment was conducted using randomized complete block design, with three replicates. The significantly maximum germination percentage (89.85 %), seedling survival (92.3 %), seedling collar diameter (0.892 cm), plant height (17.30 cm), number of leaves (7) were observed at 30 days after germination. The results revealed that seed germination percentages and seedling shoot length decreased with increasing dose of gamma-rays. Higher gamma-ray dose (300 Gy) in particular had a pronounced effect on these germination parameters than others, probably because high-dose inhibited cell division due to free radicals and DNA system damage. The LD50 for seeds germination rates was obtained at 254 Gy. These results implied that germination traits of Jatropha curcas seeds were sensitive to increase in gamma-ray.
Emerging issues and challenges associated with conservation of the African ba...Innspub Net
The aim of this review is to discuss the emerging issues and challenges in baobab conservation based on the climate change, emerging challenges related to herbivory and human use such as emerging of new markets for baobab products and land use changes.Specifically, the review summarizes scientific questions and challenges for the conservation of one of the most important indigenous fruit tree species, Adansonia digitata in Sub-Saharan Africa. It highlights on new information on the status of A. digitata in Tanzania with a strong focus on ethno-botanical issues, traditional and modern uses as well as challenges for the management and conservation of the tree species.We have done that by using facts from different parts of the geographical ranges of Africa and other parts of the world. The review is based on the belief that understanding the factors underpinning the use and management of A. digitata is an essential step towards development of credible strategies and plans that would advance and lead to sustainable management of baobabs.
Effect of Poultry Droppings on Growth and Fruit Yield of Okra (Abelmoschus es...IJEAB
The effect of poultry droppings on growth and fruit yield of okra was evaluated during 2013 and 2014 cropping seasons at the Ahmadu Bello University Teaching and Research Farm Mokwa Sub- Station (90181N and 504E) with altitude of 378.0 m above the sea level of the Southern Guinea Savanna Zone of Nigeria. The trial was conducted using Randomized Complete Block Design which consisted of ten (10) treatment combinations with three replications. Different rates of poultry droppings (t ha-1); 0 (No application), 5 t ha-1, 10 t ha-1, 15 t ha-1 and 20 t ha-1 with two okra varieties, LD 88- 1 and Kukurasungi Local were used. Data was taken from five sampled plants per plot on parameters such as average plant height per plant (cm), number of leaves per plant, number of flowers per plant, number of fruits per plant, fruit length (cm) and green fruit yield (t ha-1). Results from this study showed that in the two years trial LD 88- 1 variety performed better than Kukurasungi Local and therefore can be used for okra production within the study area. Poultry droppings rate of 15 t ha-1 increased the fruit yield. Therefore, this can be applied as part of cultural treatment.
1) Five yeast species were isolated and identified from coffee waste collected in Ethiopia using morphological characterization and Biolog microstation analysis.
2) The identified species were Hanseiaspora valbyensis, Hyphopichia burtonii A, Rhodotorula hylophila, Rhodotrula aurantiaca A, and Pichia amenthionina var. menthionina.
3) The yeast species were further characterized based on their ability to assimilate and oxidize different carbon sources using Biolog microplate assays.
Exploration and inventorying of weeds in wheat CROP OF THE DISTRIC T MALAKAN...Shujaul Mulk Khan
District Malakand lies on the northern side of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. The landscape represents both plain and hilly regions. Various kinds of crops are grown among which wheat is cultivated on large scale. In order to explore weed species diversity in the region, a phytosociological survey was conducted in the summer 2014. Such study was required as there has been no such record of weeds diversity of the region. Different fields were selected at various localities of the district. The total number of fields selected was 120 and in each field 10, 1x1m 2 quadrats were laid. A questionnaire was also circulated to investigate about the farming practices and most dangerous species of weeds having greater effect on production and post harvest losses of wheat. Plants were collected from various localities, voucher numbers were given to specimens and other relevant data pertaining to locality i.e., habitat, habit, family, scientific and local names of each species. Mounted copy of each voucher specimen was deposited to the Herbarium of Hazara University Mansehra. This study not only provided first inventory of weed plants but it also helped point out most dangerous species related to wheat yield losses. Results of this study revealed a total of 132 weeds plant species belonging to 110 genera and 42 families. Most of the species investigated were Angiosperms. Family Asteraceae was the richest family related to species diversity with 18 species and 17 genera. It is followed by Poaceae having 16 species and 16 genera. Next in succession are family Brasicaceae with 10 genera and 16 species and family Boraginaceae with 5 genera and 7 species. Other families like Caryophyllaceae, Papilionaceae, Fabaceae, Polygonaceae, Scrophulariaceae and Umbilliferae have 6,6,4,5,4 and 3 species and 6,3,4,3,3 and 3 genera respectively. Species like Silybum marianum (Asteraceae), Emex spinosa (Polygonaceae) and Circium arvense (Asteraceae) are considered to be the most threatening species during the time of harvesting the crop. Further study along this line is the basic part of the on-going project which will provide a base line for the development of agricultural crops in the region.
This document summarizes the plant wealth and biodiversity of Solapur district in Maharashtra, India. It finds that the district contains 1441 plant species across 694 genera and 143 families, with 1046 dicot and 339 monocot species. The most common plant families are Poaceae, Fabaceae, Asteraceae, Euphorbiaceae, and Cyperaceae. Many species are cultivated for food, fodder, oils, vegetables, fruits, and medicine. The native vegetation includes tropical dry deciduous forests and thorny forests, as well as grasslands. The ratio of woody to herbaceous plants and monocots to dicots indicates drier climatic conditions.
Effect of some pre sowing treatments on Sapindus laurifolius seed germinationresearchplantsciences
Present paper deals with the effect of some pre-sowing treatments on the seed germination of Sapindus laurifolius Vahl. (Sapindaceae). The physical and chemical scarification treatments were given to S. laurifolius seeds in order to test, identify, and recommend suitable pre-sowing treatments. In-depth analysis of data obtained in the present work has proved that, sulphuric acid promotes seed germination in S. laurifolius comparatively within shorter time without affecting growth performance of saplings obtained.
Article Citation:
Vishal R. Kamble, Bazegah K. Sayed and Shrinath P. Kavade.
Effect of some pre-sowing treatments on Sapindus laurifolius seed germination
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2013) 2(2): 205-212.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0056.pdf
Nutritional Analysis of Edible Wild Fruit (Zizyphus Jujuba Mill.) Used By Rur...IOSR Journals
Wild edible plants form an important constituent of traditional diets in Himalayas. People of Hamirpur District are very close to Nature wild fruits like Zizyphus jujuba Mill. are one of the important natural resources in the district. The indigenous people of the district have direct dependence on the wild plants for their sustenance. Hundreds of wild edible plants are present in the north- western Himalayas, out of which the ‘Ber’ Zizyphus jujuba Mill. has its religious as well as nutritional advantage over the others. Because of the easy accessibility the fruits are very commonly eaten by the rural populace and the travellers. Biochemical analysis of the dried fruits showed remarkable presence of Carbohydrates 69.12%, Total sugars 27.75%, Phosphorus 133mg/100g, Calcium 199.19mg/100g, Magnesium 84.69mg/100g and Iron 4.15mg/100g on dry weight basis. In other words an important supplementary diet for giving strength to otherwise poor and deprived lot. The present communication aims to highlight the fruits eaten by the inner country side people and what nutritional components are they getting in return
Effects of 60Co gamma radiation doses on seed germination of Jatropha curcas ...Innspub Net
By: Baudouin K. Nyembo, Alexandre N. Mbaya, Calvin C. Ilunga, Jean-Louis N. Muambi, Luc L. Tshilenge
Key Words: Jatropha curcas, Gamma irradiation, Seed germination, LD50.
Int. J. Agron. Agri. Res. 13(5), 46-52, November 2018.
This study aimed to assess the effects of different gamma radiation doses from Cobalt -60 isotopic source on seed germination and early growth parameters of Jatropha curcas L. Healthy and dry seeds were subjected to three doses of gamma rays (100, 200 and 300 Gy). The experiment was conducted using randomized complete block design, with three replicates. The significantly maximum germination percentage (89.85 %), seedling survival (92.3 %), seedling collar diameter (0.892 cm), plant height (17.30 cm), number of leaves (7) were observed at 30 days after germination. The results revealed that seed germination percentages and seedling shoot length decreased with increasing dose of gamma-rays. Higher gamma-ray dose (300 Gy) in particular had a pronounced effect on these germination parameters than others, probably because high-dose inhibited cell division due to free radicals and DNA system damage. The LD50 for seeds germination rates was obtained at 254 Gy. These results implied that germination traits of Jatropha curcas seeds were sensitive to increase in gamma-ray.
Emerging issues and challenges associated with conservation of the African ba...Innspub Net
The aim of this review is to discuss the emerging issues and challenges in baobab conservation based on the climate change, emerging challenges related to herbivory and human use such as emerging of new markets for baobab products and land use changes.Specifically, the review summarizes scientific questions and challenges for the conservation of one of the most important indigenous fruit tree species, Adansonia digitata in Sub-Saharan Africa. It highlights on new information on the status of A. digitata in Tanzania with a strong focus on ethno-botanical issues, traditional and modern uses as well as challenges for the management and conservation of the tree species.We have done that by using facts from different parts of the geographical ranges of Africa and other parts of the world. The review is based on the belief that understanding the factors underpinning the use and management of A. digitata is an essential step towards development of credible strategies and plans that would advance and lead to sustainable management of baobabs.
Effect of Poultry Droppings on Growth and Fruit Yield of Okra (Abelmoschus es...IJEAB
The effect of poultry droppings on growth and fruit yield of okra was evaluated during 2013 and 2014 cropping seasons at the Ahmadu Bello University Teaching and Research Farm Mokwa Sub- Station (90181N and 504E) with altitude of 378.0 m above the sea level of the Southern Guinea Savanna Zone of Nigeria. The trial was conducted using Randomized Complete Block Design which consisted of ten (10) treatment combinations with three replications. Different rates of poultry droppings (t ha-1); 0 (No application), 5 t ha-1, 10 t ha-1, 15 t ha-1 and 20 t ha-1 with two okra varieties, LD 88- 1 and Kukurasungi Local were used. Data was taken from five sampled plants per plot on parameters such as average plant height per plant (cm), number of leaves per plant, number of flowers per plant, number of fruits per plant, fruit length (cm) and green fruit yield (t ha-1). Results from this study showed that in the two years trial LD 88- 1 variety performed better than Kukurasungi Local and therefore can be used for okra production within the study area. Poultry droppings rate of 15 t ha-1 increased the fruit yield. Therefore, this can be applied as part of cultural treatment.
1) Five yeast species were isolated and identified from coffee waste collected in Ethiopia using morphological characterization and Biolog microstation analysis.
2) The identified species were Hanseiaspora valbyensis, Hyphopichia burtonii A, Rhodotorula hylophila, Rhodotrula aurantiaca A, and Pichia amenthionina var. menthionina.
3) The yeast species were further characterized based on their ability to assimilate and oxidize different carbon sources using Biolog microplate assays.
Exploration and inventorying of weeds in wheat CROP OF THE DISTRIC T MALAKAN...Shujaul Mulk Khan
District Malakand lies on the northern side of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. The landscape represents both plain and hilly regions. Various kinds of crops are grown among which wheat is cultivated on large scale. In order to explore weed species diversity in the region, a phytosociological survey was conducted in the summer 2014. Such study was required as there has been no such record of weeds diversity of the region. Different fields were selected at various localities of the district. The total number of fields selected was 120 and in each field 10, 1x1m 2 quadrats were laid. A questionnaire was also circulated to investigate about the farming practices and most dangerous species of weeds having greater effect on production and post harvest losses of wheat. Plants were collected from various localities, voucher numbers were given to specimens and other relevant data pertaining to locality i.e., habitat, habit, family, scientific and local names of each species. Mounted copy of each voucher specimen was deposited to the Herbarium of Hazara University Mansehra. This study not only provided first inventory of weed plants but it also helped point out most dangerous species related to wheat yield losses. Results of this study revealed a total of 132 weeds plant species belonging to 110 genera and 42 families. Most of the species investigated were Angiosperms. Family Asteraceae was the richest family related to species diversity with 18 species and 17 genera. It is followed by Poaceae having 16 species and 16 genera. Next in succession are family Brasicaceae with 10 genera and 16 species and family Boraginaceae with 5 genera and 7 species. Other families like Caryophyllaceae, Papilionaceae, Fabaceae, Polygonaceae, Scrophulariaceae and Umbilliferae have 6,6,4,5,4 and 3 species and 6,3,4,3,3 and 3 genera respectively. Species like Silybum marianum (Asteraceae), Emex spinosa (Polygonaceae) and Circium arvense (Asteraceae) are considered to be the most threatening species during the time of harvesting the crop. Further study along this line is the basic part of the on-going project which will provide a base line for the development of agricultural crops in the region.
This document summarizes the plant wealth and biodiversity of Solapur district in Maharashtra, India. It finds that the district contains 1441 plant species across 694 genera and 143 families, with 1046 dicot and 339 monocot species. The most common plant families are Poaceae, Fabaceae, Asteraceae, Euphorbiaceae, and Cyperaceae. Many species are cultivated for food, fodder, oils, vegetables, fruits, and medicine. The native vegetation includes tropical dry deciduous forests and thorny forests, as well as grasslands. The ratio of woody to herbaceous plants and monocots to dicots indicates drier climatic conditions.
Effect of some pre sowing treatments on Sapindus laurifolius seed germinationresearchplantsciences
Present paper deals with the effect of some pre-sowing treatments on the seed germination of Sapindus laurifolius Vahl. (Sapindaceae). The physical and chemical scarification treatments were given to S. laurifolius seeds in order to test, identify, and recommend suitable pre-sowing treatments. In-depth analysis of data obtained in the present work has proved that, sulphuric acid promotes seed germination in S. laurifolius comparatively within shorter time without affecting growth performance of saplings obtained.
Article Citation:
Vishal R. Kamble, Bazegah K. Sayed and Shrinath P. Kavade.
Effect of some pre-sowing treatments on Sapindus laurifolius seed germination
Journal of Research in Plant Sciences (2013) 2(2): 205-212.
Full Text:
http://plantsciences.co.in/documents/PS0056.pdf
This document outlines a study on the inheritance patterns in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.). It will involve analyzing F1 and F2 generations from crosses between superior sesame genotypes. Observations will be recorded on various morphological traits for inheritance analysis. Statistical analyses like mean, range, genetic advance, heritability, and analysis of variance will be conducted. Previous related studies on inheritance of traits like petal color, seed coat color, and heterosis in sesame and other crops are briefly reviewed. The study will be conducted at a research farm in Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, India during the 2019-2020 kharif and rabi seasons.
Adaptation, biomass and ethanol yields of sweet sorghum (sorghum bicolor (l....Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the adaptation and yields of four sweet sorghum varieties and four organic manure rates in dryland areas of Bali, Indonesia. The varieties included three from Japan (FS501, FS902, KCS105) and one local variety from Indonesia (Local Belu). The study found that all four varieties adapted well to the dryland conditions, but variety KCS105 produced significantly higher biomass, sugar, and ethanol yields than the other varieties. Specifically, KCS105 yielded 28.2 tons/ha of fresh biomass, 9.7 tons/ha of dry biomass, 2.6 tons/ha of stem sugar, and 2.4 tons/ha of ethanol
effect of irrigation levels on yield performance of black cuminIJEAB
An experiment was conducted in the experimental field of Horticulture Department, Bangabandhu Sheikh MujiburRahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU), Salna, Gazipur during the period from 20 November, 2012 to 12 April, 2013 to determine the optimum level of irrigation for better yield and quality of black cumin. There were six different irrigation levels (I1 - no irrigation, I2 - three irrigation, I3 - four irrigation, I4 - six irrigation, I5 - eight irrigation and I6 - ten irrigation). Results revealed that the number of primary branches (6.33), secondary branches (11.84), tertiary branches (6.29), number of capsule per plant (18.64), capsule length (1.89 cm), diameter of capsule( 1.05 cm), number of seed per capsule (107.8), fresh seed yield per plant (3.84g), dry seed yield per plant (3.26g), 1000 seed weight (2.40g) and seed yield (1.77 t/ha) were observed maximum in I6(ten irrigation).
This document summarizes a study on the indigenous knowledge of traditional fermented enset product preparation and utilization in Gedeo Zone, Ethiopia. It describes the major steps in enset processing including selection of mature plants, surface fermentation preparation, pulverization, decortication, and bulla extraction. It notes that 49.24% of respondents were male and 50.56% female, mostly from the Gedeo ethnic group. Common enset clones used were identified based on fast fermentation, quality, medicinal properties, drought resistance and yield. The document concludes that understanding these traditional practices and documenting the indigenous knowledge is important.
Effect of Cow Manure on Growth, Yield and Nutrient Content of MungbeanSYED TARIK MAHABUB
Cow manure had significant positive effects on the growth, yield, and nutrient content of mungbean plants. Applying 10 tons of cow manure per hectare resulted in the tallest plants, most leaves, branches, and pods per plant. It also led to the earliest flowering, fastest maturity, longest pods, highest seed and stover yields, and greatest nutrient levels in the seeds. Applying 5 tons of cow manure per hectare produced similar beneficial results. The control treatment with no cow manure consistently had the lowest values. The study demonstrates that cow manure improves mungbean productivity by enhancing various growth parameters and nutrient uptake.
This document provides instructions and guidelines for citing the International Journal of Agricultural Science & Technology in references and bibliographies. It begins with an introduction to the journal and its aims to reach a multinational audience. It then provides examples of how to cite different volumes and sections of the journal according to international citation styles. The editor encourages authors to write informative abstracts to attract relevant readers and increase citations of their articles and the journal.
Biodiverse, yet remains prone to biosecurity incursion: The case of banana in...belajarperlintan
This document summarizes research on banana biodiversity and biosecurity in West Timor, Indonesia. It finds that while banana shows high biodiversity in the region, with many varieties and cultivars, it remains prone to biosecurity incursions from pests and diseases. A survey identified several key banana pests and pathogens present. While diversity can help provide resilience, large-scale monocropping and lack of strong biosecurity policies have allowed highly virulent diseases to spread. Protecting banana biodiversity and biosecurity is important for food security and livelihoods in the dry regions where banana is a staple crop. Lessons highlight the need for coordinated biosecurity action to prevent devastating impacts seen elsewhere.
This document contains summaries of 8 articles from the HortFlora Research Spectrum journal. The articles discuss various topics related to horticulture and plant science:
1) Ginkgo biloba (ginkgo) leaves contain chemicals with antioxidant properties and have been used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat blood disorders and enhance memory. Studies have found some evidence it may help treat dementia and leg circulation issues.
2) A study of 10 pomegranate and ber orchards in India found low to medium levels of nutrients like organic carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in the soils, which were positively correlated with fruit yield and quality attributes.
3) The document discusses expanding cultivation of tasar silk host plants combined with
This document summarizes a research study on the profile and constraints of orange growers in adopting soil testing techniques in Amravati district of Maharashtra, India. The study used a multistage sampling method to survey 100 orange orchard owners. It found that over half of growers had tested their soil, with the majority having orchards less than 2 hectares. The main constraints faced were lack of knowledge about soil testing, technical skills for testing, and delays in receiving soil test reports. The analysis aims to help address these constraints to further develop agriculture and horticulture in the region.
1. The document discusses research on growing the oyster mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus on various substrates, including agricultural wastes. It provides details on several studies that evaluated growth and yields using different materials.
2. Key findings from the studies included rice straw producing the highest yields and biological efficiency. Coffee and fig leaves also supported good growth. Heavy metals in substrates negatively impacted growth yields.
3. Environmental factors like light, carbon dioxide, and temperature influence fruiting body formation, with optimal ranges provided.
Heritabiliy studies in some sweet sorghum (sorghum bicolor. l. moench) genotypesAlexander Decker
This study estimated heritability in 30 genotypes of sweet sorghum. It found high heritability (>69%) for 8 traits including plant height, number of nodes, number of leaves, grain yield, and sugar content, indicating these traits are strongly influenced by genotype. Moderate heritability (55.9%) was observed for 1000 grain weight. Low heritability (1.5%) was observed for head weight. Genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation were also calculated, with sugar content, grain yield, and plant height showing high GCV (>22%), indicating good potential to respond to selection.
Agronomic status of Sesame/Thala (Sesamum indicum L.) cultivations in dry reg...Innspub Net
This document summarizes a study on the agronomic practices of sesame cultivation in Sri Lanka. The study surveyed 251 farmers across 5 districts representing different agro-ecological zones. Results showed that sesame is mainly grown as a secondary crop during the Yala season to maintain agricultural lands. Many farmers were unaware of recommended varieties and cultivation practices. White seeded sesame was popular in the south while black seeded varieties were common in the north. Farmers primarily selected varieties based on availability and marketability. Sesame was cultivated on small plots with minimal agrochemical inputs. There is potential to expand sesame cultivation on degraded dry lands utilizing traditional organic practices.
Proximate and Micronutrient analysis of OFSP leavesMohammadKuddus
PROXIMATE AND MICRONUTRIENT ANALYSIS OF ORANGE FLESHED
SWEET POTATO LEAVES GROWN IN SYLHET REGIONS OF BANGLADESH
Mohammad Abdul Kuddus1, Md. Mahbubul Alam Miah2, Gopal Chandra Datta3, Ashoke
Kumar Sarker4, Mohammad Hasnal Alam5 and Mohammad Mehedi Hasan Khan6
The HortFlora Research Spectrum (HRS), is an international-peer reviewed, open access journal that serves as a forum for the exchange and dissemination of R & D advances and innovations in all facets of Horticultural Science (Pomology, Olericulture, Floriculture, Post Harvest Technology, Plant Biotechnology, and Medicinal & Aromatic Plants etc.) and its allied branches on an international level.
HRS is officially published quarterly (March, June, September and December) every year, in English (print & online version), under the keen auspices of Biosciences & Agriculture Advancement Society (BAAS), Meerut (India).
Aims & Scope
The main objective of the journal ‘HortFlora Research Spectrum’ is to serve as a platform to promote, publish and disseminate the R & D innovations and advances in all aspects of Horticultural Sciences and allied branches of botanical sciences & technology, and to facilitate closer interaction among the academicians, researchers and entrepreneurs at global scale.
The journal HortFlora Research Spectrum (HRS), having International impact (ICV: 27.39; GIF: 0.471, IBI Factor: 2.8; NJIF: 2.14)), publishes high quality peer reviewed/refereed original research papers, review articles and research notes on all aspects of Horticultural plants’ research including agronomic management, plant nutrition, biotechnology, crop improvement, plant protection, plant physiology, cell & molecular biology, medicinal & aromatic plants, food & nutrition science, agroforestry, environmental science, plant medicinal properties, ethno-phytomedicine, technology dissemination etc.
Investigation of Correlation Coefficient for Forage and Grain Yield with Rela...Premier Publishers
Oat (Avena sativa L.) is a staple worldwide in both human and animal nutrition. It is mainly grown for livestock, depending on its grain and forage yield in Turkey. This study was based on defining correlation coefficients of some oat genotypes (nine lines and three cultivars) in Konya, Turkey, among fodder and grain yields, and their components. The experimental design of this study was a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The correlations were analyzed after harvesting at milk to dough period. The findings illustrated that there was a significant positive correlation between green fodder yield and leaf weights in ten stems, and grain yield and the number of panicles stems per square meter. The highest negative correlations was found between green fodder yield and the number of panicles stems per square meter, and grain yield and 50% flowering periods in addition to green fodder yield. This research suggests that the number of panicles stems per square meter and dry fodder yield would be selection criteria for grain yield. The number of leaves per stem, the number of nodes, and plant height would also be considered for green fodder yield by oat breeders in their program in Anatolia.
Eco-friendly management of Brinjal Shoot and Fruit borer(Leucinodes arbonalis...Manish pal
This document provides a proposal for a seminar on eco-friendly management of the Brinjal Shoot and Fruit Borer (Leucinodes orbonalis) under field conditions. The objectives are to monitor borer populations, evaluate brinjal cultivars for susceptibility, and test management treatments. The methodology describes a field experiment with 7 treatments and 3 replications using a randomized block design. Data on shoot and fruit infestation, yield, and fruit characteristics will be analyzed. If effective, the results could provide farmers with economical and environmentally safe borer management options.
The effect of organic mulch on the growth and yield of Spinach (Spinacia oler...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— An experiment was conducted in a greenhouse at the Luyengo campus of the University of Swaziland to determine the effect of organic mulch on the growth and yield of spinach. The experiment was conducted between the months of January and February, 2017. The experiment was a completely randomized design (CRD), with treated sewage mulch (TSM) and organic compost mulch (OCM) as treatments. The no mulch (NML) was used as a control. Spinach seedlings were planted at a spacing of 15 cm within rows and 30 cm between rows. Weeding and pest control measures were done uniformly across the treatments, when and as required. The data collected included the percentage moisture retained by the different treatments on the soil, growth parameters (leaf width, leaf length, leaf number, leaf area, plant height) and yield at harvest. The results displayed a significant difference (P<0.05)><0.05). The yield also varied across the treatments as TSM had a dry mass of 43.0 g, followed by OCM at 23.4 g and the no mulch treatment recorded a dry mass of 20.9 g. The results showed that mulching improved the performance of the spinach plants in terms of plant growth, moisture retention and yield.
The tests for the evaluation of seedling establishment, palatability and acceptability were carried out at the Teaching and Research Farm of the Department of Agricultural Technology and the Food Laboratory of the Department of Home and Rural Economics, Adamawa State College of Agriculture, Ganye, Adamawa State. The experimental designs used were Randomized Complete Block Design and the Completely Randomized Design. Some of the parameters measured were percentage seedling establishment, palatability, and acceptability tests. The highest mean percentage seedling establishment was observed in 12.00g levels of H. suaveolens whole powder treated shelled groundnut seeds (97.67, 97.00, and 94.00) at the three periods of storage. Percentage seedling establishment decreased with a decrease in levels of H. suaveolens whole powder. One of the major constraints to the use of plant materials as an alternative to synthetic insecticides is the issue of standardization in dosage of application. This work has suggested that, if groundnut seeds are to be used for sowing, they should be stored with a 12.00g level of H. suaveolens whole powder for every 300.00g for three months. However, if they are to be used for consumption, they could be stored with a 6.00g level of H. suaveolens whole powder for every 300.00g for at most three months. There was no significant difference between treated and untreated shelled groundnut seeds at the three periods of storage on the acceptability and palatability score of cooked groundnut at all dosages of application. All treatments were within the acceptable score rates even though the two rates of the synthetic insecticides, actellic dust were at the lowest acceptable score rate. The finding also showed that acceptability and palatability decreased with an increase in dosage of application. The periods of storage also had a significant impact on the mean percentage seedling establishment. It was observed that there was a higher percentage of seedling establishment when shelled groundnut seeds were stored from November- January. At this period of the year, the temperature and humidity are usually low and this might have necessitated the high state of inactivity and low performance of the bruchids compared to other periods of storage within the year.
Estimation of Genetic Variance on Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) Clon...Premier Publishers
This document summarizes a study that characterized tea clones in Southwestern Ethiopia based on morphological traits to estimate genetic variance. Thirteen tea clones were evaluated using randomized complete block design over two years. Highly significant genetic variance was found among clones for all measured traits. Traits like number of shoots, hundred shoot weight, and leaf size showed relatively wide ranges. Most traits exhibited medium genetic and phenotypic coefficient of variation and high heritability. The study found genetic advance was highest for petiole length and number of shoots, implying good potential for selection and improvement in future tea breeding programs.
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the anti-nutritional properties of four edible mangrove fruits found in Odisha, India. The study found that the fruit of Xylocarpus granatum had the highest oxalate content, while Kandelia candel fruit had the highest phytate and saponin contents. X. granatum also had the highest tannin level. All four fruits contained measurable levels of anti-nutrients and consuming large amounts was not recommended. The findings provide information on the anti-nutritional properties of these edible mangrove fruits.
This document outlines a study on the inheritance patterns in sesame (Sesamum indicum L.). It will involve analyzing F1 and F2 generations from crosses between superior sesame genotypes. Observations will be recorded on various morphological traits for inheritance analysis. Statistical analyses like mean, range, genetic advance, heritability, and analysis of variance will be conducted. Previous related studies on inheritance of traits like petal color, seed coat color, and heterosis in sesame and other crops are briefly reviewed. The study will be conducted at a research farm in Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, India during the 2019-2020 kharif and rabi seasons.
Adaptation, biomass and ethanol yields of sweet sorghum (sorghum bicolor (l....Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the adaptation and yields of four sweet sorghum varieties and four organic manure rates in dryland areas of Bali, Indonesia. The varieties included three from Japan (FS501, FS902, KCS105) and one local variety from Indonesia (Local Belu). The study found that all four varieties adapted well to the dryland conditions, but variety KCS105 produced significantly higher biomass, sugar, and ethanol yields than the other varieties. Specifically, KCS105 yielded 28.2 tons/ha of fresh biomass, 9.7 tons/ha of dry biomass, 2.6 tons/ha of stem sugar, and 2.4 tons/ha of ethanol
effect of irrigation levels on yield performance of black cuminIJEAB
An experiment was conducted in the experimental field of Horticulture Department, Bangabandhu Sheikh MujiburRahman Agricultural University (BSMRAU), Salna, Gazipur during the period from 20 November, 2012 to 12 April, 2013 to determine the optimum level of irrigation for better yield and quality of black cumin. There were six different irrigation levels (I1 - no irrigation, I2 - three irrigation, I3 - four irrigation, I4 - six irrigation, I5 - eight irrigation and I6 - ten irrigation). Results revealed that the number of primary branches (6.33), secondary branches (11.84), tertiary branches (6.29), number of capsule per plant (18.64), capsule length (1.89 cm), diameter of capsule( 1.05 cm), number of seed per capsule (107.8), fresh seed yield per plant (3.84g), dry seed yield per plant (3.26g), 1000 seed weight (2.40g) and seed yield (1.77 t/ha) were observed maximum in I6(ten irrigation).
This document summarizes a study on the indigenous knowledge of traditional fermented enset product preparation and utilization in Gedeo Zone, Ethiopia. It describes the major steps in enset processing including selection of mature plants, surface fermentation preparation, pulverization, decortication, and bulla extraction. It notes that 49.24% of respondents were male and 50.56% female, mostly from the Gedeo ethnic group. Common enset clones used were identified based on fast fermentation, quality, medicinal properties, drought resistance and yield. The document concludes that understanding these traditional practices and documenting the indigenous knowledge is important.
Effect of Cow Manure on Growth, Yield and Nutrient Content of MungbeanSYED TARIK MAHABUB
Cow manure had significant positive effects on the growth, yield, and nutrient content of mungbean plants. Applying 10 tons of cow manure per hectare resulted in the tallest plants, most leaves, branches, and pods per plant. It also led to the earliest flowering, fastest maturity, longest pods, highest seed and stover yields, and greatest nutrient levels in the seeds. Applying 5 tons of cow manure per hectare produced similar beneficial results. The control treatment with no cow manure consistently had the lowest values. The study demonstrates that cow manure improves mungbean productivity by enhancing various growth parameters and nutrient uptake.
This document provides instructions and guidelines for citing the International Journal of Agricultural Science & Technology in references and bibliographies. It begins with an introduction to the journal and its aims to reach a multinational audience. It then provides examples of how to cite different volumes and sections of the journal according to international citation styles. The editor encourages authors to write informative abstracts to attract relevant readers and increase citations of their articles and the journal.
Biodiverse, yet remains prone to biosecurity incursion: The case of banana in...belajarperlintan
This document summarizes research on banana biodiversity and biosecurity in West Timor, Indonesia. It finds that while banana shows high biodiversity in the region, with many varieties and cultivars, it remains prone to biosecurity incursions from pests and diseases. A survey identified several key banana pests and pathogens present. While diversity can help provide resilience, large-scale monocropping and lack of strong biosecurity policies have allowed highly virulent diseases to spread. Protecting banana biodiversity and biosecurity is important for food security and livelihoods in the dry regions where banana is a staple crop. Lessons highlight the need for coordinated biosecurity action to prevent devastating impacts seen elsewhere.
This document contains summaries of 8 articles from the HortFlora Research Spectrum journal. The articles discuss various topics related to horticulture and plant science:
1) Ginkgo biloba (ginkgo) leaves contain chemicals with antioxidant properties and have been used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat blood disorders and enhance memory. Studies have found some evidence it may help treat dementia and leg circulation issues.
2) A study of 10 pomegranate and ber orchards in India found low to medium levels of nutrients like organic carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in the soils, which were positively correlated with fruit yield and quality attributes.
3) The document discusses expanding cultivation of tasar silk host plants combined with
This document summarizes a research study on the profile and constraints of orange growers in adopting soil testing techniques in Amravati district of Maharashtra, India. The study used a multistage sampling method to survey 100 orange orchard owners. It found that over half of growers had tested their soil, with the majority having orchards less than 2 hectares. The main constraints faced were lack of knowledge about soil testing, technical skills for testing, and delays in receiving soil test reports. The analysis aims to help address these constraints to further develop agriculture and horticulture in the region.
1. The document discusses research on growing the oyster mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus on various substrates, including agricultural wastes. It provides details on several studies that evaluated growth and yields using different materials.
2. Key findings from the studies included rice straw producing the highest yields and biological efficiency. Coffee and fig leaves also supported good growth. Heavy metals in substrates negatively impacted growth yields.
3. Environmental factors like light, carbon dioxide, and temperature influence fruiting body formation, with optimal ranges provided.
Heritabiliy studies in some sweet sorghum (sorghum bicolor. l. moench) genotypesAlexander Decker
This study estimated heritability in 30 genotypes of sweet sorghum. It found high heritability (>69%) for 8 traits including plant height, number of nodes, number of leaves, grain yield, and sugar content, indicating these traits are strongly influenced by genotype. Moderate heritability (55.9%) was observed for 1000 grain weight. Low heritability (1.5%) was observed for head weight. Genotypic and phenotypic coefficients of variation were also calculated, with sugar content, grain yield, and plant height showing high GCV (>22%), indicating good potential to respond to selection.
Agronomic status of Sesame/Thala (Sesamum indicum L.) cultivations in dry reg...Innspub Net
This document summarizes a study on the agronomic practices of sesame cultivation in Sri Lanka. The study surveyed 251 farmers across 5 districts representing different agro-ecological zones. Results showed that sesame is mainly grown as a secondary crop during the Yala season to maintain agricultural lands. Many farmers were unaware of recommended varieties and cultivation practices. White seeded sesame was popular in the south while black seeded varieties were common in the north. Farmers primarily selected varieties based on availability and marketability. Sesame was cultivated on small plots with minimal agrochemical inputs. There is potential to expand sesame cultivation on degraded dry lands utilizing traditional organic practices.
Proximate and Micronutrient analysis of OFSP leavesMohammadKuddus
PROXIMATE AND MICRONUTRIENT ANALYSIS OF ORANGE FLESHED
SWEET POTATO LEAVES GROWN IN SYLHET REGIONS OF BANGLADESH
Mohammad Abdul Kuddus1, Md. Mahbubul Alam Miah2, Gopal Chandra Datta3, Ashoke
Kumar Sarker4, Mohammad Hasnal Alam5 and Mohammad Mehedi Hasan Khan6
The HortFlora Research Spectrum (HRS), is an international-peer reviewed, open access journal that serves as a forum for the exchange and dissemination of R & D advances and innovations in all facets of Horticultural Science (Pomology, Olericulture, Floriculture, Post Harvest Technology, Plant Biotechnology, and Medicinal & Aromatic Plants etc.) and its allied branches on an international level.
HRS is officially published quarterly (March, June, September and December) every year, in English (print & online version), under the keen auspices of Biosciences & Agriculture Advancement Society (BAAS), Meerut (India).
Aims & Scope
The main objective of the journal ‘HortFlora Research Spectrum’ is to serve as a platform to promote, publish and disseminate the R & D innovations and advances in all aspects of Horticultural Sciences and allied branches of botanical sciences & technology, and to facilitate closer interaction among the academicians, researchers and entrepreneurs at global scale.
The journal HortFlora Research Spectrum (HRS), having International impact (ICV: 27.39; GIF: 0.471, IBI Factor: 2.8; NJIF: 2.14)), publishes high quality peer reviewed/refereed original research papers, review articles and research notes on all aspects of Horticultural plants’ research including agronomic management, plant nutrition, biotechnology, crop improvement, plant protection, plant physiology, cell & molecular biology, medicinal & aromatic plants, food & nutrition science, agroforestry, environmental science, plant medicinal properties, ethno-phytomedicine, technology dissemination etc.
Investigation of Correlation Coefficient for Forage and Grain Yield with Rela...Premier Publishers
Oat (Avena sativa L.) is a staple worldwide in both human and animal nutrition. It is mainly grown for livestock, depending on its grain and forage yield in Turkey. This study was based on defining correlation coefficients of some oat genotypes (nine lines and three cultivars) in Konya, Turkey, among fodder and grain yields, and their components. The experimental design of this study was a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The correlations were analyzed after harvesting at milk to dough period. The findings illustrated that there was a significant positive correlation between green fodder yield and leaf weights in ten stems, and grain yield and the number of panicles stems per square meter. The highest negative correlations was found between green fodder yield and the number of panicles stems per square meter, and grain yield and 50% flowering periods in addition to green fodder yield. This research suggests that the number of panicles stems per square meter and dry fodder yield would be selection criteria for grain yield. The number of leaves per stem, the number of nodes, and plant height would also be considered for green fodder yield by oat breeders in their program in Anatolia.
Eco-friendly management of Brinjal Shoot and Fruit borer(Leucinodes arbonalis...Manish pal
This document provides a proposal for a seminar on eco-friendly management of the Brinjal Shoot and Fruit Borer (Leucinodes orbonalis) under field conditions. The objectives are to monitor borer populations, evaluate brinjal cultivars for susceptibility, and test management treatments. The methodology describes a field experiment with 7 treatments and 3 replications using a randomized block design. Data on shoot and fruit infestation, yield, and fruit characteristics will be analyzed. If effective, the results could provide farmers with economical and environmentally safe borer management options.
The effect of organic mulch on the growth and yield of Spinach (Spinacia oler...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— An experiment was conducted in a greenhouse at the Luyengo campus of the University of Swaziland to determine the effect of organic mulch on the growth and yield of spinach. The experiment was conducted between the months of January and February, 2017. The experiment was a completely randomized design (CRD), with treated sewage mulch (TSM) and organic compost mulch (OCM) as treatments. The no mulch (NML) was used as a control. Spinach seedlings were planted at a spacing of 15 cm within rows and 30 cm between rows. Weeding and pest control measures were done uniformly across the treatments, when and as required. The data collected included the percentage moisture retained by the different treatments on the soil, growth parameters (leaf width, leaf length, leaf number, leaf area, plant height) and yield at harvest. The results displayed a significant difference (P<0.05)><0.05). The yield also varied across the treatments as TSM had a dry mass of 43.0 g, followed by OCM at 23.4 g and the no mulch treatment recorded a dry mass of 20.9 g. The results showed that mulching improved the performance of the spinach plants in terms of plant growth, moisture retention and yield.
The tests for the evaluation of seedling establishment, palatability and acceptability were carried out at the Teaching and Research Farm of the Department of Agricultural Technology and the Food Laboratory of the Department of Home and Rural Economics, Adamawa State College of Agriculture, Ganye, Adamawa State. The experimental designs used were Randomized Complete Block Design and the Completely Randomized Design. Some of the parameters measured were percentage seedling establishment, palatability, and acceptability tests. The highest mean percentage seedling establishment was observed in 12.00g levels of H. suaveolens whole powder treated shelled groundnut seeds (97.67, 97.00, and 94.00) at the three periods of storage. Percentage seedling establishment decreased with a decrease in levels of H. suaveolens whole powder. One of the major constraints to the use of plant materials as an alternative to synthetic insecticides is the issue of standardization in dosage of application. This work has suggested that, if groundnut seeds are to be used for sowing, they should be stored with a 12.00g level of H. suaveolens whole powder for every 300.00g for three months. However, if they are to be used for consumption, they could be stored with a 6.00g level of H. suaveolens whole powder for every 300.00g for at most three months. There was no significant difference between treated and untreated shelled groundnut seeds at the three periods of storage on the acceptability and palatability score of cooked groundnut at all dosages of application. All treatments were within the acceptable score rates even though the two rates of the synthetic insecticides, actellic dust were at the lowest acceptable score rate. The finding also showed that acceptability and palatability decreased with an increase in dosage of application. The periods of storage also had a significant impact on the mean percentage seedling establishment. It was observed that there was a higher percentage of seedling establishment when shelled groundnut seeds were stored from November- January. At this period of the year, the temperature and humidity are usually low and this might have necessitated the high state of inactivity and low performance of the bruchids compared to other periods of storage within the year.
Estimation of Genetic Variance on Tea (Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze) Clon...Premier Publishers
This document summarizes a study that characterized tea clones in Southwestern Ethiopia based on morphological traits to estimate genetic variance. Thirteen tea clones were evaluated using randomized complete block design over two years. Highly significant genetic variance was found among clones for all measured traits. Traits like number of shoots, hundred shoot weight, and leaf size showed relatively wide ranges. Most traits exhibited medium genetic and phenotypic coefficient of variation and high heritability. The study found genetic advance was highest for petiole length and number of shoots, implying good potential for selection and improvement in future tea breeding programs.
This document summarizes a study that analyzed the anti-nutritional properties of four edible mangrove fruits found in Odisha, India. The study found that the fruit of Xylocarpus granatum had the highest oxalate content, while Kandelia candel fruit had the highest phytate and saponin contents. X. granatum also had the highest tannin level. All four fruits contained measurable levels of anti-nutrients and consuming large amounts was not recommended. The findings provide information on the anti-nutritional properties of these edible mangrove fruits.
Comparative analysis of mineral constituents of ethanol leaf and seed extract...PUBLISHERJOURNAL
Medicinal plants contain numerous biologically active compounds such as minerals which have physiological actions on the human body. This work was designed to analyse the mineral composition of Datura stramonium (D. stramonium) leaf and seed extracts. Dry leaves and seeds of D. stramonium were pulverized. The powdered sample was used for the extraction using 98% ethanol. Standard methods were used in the determination of the mineral contents. The study result showed the order of trace minerals composition of D. stramonium leaves and seed were as follows: Fe>Cu>Mn>Zn>Ni>Co and Cu>Fe>Zn>Mn>Ni>Co, respectively. The result showed higher value of trace minerals in D. stramonium leaves than the seed. There were significant difference (p<0.05) in the trace elements levels of the leaves and seeds with the leaves having higher mineral levels than the seed. The result also showed that macro minerals of D. stramonium leaves and seed were in this order: Mg>Ca>K>P. D. stramonium leaves had higher quantities of macro mineral than the seeds. D. stramonium leaves and seed used for this study have proved to be very important in drug research and development, because of the mineral composition that are present in appreciable amount. These minerals could contribute to the various pharmacological attributes of this plant. However, further research is necessary to determine other bioactive constituents present in this plant and their mechanism of action.
Keywords: Minerals, Datura stramonium, trace elements, macro mineral, medicinal plants, active compounds
Growth and yield of 12 accessions of Pawpaw (Carica papaya L.) as influenced ...Innspub Net
Pawpaw (Carica papaya L.) has gained important commercial status in Nigeria due to its nutritional, medicinal and health benefits. In recent times, there is a growing preference for pure organic food due to the envisaged health and environmental benefits. Thus, a study was carried out on 12 selected accessions of pawpaw evaluated under three poultry manure (PM) application rates at the Department of Crop Science, University of Nigeria, Nsukka. The field experiment was a split plot in randomized complete block design of three replications. The main plot treatment was three PM application rates (0, 5 and 10 t ha-1) and the sub-plot treatment was 12 accessions of pawpaw. Accession Ijm-Cl-Ro significantly (p<0.05) produced the tallest plants (71.7, 87.3, 108.3, 127.4 and 150.0cm) at 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 months after transplanting (MAT), respectively. It had the greatest number of fruits (9.3) at 11 months after the onset of fruit formation, maximum fruit weight (7.15kg) and the highest fruit yield (23.83 t ha-1). Increasing PM rate increased growth traits of the pawpaw plants. Interaction of manure rate × accession on most of the growth attributes varied greatly, but showed no significant difference on yield traits. The accession Ijm-Cl-Ro with the application of 10 t ha-1 of PM which produced the best growth and highest fruit yield is recommended for improved productivity of pawpaw. The control plot produced no fruit throughout the study period, suggesting that manure application is crucial for sustained yield of pawpaw in the study area.
Induced mutagenesis was carried out in an important protein rich pulse crop (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek). The seeds of green gram variety Co-6 were treated with different concentrations of sodium azide. The mutagen treated seeds were sown in the field to observe M1 characteristics. The sodium azide treated seeds were subjected to amino acid analysis. Totally 19 amino acids were recorded in control and sodium azide treated samples. In the process of sodium azide treatments a few amino acids were increased and some amino acids were decreased than control. The M1 parameters such as germination and survival percentage, plant height, days taken for flowering, number of pods/plant, length of pods, number of seeds/pod and hundred seeds weight were decreased with increasing concentrations sodium azide and all the growth parameters showed negative trend when compared to control. The M1 seeds were collected separately based on concentrations of sodium azide and stored for raising next generation after the harvest. The M1 seeds were sown in the field to raise M2 generation, and in M2 population, the different types of chlorophyll and viable mutants were noticed, such as chlorina, xantha, viridis, and viable mutants such as tall, dwarf, leaf, pod and early flowering mutants were noticed in various treatments of sodium azide. In addition with chlorophyll and viable mutants several initial leaflet modifications like trifoliate, tetrafoliate and pentafoliate leaflets had been observed in mutagenic treatment with sodium azide. The present study is a basis for evolving mutant varieties in green gram with altered agronomic traits.
Effects of Vegetative Zones on the Nutritional Composition of Vernonia Amygda...AI Publications
The study was carried out to determine the effects of vegetative zones (location) on the nutritional compositions of Vernonia amygdalina leaves in Ekiti State, Nigeria. Across locations (in each vegetative zones), A total land area of 9 m x 18 m was acquired and soil samples were randomly collected to determine the physical and chemical composition of the soils. The growth of Vernonia amygdalina (stem) with a spacing of 1 m x 1 m between rows was determined. Harvested fresh leaves of the plant were analyzed for nutritional composition using standard methods. Nutritional and mineral compositions were observed at different proportions in the leaves of the investigated plant. Higher proximate composition in the leaves of Vernonia amygdalina was also recorded in terms of Moisture (Efon; 11.34%) and protein (Ikere; 22.46 %,) in the rainforest. However, higher Fat (Otun; 4.58 %), Crude fiber (Omuo; 16.08 %), Ash (Omuo; 14.69%) and Carbohydrate (Otun; 38.68 %) was found in Vernonia amygdalina grown in the Derived Savannah area. Similarly, the Mineral element compositions in the leaves of Vernonia amygdalina were found to be higher in plant from the rainforest area than the derived savannah area of Ekiti State except sodium and iron, which were higher in Vernonia amygdalina grown in the Derived Savannah area. However, the significant differences recorded between the nutritional components on the studied medicinal plant reveals the potentiality of the influence of soil factor and different climatic conditions of the study areas.
Effect of different p h on in vitro seed germination of vanda tessellata (rox...Alexander Decker
The document summarizes a study that investigated the effect of different pH levels on in vitro seed germination of Vanda tessellata, an endangered medicinal orchid. Immature seeds were germinated on basal MS media at pH levels of 3.5, 4.5, 5.5 and 6.5. The highest seed germination rate of 95% was observed at pH 5.5, while pH 3.5 and 6.5 showed poor germination. The study concluded that a pH of 5.5 is best for seed germination of V. tessellata compared to the other pH levels tested.
Demonstration Models of Teak and Aonla based Agroforestry in Eastern UpAI Publications
This document describes two demonstration models of agroforestry systems in Varanasi district of Uttar Pradesh, India. Model 1 examines different varieties of Aonla (Emblica officinalis) planted with various crop combinations. After two years, variety N-7 performed best in terms of height and girth growth when intercropped with potatoes, mustard, and wheat. Model 2 examines different seed sources of Teak (Tectona grandis) planted with crop combinations. After two years, seedlings from tissue culture performed best in terms of girth growth when intercropped with gram, burseem, and barley. The results provide preliminary guidance on suitable Aonla varieties and Teak seed sources for
PHYTO-NUTRITIONAL PROFILES OF BROOM WEED (SIDA ACUTA) LEAF EXTRACTSubmissionResearchpa
Medicinal plants are abundant in phytochemicals that has significant therapeutic effects. They are relatively cheap, effective and safe in prolong use. This experiment was carried out to investigate the phyto-nutritional profile of broom weed (Sida acuta) leaf extract. Proximate analysis Sida acuta leaf indicated the presence of dry matter (91.88 %), crude protein (18.01 %), ash (9.73 %), crude fibre (6.24 %), ether extract (1.77 %) and energy (2760 Kcal/kg). Phytochemical screening of the extract revealed the presence of condensed tannins, hydrolysable tannins, flavonoids, saponins, phenols, oxalate, phytate, alkaloids, terpenoids and glycosides at 0.82 %, 2.02 %, 4.25 %, 0.20 %, 0.17 %, 0.05 %, 0.23 %, 0.22 %, 0.95 % and 0.02 % respectively and the vitamin constituents are thiamine (0.33 mg/100g), ascorbic acid (30.17 mg/100g), riboflavin (0.05 mg/100g), β-carotene (0.79 mg/100g) and niacin (0.41 mg/100g). Mineral analysis showed that it contained calcium (127.6 mg/100g), phosphorus (78.6 mg/100g), potassium (31.6 mg/100g), magnesium (102.1 mg/100g), iron (2.14 mg/100g), manganese (0.60 mg/100g), copper (0.04 mg/100g) and zinc (1.75 mg/100g). Result on amino acid composition showed that they contained lysine (2.11 mg/100g), arginine (1.77 mg/100g), aspartic acid (2.13 mg/100g), threonine (1.85 mg/100g), histidine (4.71 mg/100g), serine (2.03 mg/100g), glycine (1.05 mg/100g), alanine (3.31 mg/100g), cystine (5.06 mg/100g), valine (0.88 mg/100g), leucine (2.04 mg/100g), phenyalanine (4.72 mg/100g), tyrosine (3.51 mg/100g), isoleucine (2.84 mg/100g), methionine (0.85 mg/100g) and proline (1.05 mg/100g). It was concluded that Sida acuta leaf extract is rich in various nutrients and phytochemicals conferring it the ability to perform multiple biological activities and as a natural alternative to antibiotics. by Shittu, M. D and Alagbe, J.O 2020. PHYTO-NUTRITIONAL PROFILES OF BROOM WEED (SIDA ACUTA) LEAF EXTRACT. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 11 (Nov. 2020), 119-124. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i11.845. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/845/806 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/845
Ethnomedical herb from Cikondang indigenous village, district Bandung West Ja...Innspub Net
The document describes a study of medicinal plant use by the indigenous Cikondang community in West Java, Indonesia. The community uses 68 plant species from 39 families for traditional medicine, with Zingiberaceae being the most commonly used family. Leaves are the most frequently used plant part. Some introduced and rare species are also used. The community's knowledge of medicinal plants represents an important aspect of their ethnobotanical practices and connection to the local environment.
Fruits and Nuts by NK Krishna Kumar, Bioversity International, Central and So...apaari
This document discusses neglected and underutilized tropical and subtropical fruits that provide nutrition and health benefits. It notes that over 4,200 minor fruit species exist worldwide, with many remaining underutilized. Bioversity International aims to conserve such species and promote their use through various initiatives exploring, collecting, and characterizing neglected fruit species in countries around the world. The document summarizes Bioversity's genetic diversity park in Bengaluru, India which maintains over 100 minor fruit species across 33 families for conservation and research. Potentially important species discussed include jackfruit, custard apple, jamun, ber, and tamarind due to their nutrition, health properties, and climate resilience.
Effects of Seasonal Changes on Nutrients Composition and in Vitro Gas Assessm...ijtsrd
Animal performance mainly depends on the quantity and quality of forage available as feed and animal feed represents one of the major cost in animal production. Consequently, a research was conducted to investigate the effect of seasonal changes on nutrients composition, and in vitro gas assessment of Cajanus cajan as a fodder crop. Cajanus cajan foliage was harvested from the pasture unit of the University farm after cut back was done and samples were collected every 28 days of every month from July to March of the following year and each month serve as a treatment and T1 July…March T9. The samples were oven dried to determine chemical composition, minerals, secondary metabolites and in vitro gas evaluation using standard techniques. The results of chemical composition showed that crude protein CP and crude fibre varied from 17.12 to 19.44 and 21.57 to 24.83 respectfully. Similarly, all the minerals composition calcium Ca , phosphorus P , magnesium Mg , potassium K , sodium Na , manganese Mn , copper Cu zinc Zn , iron Fe and secondary metabolites phenols, phytates, oxalates, alkaloids, tannins, saponins and lectins were significantly P 0.05 different across the treatments. All other parameters such as dry matter DM , ash, ether extract EE , nitrogen free extract NFE , non fibre carbohydrates NFC and carbohydrates CHO were varied significantly P 0.05 except the organic matter OM that was similar across the treatments. Fibre fractions Neutral Detergent Fibre NDF , Acid Detergent Fibre ADF , Acid Detergent Lignin ADL , Hemicellulose and Cellulose showed significant P 0.05 differences except ADL that was similar throughout the season. In vitro fermentation study revealed that methane CH4 , total gas volume TGV , dry matter degradability DMD , organic matter digestibility OMD , metabolisable energy ME , short chain fatty acids SCFA , and fermentation efficiency FE ranged between 3.00 and 7.50ml, 7.00 and 14.00ml, 44.37 and 56.79 , 37.56 and 43.48 , 4.25 and 5.12MJ KgDM, 0.11 and 0.28µmol, 4.00 and 6.78 respectively. Significant differences P 0.05 occurred among the months regarding the in vitro gas parameters. evaluated. The CP levels, CF and ADF indicated that Cajanus cajan would be digestible. In vitro fermentation results showed that CH4 ranged value was very low, an indication of low loss of energy feed if fed to ruminants. Dry matter degradability DMD and organic matter digestibility OMD of Cajanus cajan as affected by season change were relative low owing to relative high level of ADF, NDF and some secondary metabolites. However seasonal variation had significant P 0.05 effects on the chemical composition except for Ash, OM and ADL composition that were similar across the seasons. Similarly, the results of in vitro gas assessment showed that seasonal change had significant influence on the parameters measured. Amuda, A. J. | Okunlola, D. O "Effects of Seasonal Changes on Nutrients Composition and in Vitro Gas Assessment of Pigeon Pea (Cajanus C
1) The survey identified 38 species of flowers, 11 species of fruits, 13 species of vegetables, 24 species of woody plants, 16 species of ornamental plants, and 11 species of medicinal plants at the Islamic University campus.
2) The most common flower species was Dahlia with an estimated population of 790 plants. The most abundant woody species was Patabahar with 1874 plants.
3) Native species made up most of the plants identified, though some ornamental and flower species were exotic. Proper conservation of exotic species was lacking.
4) The survey provides baseline data on plant diversity at the university that can be used for comparison over time to monitor changes in biodiversity.
Effect of meal from the leaves of Manihot esulenta and Tithonia diversifolia ...Innspub Net
The leaves of Manihot esculenta and Tithonia diversifolia are valuable protein and mineral supplement for local chickens. The evaluation of the effect of the incorporation of meals from the leaves of these plants in the diet of the local laying hen on growth and laying performances, and quality of eggs was investigated. Fourty five hens and nine cocks local breeds were weighed and randomly distributed to three dietary treatments: RWL, RML and RTL which contained no leaves (control/RWL), meals of M. esculenta (RML) and T. diversifolia (RTL) included in the same proportion (7%). Each treatment was replicated 3 times in a completely randomized design. The hens were subjected to natural mating, eggs laid were collected according to breeding groups hatched and analyzed. Feed intake was comparable (p>0.05) between treatment groups as from the 4th week till the end of the experiment. Average daily gain and Laying rate evolved in a sawtooth-like manner regardless of the treatment considered. Hens fed RML recorded lowest (week 3) (p<0.05) and highest (weeks 6, 7, 12) (p<0.05) Feed conversion ratio. Hens in the control recorded higher (p<0.05) egg weight, egg shape index, width and laying rate but lowest (p<0.05) egg length. Fertility, hatchability, embryo mortality and chemical composition of eggs were similar (p>0.05) in all treatments. This study suggest that dried leaves of M. esculenta and T. diversifolia can be used as protein sources in local chicken feed during laying.
Effect of meal from the leaves of Manihot esulenta and Tithonia diversifolia ...Innspub Net
The leaves of Manihot esculenta and Tithonia diversifolia are valuable protein and mineral supplement for local chickens. The evaluation of the effect of the incorporation of meals from the leaves of these plants in the diet of the local laying hen on growth and laying performances, and quality of eggs was investigated. Fourty five hens and nine cocks local breeds were weighed and randomly distributed to three dietary treatments: RWL, RML and RTL which contained no leaves (control/RWL), meals of M. esculenta (RML) and T. diversifolia (RTL) included in the same proportion (7%). Each treatment was replicated 3 times in a completely randomized design. The hens were subjected to natural mating, eggs laid were collected according to breeding groups hatched and analyzed. Feed intake was comparable (p>0.05) between treatment groups as from the 4th week till the end of the experiment. Average daily gain and Laying rate evolved in a sawtooth-like manner regardless of the treatment considered. Hens fed RML recorded lowest (week 3) (p<0.05) and highest (weeks 6, 7, 12) (p<0.05) Feed conversion ratio. Hens in the control recorded higher (p<0.05) egg weight, egg shape index, width and laying rate but lowest (p<0.05) egg length. Fertility, hatchability, embryo mortality and chemical composition of eggs were similar (p>0.05) in all treatments. This study suggest that dried leaves of M. esculenta and T. diversifolia can be used as protein sources in local chicken’s feed during laying.
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The document summarizes research on micropropagation and genetic transformation of Scutellaria ocmulgee, a threatened medicinal plant. Leaf and stem explants from S. ocmulgee were used in thin cell layer culture (tTCL) on different growth media. Murashige and Skoog medium with benzylaminopurine and naphthaleneacetic acid produced the highest number of shoot buds. Shoots were rooted and hardened into plants. An Agrobacterium-mediated transformation protocol was also developed using tTCL to insert marker genes. Results showed tTCL is effective for micropropagation and provides a system for genetic transformation of S. ocmulgee.
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Climate Change and Public Health in the Treatment of Fever in Adilabad Distri...iosrjce
Ancient man had found the ways and means of usage of plants to cure his health disorders. Plant
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on levels of atmospheric CO2, and enhancement of the greenhouse effect, with subsequent impacts on plant
growth and pollen production. The knowledge of preparation of medicines of various parts such as root, tuber,
stem, bark, leaves, flower, fruit, seed, and whole plant, formed a parallel system of medicine the ethno medicine,
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This study characterized 16 sugarcane genotypes based on 20 morphological traits. The genotypes were from diverse collections including the USA, South Africa, and Brazil. Cluster analysis divided the genotypes into four clusters based on their traits. Cluster I comprised 25% of genotypes and had medium height, leaf shape, and no streaks or pubescence. Cluster II had one genotype with intermediate traits like tall stature. Cluster III contained 43.75% of genotypes with intermediate traits like medium height and green color. Cluster IV comprised 25% of genotypes commonly having small legule size and light red dewlap color. The study concluded morphological traits can be used for varietal identification and selection of sugarcane.
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Variability and heritability of nutritional composition among L. siceraria landraces from Northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa | IJAAR
1. Int. J. Agron. Agri. R.
Buthelezi et al. Page 26
RESEARCH PAPER OPEN ACCESS
Variability and heritability of nutritional composition among
L. siceraria landraces from Northern KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
Lungelo Given Buthelezi*1
, Sydney Mavengahama3
, Nontuthuko Rosemary Ntuli2
1
Department of Botany, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Zululand, Empangeni,
Kwadlangezwa, South Africa
2
Crop Science Department, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, School of Agricultural
Sciences, North-West University, Mmabatho, South Africa
Article published on July 30, 2020
Key words: Nutritional composition, Heritability, Genetic advance and variability
Abstract
Lagenaria siceraria (Molina) Standley of the Cucurbitaceae family has nutritious tender shoots, fruits, and
seeds that are of culinary use in rural communities as vegetables. However, no studies on variation,
correlation, heritability and genetic advance of its nutritional traits were conducted in northern KwaZulu-
Natal, South Africa. This study aimed to characterise nutritional variability and heritability among L. siceraria
genotypes from different origins. Nutritional traits were compared among different landraces using ANOVA,
correlation, principal component analysis, cluster analysis and heritability estimates. Landraces varied
significantly in their nutritional traits. Significant positive correlations were recorded among nutritional traits.
The first three informative principal components had a total variability of 80.270%. Landraces in a biplot and
dendrogram clustered closely to the nutritional components they strongly relate with, either positively or
negatively. In five distinct clusters, landraces NRC, KSP and NRB were singletons in Clusters I, II and V,
respectively. Cluster (III) consisted of NqSC, KSC, KRI, NSRC and DSI; whereas Cluster IV grouped landraces
NSRC, RRP, MSC, NSRP, NqRC and RSP. High heritability estimates and genetic advance were recorded
among nutritional traits. Therefore, this study serves as a reference for potential L. siceraria germplasm with
ideal nutritional composition for future breeding programmes.
* Corresponding Author: Lungelo Given Buthelezi buthelezilg02@gmail.com
International Journal of Agronomy and Agricultural Research (IJAAR)
ISSN: 2223-7054 (Print) 2225-3610 (Online)
http://www.innspub.net
Vol. 17, No. 1, p. 26-41, 2020
2. Int. J. Agron. Agri. R.
Buthelezi et al. Page 27
Introduction
Lagenaria siceraria, a member of the Cucurbitaceae
family is well known for having the highest choline
content of any other vegetable known—containing
essential nutritional traits and mineral elements for
human consumption, for good health and synthesis of
neurotransmitters that aid in the treatment of mental
disorders (Rahman, 2003; Koffi et al., 2009; Ntuli et
al., 2017). The area of origin, and abiotic factors such
as soil type and fertility, have significant effects on the
mineral content of different cucurbits (Abbey et al.,
2017). L. siceraria is one of the oldest cultigens to be
collected, consumed and preserved by mankind, with
compelling archaeological evidence dating back an
estimated 12 000 years (Yetisir et al., 2008). It is
regarded as the poor man's crop due to its ability to
tolerate and flourish under stressful conditions (Koffi
et al., 2009; Mlandenovic et al., 2012). This vegetable
is among the main sources of essential nutrients and
mineral elements for rural communities in South
Africa (Sithole et al., 2015). Yet has been neglected in
the face of modern agronomic practices (Sithole et al.,
2015). The plant has great potential as most of its
parts can be of culinary use (Koffi et al., 2009).
Juvenile and mature fruits, seeds, flowers, leaves, and
shoot tips can be consumed as a vegetable relish
(Sithole et al., 2016).
The fruits of L. siceraria possess essential nutrient
traits such as moisture content (90.25%), ash
(1.03%), protein (1.25%), fats (0.12%) and
carbohydrates (2.65%) (Aliu et al., 2012). It has
neutral detergent fibre (NDF) of 21.16 g/100g, acid
detergent fibre (ADF) of 15.67 g/100g, and vitamin C
of 10.1mg/100g (Upaganlawar and Balaraman, 2009).
Its fruits also contain essential mineral elements (in
units ofmg/100g) such as iron (5.129), copper
(0.057), silver (0.682), manganese (0.318), zinc
(1.629), cobalt (0.137) and lead (0.5) (Ahmed et al.,
2016). They also contain phosphorus (187.33),
potassium (3356.67), magnesium (146.33), calcium
(52.78) and sodium (36.68) (Upaganlawar and
Balaraman, 2009). Although the morphological
variation of L. siceraria landraces has received some
attention from researchers in South Africa, including
material from KwaZulu-Natal (KZN), the nutritional
and mineral content, the correlation among the
nutritional traits as well as their heritability among
landraces from northern KZN, has not been
documented. Hence, a study on these properties
across various genotypes will be beneficial in selecting
and recommending parental material for future
breeding programmes. In the study reported here we
investigated the variability in nutritional and mineral
contents, the correlation as well as the heritability of
different nutritional and mineral element traits
among 14 L. siceraria landraces, the most
comprehensive account of its kind to date.
Materials and methods
Collection and study area
Germplasm for the study represented of 14 L.
siceraria landraces that were collected from
Dundee (28.1650° S, 30.2343° E), Khangelani
(29.0106° S, 31.2211° E), Mbazwana (27.4937° S,
32.5882° E), Ndumo (26.9342° S, 32.2824° E),
Nquthu (28.2195° S, 30.6746° E) and Rorke’s Drift
(28.3492° S, 30.5351° E) in northern KZN.
Landrace names were coined according to their
origin as well as fruit and seed morphology (Table
1). The field experiment was conducted at the
University of Zululand, KwaDlangezwa Campus
(28.8530° S, 31.8500° E), which has a sub–tropical
climate (Ntuli and Zobolo 2008). The
KwaDlangezwa area has a daily mean temperature
of 28.4°C in summer and 14.5°C in winter (Nelson
et al., 2014). This study was conducted over two
summer seasons (September 2016–February 2017)
and (September 2017–February 2018), in a
complete randomized block design.
Design and sampling procedures
Eighty (80) seeds from each of the 14 landraces were
sown onto the plug trays and irrigated to plug tray
capacity two to three times per week. At 31 days after
sowing (31 DAS) all 14 landraces were at first to
second true leaf stage and were transplanted onto a
1050m2 plot of land with three replicate plots
randomly assayed for each of the 14 landraces,
corresponding to 42 plots within the 1050 m2 in total.
Each plot was 9m2 in area with 2m inter-plot spacing
and 1m intra-row spacing, housing 16 plants per plot
3. Int. J. Agron. Agri. R.
Buthelezi et al. Page 28
and 672 plants in total. At transplanting, fertilizer
NPK 2:3:4 (30) at a rate of 40g/m2 was applied below
the seedlings in 10–15-cm-deep pits and the field was
irrigated to capacity. At 31 days after transplant
(DAT), nitrogen fertilizer (limestone ammonium
nitrate (LAN 28)) at the same rate was band placed
around each plant. Plants were irrigated adequately
depending on the amount of rainfall and
temperature. Weeding and insecticides applications
were performed when necessary.
Mature fruits of Lagenaria siceraria were harvested
125 DAT. Forty-two fruit samples were collected
representing all 14 landraces with three replicate
fruits per landrace. Fruits were rinsed with tap water
and dissected using a clean, stainless–steel knife.
Fruit pulp was removed from the rind, separated
from the seeds, sun-dried for 24 hours and then
oven–dried at 60°C for 24 hours. The samples were
ground into powder using a Hammer Mill grinder
and pass–through at 0.84mm sieve.
Table 1. Description of landraces according to their origin as well as their fruit and seed morphology.
LR
Area
Fruit
colour
Fruit
texture
Fruit shape Seed type
Seed
colour
Seed
texture
Seed
size
Seed
line
Seed shape
KSP Khangelani
Pale
green
Smooth Pear Asiatica Brown Leathery Large Present
Slightly oblong
to rectangular
KSC Khangelani
Pale
green
Smooth Curvilinear Asiatica Brown Leathery Large Present
Slightly oblong
to rectangular
KRI Khangelani Green Rough Isodiametric Siceraria
Dark
brown
Leathery Large Present
Slightly oblong
to rectangular
NRB Ndumo
Dark
green
Rough Cylindrical Siceraria
Dark
brown
Smooth Small Absent Oblong
NRC Ndumo
Dark
green
Rough Cylindrical Siceraria
Creamy
brown
Smooth Small Absent Oblong
MSC Mbazwana
Pale
green
Smooth Curvilinear Asiatica Brown Leathery Large Present
Slightly oblong
to rectangular
RSP
Rorke’s
Drift
Pale
green
Smooth Pear Asiatica
Light
brown
Leathery Large Present Rectangular
RRP
Rorke’s
Drift
Pale
green
Rough Pear Asiatica
Light
brown
Leathery Large Present Rectangular
NqRCNquthu
Pale
green
Rough Curvilinear Intermediate
Light
brown
LeatheryMediumPresent Slightly oblong
NSRPNquthu
Pale
green
Semi-
rough
Pear Intermediate Brown LeatheryMediumPresent Slightly oblong
NqSC Nquthu
Pale
green
Smooth
Semi-
Curvilinear
Asiatica
Light
brown
LeatheryMediumPresent Slightly oblong
NSC Nquthu
Pale
green
Smooth Curvilinear Asiatica
Light
brown
LeatheryMediumPresent Slightly oblong
NSRCNquthu Green
Semi-
rough
Curvilinear Intermediate Brown LeatheryMediumPresent Slightly oblong
DSI Dundee
Dark
green
Smooth Isodiametric Siceraria
Dark
brown
Smooth Large Present Oblong
LR-Landraces – from Khangelani area with smooth, pear-shaped (KSP); smooth, curvilinear shape (KSC); and
(KRI) rough isodiametric shape fruits (KRI); from Ndumo area with rough fruits with brown seeds (NRB) and
rough fruits with creamy seeds (NRC); from Mbazwana area with smooth cylindrical-shape (MSC); from Rorke’s
Drift area with smooth pear-shaped (RSP) and rough pear-shaped (RRP); from Nquthu area with rough
curvilinear shape (NqRC), with semi-rough pear-shaped (NSRP), with smooth curvilinear shaped (NqSC) and
(NSC) and semi-rough curvilinear shaped (NSRC) and from Dundee area with smooth isodiametric shape (DSI).
Nutritional content analysis
Proximate analysis
Milled fruit pulp of the study samples was assayed for
ash, fat, crude protein and fibre according to AOAC
(1999) methods. The ash content was obtained by
burning the dried, milled samples in the furnace at
450°C for 24 h. The fat content was determined using
the Soxhlet apparatus and petroleum ether as a reagent
(AOAC, 1999). Acid detergent fibre (ADF), was
determined by using Dosi–fiber extractor and neutral
detergent fibre (NDF) was obtained with enzyme
addition as suggested by Van Soest, (1963). The
nitrogen content was determined using the Kjeldahl
method and the protein content was estimated by
multiplying the nitrogen content by a conversion factor
of 6.25. All the samples were in triplicate.
4. Int. J. Agron. Agri. R.
Buthelezi et al. Page 29
Mineral element analysis
The samples were also analysed for both
macronutrients; N, P, Ca, K, andmg, and
micronutrients; Na, Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe, Al and B at the
Soil Fertility and Analytical Services Section
Laboratory—Department of Agriculture and Rural
Development in Cedara, Hilton, midlands KZN
(Manson and Roberts, 2000). Sub-samples of fruit
pulp material were dried and ashed at 450°C
overnight. The ash was dissolved in 1 M HCl. The
supernatant was analysed for Al, Ca, Cu, K,mg, Mn,
Na, and Zn by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS).
Phosphorus concentrations were determined
colorimetrically on a 2 mL aliquot of filtrate using a
modification of the Murphy and Riley (1962)
molybdenum blue procedure (Hunter, 1974).
Potassium was determined from the supernatant
directly on a flame photometer. Samples for boron (B)
analysis were ashed separately, and boron was
determined photometrically by the azomethine H
method (Gaines and Mitchell, 1979).
Genetic parameters
Variability is an essential factor in crop enhancement
and characterisation of variability of desired traits is a
prerequisite for obtaining access to significant alleles
for genetic enhancement in nutritional traits (Nagar
et al., 2018). All trait expressions depend on the
genotype and environment, hence the genotypic and
phenotypic coefficients of variability were determined
for all traits studied (Nagar et al., 2018). The
heritability estimates and genetic advancements were
determined in all traits to establish any possible
genetic improvement upon selection of desired
nutritional traits (Nagar et al., 2018).
The phenotypic, genotypic and environmental variances
and coefficients of variation were calculated according to
the formula described by Burto and Devane (1953) and
cited by Singh et al. (2017), as follows:
Environmental variance (δ2e) = MSE
Genotypic variance (δ2g) =
– MSG – MSE
r
Phenotypic variance (δ2p) = δ2g + δ2e
where MSG is mean square due to genotype, MSE is
mean square of error (environmental variance) and
(r) is the number of replications.
Phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV) = √
δ2p
x
× 100
Genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV) = √
δ2g
x
× 100
Where;
δ2p = phenotypic variation; δ2g = genotypic variation;
x = grand mean of the character studied.
Estimation of heritability in broad sense: Broad sense
heritability (h2) expressed as the percentage of the
ratio of the genotypic variance (δ2g) to the phenotypic
variance (δ2p), according to Allard (1960), was
calculated with the following formula:
H 2=
δ2g
δ2p
× 100
Genetic advance (GA) was estimated as per formula
given by Allard (1960) and cited by Meena et al.
(2015).
GA = k × √
δ2p × δ2g
δ2p
where:
GA = expected genetic advance; δ2p = phenotypic
variation; δ2g = genotypic variation; k= the standard
selection differential at 5% selection intensity (k = 2.063).
Data analysis
Data were subjected to ANOVA using the GenStat 15th
edition. ANOVA was combined for both growing
seasons and 9 fruits (n=9) were analyzed for each
parameter per landrace. Means were separated using
Tukey’s LSD at the 5% significance level. Correlations
and principal component analysis (PCA) were
implemented to determine multi-character variation
using the GenStat 15th edition. Cluster analysis was
performed on the genetic distance matrix by using the
hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) method through a
biplot and dendrogram to study the relationship
among landraces.
Results
There were significant (P < 0.05) differences among
the landraces with regard to proximate and mineral
element composition (Tables 2 and 3). This provides a
satisfying pool of germplasm to select from for the
improvement of mineral nutrient quantity and quality
through breeding processes such as biofortification
and hybridising.
5. Int. J. Agron. Agri. R.
Buthelezi et al. Page 30
Proximate and mineral element composition
The proximate analysis of the 14 landraces studied is
presented in Table 2, which revealed significant
variations (P < 0.01) in respect of the ash, fat, acid
detergent fibre, neutral detergent fibre and protein
contents. Ash content was highest in DSI (32.70
g/100g) and lowest in NRB (7.53g/100g). KSP had
significantly higher fat content (2.41g/100g) and
followed in order by KRI (1.50g/100g), NqSC
(1.50g/100g), NRC (1.35g/100g) and DSI
(1.23g/100g). However, NSC (0.19g/100g) recorded
the lowest fat content. Acid detergent fibre content
was highest in KSP (30.34g/100g) but did not differ
significantly with the values obtained for NSRC
(28.09g/100g) and DSI (28.08g/100g). The
landrace MSC recorded the lowest acid detergent
fibre content of 15.35g/100g. the neutral detergent
fibre was significantly higher in KSP (39.51 g/100g)
followed by NSRC (37.25g/100g) and DSI
(33.74g/100g) in that order while landrace MSC
gave the lowest (21.60g/100g) neutral detergent
fibre content. The results showed that the protein
content differed significantly from 5.38g/100g in
NqRC to 9.62g/100g in NRC. Although landrace
NRC recorded a significantly higher value of protein
content, it did not differ significantly from KSP
(9.20g/100g).
Table 2. Proximate composition of L. siceraria landraces (g/100 g).
LR Ash Fat ADF NDF Pro
KSP 26.62 abc 2.41 a 30.34 a 39.51 a 9.20 a
KSC 29.43 ab 1.19 bcd 24.25 b 28.72 cde 5.36 e
KRI 23.76 abc 1.50 b 23.55 b 31.08 cd 5.91 de
NRB 7.53 f 1.00 bcde 17.96 cdef 21.94 fg 7.32 bc
NRC 12.73 def 1.35 bc 19.38 cde 23.40 efg 9.62 a
MSC 13.29 def 0.87 cdef 15.35 f 20.11 g 7.09 bc
RSP 21.16 bcd 0.44 fg 23.46 b 27.77 def 6.62 cd
RRP 11.51 ef 0.43 fg 17.79 cdef 21.60 g 6.57 cd
NqRC 20.86 bcd 0.79 def 19.42 cd 22.94 efg 5.38 e
NSRP 18.17 cde 0.36 fg 15.80 def 21.91 fg 7.02 bc
NqSC 19.48 cde 1.50 b 20.87 bc 32.35 bcd 7.09 bc
NSC 13.02 def 0.19 g 15.68 ef 19.17 g 6.76 bcd
NSRC 25.22 abc 0.53 efg 28.09 a 37.25 ab 5.69 de
DSI 32.70 a 1.23 bcd 28.08 a 33.74 abc 7.81 b
Mean 19.68 0.984 21.43 27.25 6.961
P value <.001 <.001 <.001 <.001 <.001
LSD 9.221 0.514 3.731 5.955 1.079
CV% 28.0 31.2 10.4 13.1 9.3
Mean values in the same column with different letter (s), differ significantly at (p < 0.05) according to Tukey’s
LSD. LR- landraces; – from Khangelani area with smooth, (KSP) pear-shaped; smooth, (KSC) curvilinear shape;
and (KRI) rough isodiametric shape fruits; from Ndumo area (NRB) with rough fruits with brown seeds and
(NRC) rough fruits with creamy seeds; from Mbazwana area (MSC) with smooth cylindrical-shape; from Rorke’s
Drift area (RSP) with smooth pear-shaped and (RRP) rough pear-shaped; from Nquthu area (NqRC) with rough
curvilinear shape,(NSRP) with semi-rough pear-shaped, (NqSC) and (NSC) with smooth curvilinear shaped and
(NSRC) semi-rough curvilinear shaped and from Dundee area (DSI) with smooth isodiametric shape. ADF- acid
detergent fibre, NDF- neutral detergent fibre and Pro-protein.
Table 3 shows the mean performance among the 14
landraces assessed on the basis of their mineral
element contents. The content of Ca ranged from
0.13g/100g (NSRP) to 0.44g/100g (KSP), ofmg
varied from 0.08g/100g (NqRC and NSRP) to
0.22g/100g (KSP), K ranged from 2.80g/100g
(NRB) to 9.69g/100g (DSI), P varied from
0.08g/100g (KRI) to 0.29g/100g (KSP), N varied
from 0.85g/100g (KSC) to 1.53g/100g (NRC), Na
ranged from 0.03mg/kg (RRP and NSRP) to
0.11mg/kg (KSP), Mn varied from 9.67mg/kg (RSP)
to 19.00mg/kg (NRC), Fe varied from 23.70mg/kg
(NqSC) to 828.70mg/kg (NRC), Zn varied from
0mg/kg (KSP and KRI) to 120.33mg/kg (NSRC), Cu
varied from 0.33mg/kg (NSRP) to 10.87mg/kg
(KSP), Al varied from 11.01mg/kg (RRP) to
525.53mg/kg (NRC) and B varied from 18.80mg/kg
(NqRC) to 38.32mg/kg (KSP).
6. Int. J. Agron. Agri. R.
Buthelezi et al. Page 31
Table 3. Mineral element traits of L. siceraria landraces.
Macronutrient content (g/100 g) Micronutrient content (mg/kg)
LR Ca Mg K P N Na Mn Fe Zn Cu Al B
KSP 0.44 a 0.22 a 8.62 ab 0.29 a 1.47 a 0.11 a 17.33 abc 106.70 cde 0.00 d 10.67 a 38.93 cde 38.32 a
KSC 0.25 def 0.16 bc 7.83 abc 0.18 cde 0.85 e 0.06 cde 18.33 ab 169.70 bc 82.67 ab 6.33 bc 43.87 c 35.86 ab
KRI 0.21 ef 0.19 ab 7.04 bcd 0.08 g 0.94 de 0.08 bc 11.67 ef 102.70 cde 0.00 d 4.67 bcde 41.87 cd 31.73 b
NRB 0.21 ef 0.15 bcd 2.80 f 0.24 abc 1.17 bc 0.05 def 16.00 abcd 244.00 b 9.67 d 5.67 bc 119.85 b 20.63 c
NRC 0.28 de 0.19 ab 3.83 ef 0.26 ab 1.53 a 0.04 ef 19.00 a 828.70 a 57.00 bc 7.00 b 525.53 a 19.84 c
MSC 0.25 def 0.09 ef 3.78 ef 0.15 ef 1.13 bc 0.05 def 13.67 cdef 86.30 cde 31.33 cd 1.33 fg 34.42 cdef 19.47 c
RSP 0.27 def 0.11 def 5.64 cde 0.16 def 1.05 cd 0.04 ef 9.67 f 29.70 de 21.00 cd 2.67 defg 20.97 cdef 22.53 c
RRP 0.20 fg 0.13 cde 3.69 ef 0.21 bcd 1.05 cd 0.03 f 14.33 bcde 33.70 de 24.67 cd 4.33 bcde 11.01 f 21.68 c
NqRC 0.19 fg 0.08 f 4.13 ef 0.14 efg 0.86 e 0.06 de 10.33 ef 35.30 de 18.33 cd 4.33 bcde 19.47 def 18.80 c
NSRP 0.13 g 0.08 f 3.53 ef 0.14 efg 1.12 bc 0.03 f 12.00 def 37.30 de 22.33 cd 0.33 g 16.05 ef 20.13 c
NqSC 0.35 bc 0.12 cdef 4.81 def 0.15 ef 1.13 bc 0.07 cd 18.00 ab 23.70 e 24.33 cd 2.00 efg 11.09 f 20.41 c
NSC 0.30 cd 0.11 def 3.56 ef 0.17 de 1.08 bcd 0.05 def 18.33 ab 43.30 de 30.33 cd 5.67 bc 11.23 f 20.22 c
NSRC 0.38 ab 0.17 bc 8.21 ab 0.08 g 0.91 de 0.10 ab 12.00 def 131.70 cd 120.33 a 4.00 cdef 39.74 cd 37.22 a
DSI 0.22 ef 0.18 ab 9.69 a 0.11 fgh 1.25 b 0.08 bc 11.33 ef 31.00 de 116.00 a 5.33 bcd 36.82 cde 34.47 ab
Mean 0.26 0.14 5.51 0.16 1.114 0.06 14.43 136.00 39.90 4.60 69.30 25.81
P value <.001 <.001 <.001 <.001 <.001 <.001 <.001 <.001 <.001 <.001 <.001 <.001
LSD 0.074 0.043 2.238 0.058 0.172 0.026 4.048 107.15 39.71 2.920 23.43 5.022
CV% 16.8 18.4 24.3 20.9 9.3 24.6 16.8 47.1 59.5 38.0 20.2 11.6
Mean values with different letter (s) within the same column are significantly different at (p < 0.05) according to
Tukey’s LSD. LR-landraces; from Khangelani area with smooth, (KSP) pear-shaped; smooth, (KSC) curvilinear
shape; and (KRI) rough isodiametric shape fruits; from Ndumo area (NRB) with rough fruits with brown seeds
and (NRC) rough fruits with creamy seeds; from Mbazwana area (MSC) with smooth cylindrical-shape; from
Rorke’s Drift area (RSP) with smooth pear-shaped and (RRP) rough pear-shaped; from Nquthu area (NqRC) with
rough curvilinear shape (NSRP) with semi-rough pear-shaped, (NqSC) and (NSC) with smooth curvilinear
shaped and (NSRC) semi-rough curvilinear shaped and from Dundee area (DSI) with smooth isodiametric shape.
Ca-calcium;mg-magnesium; K-potassium; Na-sodium; P-phosphorus; N-nitrogen; Mn-manganese; Fe-iron; Zn-
zinc; Cu-copper, Al-aluminium and B-boron.
Correlation among the proximate and mineral
element composition of the L. siceraria landraces
Only positive correlations were significant among
nutritional and mineral components (Table 4).
ADF and NDF were positively correlated with each
other and they both correlated positively with
ash,mg, K, Na and B. NDF further correlated
positively with Ca.mg had a positive correlation
with fat, K, Na, Cu and B. K strongly correlated
with ash, Na and B. Na was positively correlated
with ash, Ca and B.
B also correlated positively with ash. P and N
correlated positively with each other and they
further correlated with protein. P correlated
positively with Mn and Cu, which also correlated
positively with fat. Al positively correlated with
protein, N and Fe.
Principal component analysis
The first three informative principal components
(PC1–3) were responsible for 80.3% cumulative
variability, with each principal component having an
eigenvalue greater than 1.0 (Table 5). The first
principal component (PC1), with 42.1% of the total
variation was positively associated with ash, fat, ADF,
NDF, Ca,mg, K, Na, Cu and B. PC2, with 29.3% of the
total variability was positively correlated with protein,
P, N, Mn, Fe and Al. PC3, responsible for 8.9% of the
total variability was positively associated with Zn.
Cluster analysis
To further understand the association among
nutritional components and the landraces of different
origins, a biplot was constructed using PC1 and PC2
(Fig. 1.), both of which were positively correlated with
fat, protein, Ca,mg, P, Fe, Al, N and Cu.
7. Int. J. Agron. Agri. R.
Buthelezi et al. Page 32
Table 4. Correlation among the nutritional and mineral composition of the L. siceraria landraces.
Variables Ash Fat ADF NDF Pro Ca Mg K Na P N Mn Fe Zn Cu Al
Fat 0.472
ADF 0.824 0.573
NDF 0.773 0.592 0.945
Pro -0.179 0.350 0.092 0.106
Ca 0.245 0.428 0.567 0.654 0.325
Mg 0.404 0.689 0.732 0.677 0.442 0.494
K 0.925 0.535 0.937 0.875 -0.023 0.428 0.656
Na 0.657 0.579 0.826 0.880 0.047 0.685 0.637 0.787
P -0.394 0.366 -0.080 -0.141 0.675 0.263 0.280 -0.266 -0.158
N -0.179 0.350 0.092 0.106 1.000 0.326 0.442 -0.022 0.047 0.674
Mn -0.271 0.435 -0.130 -0.065 0.434 0.422 0.310 -0.164 -0.001 0.640 0.434
Fe -0.291 0.238 -0.070 -0.132 0.559 0.088 0.422 -0.179 -0.162 0.481 0.559 0.469
Zn 0.495 -0.042 0.419 0.333 -0.114 0.133 0.250 0.540 0.261 -0.369 -0.114 -0.060 0.137
Cu 0.221 0.625 0.524 0.386 0.437 0.491 0.774 0.410 0.488 0.610 0.436 0.479 0.369 0.018
Al -0.302 0.187 -0.096 -0.157 0.611 0.047 0.378 -0.206 -0.206 0.463 0.611 0.411 0.988 0.119 0.322
B 0.806 0.561 0.895 0.837 -0.048 0.461 0.739 0.939 0.799 -0.142 -0.047 -0.026 -0.114 0.480 0.520 -0.186
Values ≥ 0.6 are deemed to be significantly correlated are in bold. Variables – ash; fat; ADF, acid detergent fibre;
NDF, neutral detergent fibre; Pro, protein; Ca, calcium;mg, magnesium; K, potassium; Na, sodium; P,
phosphorus; N, nitrogen; Mn, manganese; Fe, iron; Zn, zinc; Cu, copper; Al, aluminium; B, boron.
Table 5. Loadings of the variables for the first three
principal components.
variables PC1 PC2 PC3
Ash 0.752 -0.508 0.134
Fat 0.731 0.303 -0.231
ADF 0.944 -0.211 0.043
NDF 0.916 -0.225 -0.068
Pro 0.252 0.818 0.010
Ca 0.664 0.212 -0.303
Mg 0.848 0.341 0.124
K 0.904 -0.361 0.129
Na 0.870 -0.214 -0.188
P 0.070 0.849 -0.328
N 0.253 0.818 0.010
Mn 0.149 0.699 -0.204
Fe 0.082 0.790 0.526
Zn 0.395 -0.258 0.721
Cu 0.668 0.494 -0.172
Al 0.039 0.796 0.548
B 0.908 -0.276 0.053
Eigenvalue 7.153 4.975 1.518
Variability (%) 42.076 29.266 8.928
Cumulative% 42.076 71.342 80.270
PC1–3: Principal components 1–3. Values ≥ 0.6 are
deemed to be significant are in bold. Variables – ash;
fat; ADF, acid detergent fibre; NDF, neutral detergent
fibre; Pro, protein; Ca, calcium;mg, magnesium; K,
potassium; Na, sodium; P, phosphorus; N, nitrogen;
Mn, manganese; Fe, iron; Zn, zinc; Cu, copper; Al,
aluminium; B, boron.
Fig. 1. Biplot of L. siceraria landraces and nutritional
components. The blue marker indicates landraces-
from Khangelani area with smooth, (KSP) pear-
shaped; smooth, (KSC) curvilinear shape; and (KRI)
rough isodiametric shape fruits; from Ndumo area
(NRB) with rough fruits with brown seeds and (NRC)
rough fruits with creamy seeds; from Mbazwana area
(MSC) with smooth cylindrical-shape; from Rorke’s
Drift area (RSP) with smooth pear-shaped and (RRP)
rough pear-shaped; from Nquthu area (NqRC) with
rough curvilinear shape,(NSRP) with semi-rough
pear-shaped, (NqSC) and (NSC) with smooth
curvilinear shaped and (NSRC) semi-rough
curvilinear shaped and from Dundee area (DSI) with
smooth isodiametric shape. The red marker indicates
nutritional components–ash; fat; ADF, acid detergent
8. Int. J. Agron. Agri. R.
Buthelezi et al. Page 33
fibre; NDF, neutral detergent fibre; Pro, protein; Ca,
calcium;mg, magnesium; K, potassium; Na, sodium;
P, phosphorus; N, nitrogen; Mn, manganese; Fe, iron;
Zn, zinc; Cu, copper; Al, aluminium; B, boron.
In a biplot, landraces formed five distinct clusters in
close relation with different nutritional components
(Fig. 1.). Clusters I, II and V comprised of NRC, KSP
and NRB as singletons, respectively. Cluster III
consisted of NqSC, KSC, KRI, NSRC and DSI;
whereas Cluster IV grouped landraces NSRC, RRP,
MSC, NSRP, NqRC and RSP. All nutritional
components were positively associated with PC1. In a
dendrogram landraces grouped themselves into two
main clusters (Fig. 2). Cluster I was made up of DSI
from Dundee with smooth isodiametric shaped fruits.
Cluster II comprised of two sub-clusters that grouped
landraces primarily according to their origin and then
their morphological traits.
Sub-cluster IIa had landraces from Rorke’s Drift (RSP
and RRP) and Nquthu (NqSC, NSC, NqRC and NSRP)
with pear-shaped and curvilinear fruits. These
locations are found in relatively dry areas with very
cold winter (temperature range) and hot summer
(temperature range) temperatures.
Fig. 2. Hierarchical cluster showing similarities
amongst nutritional traits L. siceraria landraces
using the complete linkage method. Landraces- from
Khangelani area with smooth, (KSP) pear-shaped;
smooth, (KSC) curvilinear shape; and (KRI) rough
isodiametric shape fruits; from Ndumo area (NRB)
with rough fruits with brown seeds and (NRC) rough
fruits with creamy seeds; from Mbazwana area (MSC)
with smooth cylindrical-shape; from Rorke’s Drift
area (RSP) with smooth pear-shaped and (RRP)
rough pear-shaped; from Nquthu area (NqRC) with
rough curvilinear shape,(NSRP) with semi-rough
pear-shaped, (NqSC) and (NSC) with smooth
curvilinear shaped and (NSRC) semi-rough
curvilinear shaped and from Dundee area (DSI) with
smooth isodiametric shape.
Sub-cluster IIb grouped landraces from Khangelani
(KRI, KSC and KSP), Mbazwana (MSC), Ndumo
(NRB and NRC); but associated with a landrace from
Nquthu (NSRC). These areas, apart from Nquthu, are
located in coastal and humid regions with relatively
high temperatures both in winter (temperature range)
and summer (temperature range). Morphological
traits of these landraces ranged from semi-rough,
curvilinear fruit (NSRC); rough fruit with
isodiametric (KRI and NRB) and oblong (NRC)
shapes; and smooth curvilinear (KSC and MSC) and
pear-shaped (KSP) fruits.
Genetic parameters
The phenotypic coefficient of variation (PCV),
genotypic coefficient of variation (GCV), heritability,
and genetic advancement for nutritional traits of the
landraces from different origins are presented in Table
6. The PCV was higher than GCV for all nutritional
traits. However, the difference between PCV and GCV
was not significant, suggesting that the environment
had a big impact on the expression and availability of
these traits (Jain et al., 2017). The highest GCV (˃15%)
was recorded for Al, followed by Zn, Fe and ash. This
indicates a relatively high genetic variability of these
nutritional traits among landraces of different origins.
A similar record was evident for PCV. Nutritional traits
were subjected to the estimate of heritability using the
broad sense method. The heritability estimate ranged
from 42.4% (Fe) to 98.9% (Al). High heritability
estimates (more than 50%) were noted for all
nutritional traits except for Fe. Nutrients were then
expressed in the following descending order: Al; B;
ADF; protein; nitrogen; fat; NDF; Ca; P; K;mg; Zn; Na;
Cu; Mn and ash. All nutritional components had high
genetic advance values of more than one. The highest
genetic advance was recorded for Al (2.1) whereas the
lowest was for Fe (1.3).
9. Int. J. Agron. Agri. R.
Buthelezi et al. Page 34
Table 6. Genetic parameters for nutritional traits of L. siceraria landraces.
Variables δ2g δ2e δ2p GM PCV GCV ECV% H2 GA
Ash 44.8 30.4 75.2 19.7 19.5 15.1 12.4 59.6 1.6
Fat 0.3 0.1 0.4 1.0 6.6 5.8 3.1 77.6 1.8
ADF 23.0 5.0 28.0 21.4 11.4 10.4 4.8 82.2 1.9
NDF 39.9 12.7 52.6 27.3 13.9 12.1 6.8 75.9 1.8
Pro 1.5 0.4 1.9 7.0 5.2 4.6 2.4 78.0 1.8
Ca 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 1.8 1.5 0.9 75.8 1.8
Mg 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 1.3 1.1 0.7 71.0 1.7
K 4.7 1.8 6.5 5.5 10.8 9.2 5.7 72.4 1.8
Na 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 1.1 0.9 0.6 70.1 1.7
P 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 1.7 1.4 0.9 73.3 1.8
N 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.1 2.1 1.8 1.0 78.0 1.8
Mn 9.1 5.9 15.0 14.4 10.2 8.0 6.4 60.9 1.6
Fe 3015.7 4104.0 7119.7 136.0 72.4 47.1 54.9 42.4 1.3
Zn 1371.6 563.7 1935.3 39.9 69.6 58.6 37.6 70.9 1.7
Cu 5.8 3.0 8.8 4.6 13.8 11.2 8.1 65.4 1.7
Al 17933.3 196.3 18129.6 69.3 161.7 160.9 16.8 98.9 2.1
B 56.2 9.0 65.2 25.8 15.9 14.8 5.9 86.2 1.9
Genetic parameters – δ2g, genotypic variance; δ2e, environmental variance; δ2p, phenotypic variance; GCV,
genotypic coefficient of variation; PCV, phenotypic coefficient of variation; H2, broad sense heritability; GA,
genetic advancement. Variables – ash; fat; ADF, acid detergent fibre; NDF, neutral detergent fibre; Pro, protein;
Ca, calcium;mg, magnesium; K, potassium; Na, sodium; P, phosphorus; N, nitrogen; Mn, manganese; Fe, iron;
Zn, zinc; Cu, copper; Al, aluminium; B, boron.
Discussion
Proximate composition of the L. siceraria landraces
A significant variation in proximate and mineral
composition of Lagenaria siceraria landraces from
northern KwaZulu-Natal is similar to that of
landraces studied in India (Upaganlawar and
Balaraman, 2009; Aliu et al., 2012) and Egypt
(Ahmed et al., 2016).
The ash content range and average of the study
material was significantly greater than the
corresponding ranges and averages among Cucurbita
maxima cultivars from Poland (0.59–1.35g/100g and
1.07g/100g) (Czech and Stepniowska, 2018) and
Cameroon (0.3–1.3g/100g and 0.84g/100g) (Ponka et
al., 2015). The different genus and nutritional
analysis methods are no doubt the reasons for these
variation. The C. maxima cultivars from Cameroon
were cooked, and this may have denatured and
leached out the nutritional content of vegetables
significantly (Mepba et al., 2007). The range of ash
content of L. siceraria fruit pulp from the current
study was higher than the range that (2.93–
4.01g/100g) recorded among L. siceraria seeds from
Sudan (Mariod et al., 2015). Landraces with high ash
content indicate the presence of high mineral content,
which is essential for human growth and development
(Czech and Stepniowska, 2018).
The fat content of the fruit pulp from the current
study was less than those of L. siceraria seeds from
Sudan (24.11–26.32g/100g) (Mariod et al., 2015) and
Nigeria (38.13–43.65g/100g) (Essien et al., 2015).
However, Cucumis sativus cultivars from Nigeria
recorded a lower fat content, varying from 0.12 to
0.30mg/100 g with an average of 0.22mg/100 g
(Abbey et al., 2017). ADF and NDF content averages
recorded among the study material were higher than
the 15.67 and 21.16g/100g among L. siceraria
accessions from India (Upaganlawar and Balarama,
2009) as well as 14.90 and 17.70g/100g respectively of
Cucurbita maxima from Poland (Peksa et al., 2016).
The elevated neutral detergent fibre, which is easily
digestible, makes the L. siceraria treat constipation
and avoiding haemorrhoids (Barot et al., 2015).
The protein content range and mean of the current
study were higher than ranges and averages among
the Cucurbita maxima from Cameroon (5.36–
9.62g/100g and 1.07g/100g) (Ponka et al., 2015) and
Poland (0.85–1.68g/100g and 1.26g/100g) (Czech
and Stepniowska, 2018). The results of the current
study are in the lower range when compared with the
reported range and mean value (8.29–12.56g/100g
and 9.67g/100g) in Cucurbita maxima accessions
consumed in Nigeria (Blessing et al., 2009).
10. Int. J. Agron. Agri. R.
Buthelezi et al. Page 35
Protein is important to the human body, which
comprise approximately 45% of protein (Ponka et al.,
2015). Protein is essential for tissue repair, nutrient
transport, and the building and functioning of
muscles (Ponka et al., 2015).
Mineral element composition of the L. siceraria
landraces
The range and mean obtained for Ca from the current
study proved to be higher than the range and mean
reported in Cucumis sativus cultivars (0.020–
0.025g/100g and 0.022g/100g) from Nigeria (Abbey
et al., 2017). A lower range and average of Ca content
(0.06–0.26g/100g and 0.17g/100g) in Cucurbita
maxima and Cucurbita moschata morphotypes were
reported from Cameroon (Mbogne et al., 2015).
Calcium is essential for healthy bones and teeth, vital
for muscle functioning, boosts the immune system,
and regulates blood pressure and clotting
(Gharibzahedi and Jafari, 2017). The magnesium
content of the investigated landraces was very low
compared to those reported for some commonly
consumed cucurbits such as Momordica charantia
genotypes (0.25–0.36g/100g with an average of
0.29g/100g) from Turkey (Karaman et al., 2018), as
well as Cucurbita maxima and Cucurbita moschata
morphotypes (0.11–0.29g/100g with a mean of
0.18g/100g) from Cameroon (Mbogne et al., 2015).
These Momordica charantia genotypes were grown
in a greenhouse in a controlled environment when
compared to the field–grown L. siceraria landraces of
the current study, thus explaining their superiority
resulting from an environment calibrated for
optimum results. The Cucurbita maxima and
Cucurbita moschata morphotypes were grown in
soils rich in volcanic ash, which increases the soil
fertility drastically, thus explaining the high mineral
content present in these morphotypes (Mbogne et al.,
2015). The Cucurbita maxima and Cucurbita
moschata morphotypes also received 1500 to
2000mm of annual rainfall (Mbogne et al., 2015),
which is higher than the annual rainfall received by
the L. siceraria landraces of the current study at
299.95–350.02mm (Naidoo et al., 2016). A similar
study on Cucurbita pepo from Nigeria by Adnan et al.
(2017) recorded a lowermg content, averaging
0.45mg/100g.mg is vital for protein synthesis and a
healthy immune system, and relieves constipation
(Gharibzahedi and Jafari, 2017).
The K content range and mean value were higher than
the range and mean value (1.88–3.17g/100g and
2.46g/100g) reported by Mbogne et al. (2015) for
Cucurbita maxima and Cucurbita moschata
morphotypes from Cameroon, as well as (1.29–
2.75g/100g and 1.78g/100g) for Cucurbita maxima
cultivars from Cameroon by Ponka et al. (2015). A
study on L. siceraria seeds by Mariod et al. (2015)
obtained a lower K content range and mean (23118–
33023mg/kg and 29385.9mg/kg) than the L.
siceraria fruit pulp of the current investigation. K
aids in fluid balance, and regulates blood pressure
and waste elimination (Gharibzahedi and Jafari,
2017). The range (0.08–0.29g/100g) and mean
(0.17g/100g) of phosphorus (P) content of the fruit
pulp from the current study was lower than the range
and mean of L. siceraria seeds from Sudan (0.57–
0.72g/100g and 0.66g/100g) recorded by Mariod et
al. (2015) and Cucurbita maxima accessions (0.23–
0.36g/100g and 0.29g/100g) from Cameroon by
(Ponka et al., 2017). A similar study on L. siceraria
varieties from India obtained a higher P content
average at 0.19g/100g (Barot et al., 2015).
Phosphorus is vital for kidney performance and
assists in protein synthesis, cell growth, maintenance
and reparation, as well as ATP and energy production
(Gharibzahedi and Jafari, 2017).
Nitrogen (N) content of the study material was lower
than that of a comparable study on Cucurbita pepo
from Slovakia, varying from 2.0 – 7.2g/100g
(Kostalova et al., 2010). Nitrogen is essential for
boosting the immune system, and fighting infectious
agents and malignant tumours (Bogdan et al., 2000).
The results show that the range and mean (0.03–
0.11mg/kg and 0.06mg/kg) was higher than the range
and mean (2.43–7.01mg/100g and 4.29mg/100g) of
Cucumis sativus from Nigeria (Abbey et al., 2017)
and L. siceraria landrace seeds (17.64–36.70mg/kg
and 21.98mg/kg) from Sudan (Mariod et al., 2015). A
study on L. siceraria varieties from India recorded a
11. Int. J. Agron. Agri. R.
Buthelezi et al. Page 36
lower Na content, with an average of 36.68mg/100g
(Barot et al., 2015). Sodium is essential for electrolyte
balance, healthy heart functioning, metabolic
activities, and nerve transition (Gharibzahedi and
Jafari, 2017). The range and mean obtained for
manganese (Mn) (9.67–19.00mg/kg and 14.43mg/kg)
from the current study proved to be higher than the
range and mean for Cucumis sativus (0.08–
0.81mg/100 g and 0.38mg/100g) from Nigeria
documented by Abbey et al. (2017) and Cucurbita
maxima (0.7–1.6g/100g with and 1.1mg/100g) from
Cameroon (Ponka et al., 2017). The average content
of Mn was higher than the one reported by
Upaganlawar and Balaraman (2009), (0.31mg/100g)
and Ahmed et al. (2017) (0.032mg/100g) on L.
siceraria from India and Pakistan, respectively.
Cucurbita maxima from Colombia also recorded a
lower Mn content average at 0.02mg/100g (Leterme
et al., 2006). Manganese is essential for healthy bone
structure development and brain and nervous system
functioning, and aids against osteoporosis
(Gharibzahedi and Jafari, 2017).
Landraces from this study were fortified with Fe
content than varieties studied in India (23.3mg/kg)
(Upaganlawar and Balaraman, 2009). Iron is
important for the formation of haemoglobin in red
blood cells which transports oxygen from the lungs to
the cells throughout the body and is essential for
energy metabolism (Gharibzahedi and Jafari, 2017). A
study on L. siceraria from India recorded a lower Zn
content compared to the study material, averaging at
7mg/kg (Rahman, 2003). Also in the current study
greater amounts were reported compared to those
reported for some commonly consumed cucurbits, for
example, Cucumis sativus (2.8–4.5mg/kg with an
average of 3.7mg/kg) from Nigeria (Abbey et al.,
2017) and Cucurbita pepo accessions (0.67–
2.15mg/kg with an average content of 1.1mg/kg) from
Kolova (Aliu et al., 2012). Zinc is an integral part of
many enzymes; it is vital for genetic material and
protein synthesis and for sexual maturation and
healthy fetal development, and improves digestion
(Gharibzahedi and Jafari, 2017).
The copper (Cu) content of the investigated material was
lower compared to studies on Cucurbita pepo, which
recorded a higher Cu content range of (0.1-1.3mg/kg
with a lower mean of 3.1mg/kg) from Spain by Martinez-
Valdivieso et al. (2014) and (0.56–3.50mg/kg with a
mean of 1.17mg/kg) from Kolova (Aliu et al., 2012).
Copper is essential for the production of red blood cells
and protein (Stern et al., 2007). It is also vital for iron
breakdown and digestion, and is important as an
antioxidant defence and for healthy immune system
function (Bosta et al., 2016). The Al content of the
current study was noticeably higher than that of ryegrass
with a mean of 0.2mg/kg (Pontigo et al., 2017).
Aluminium has no beneficial biological function in
humans, but it is detrimental to human health as the
most common contaminants contain aluminium
(Strunecka et al., 2016). Boron content from the current
study on the L. siceraria landraces from northern
KwaZulu-Natal ranged from 18.80–38.32mg/kg with an
average of 2.5mg/kg. Boron is essential for regulating
oestrogen in post-menopausal women for optimum
mental performance and healthy bones (Gharibzahedi
and Jafari, 2017).
Correlation in proximate and mineral elements of L.
siceraria
The findings of the current study contradict the
findings on Luffa acutangula and Momordica
charantia from Pakistan (Hussain et al., 2009).
According to Hussain et al. (2009), protein correlated
positively with fat (0.3) and ash (0.4). However, these
correlations were not recorded for the current study.
Magnesium correlated with fat, potassium, sodium,
copper and boron. This suggests that when selecting
for genotypes with high magnesium content, those
genotypes will subsequently be rich in fat and
essential salts as well as being genotypes that
facilitate faster digestion as a result of high copper
content (Bosta et al., 2016). In a comparable study on
Cucurbita moschata genotypes from New Delhi,
India, magnesium correlated positively with sodium
(0.464) and copper (0.216) (Nagar et al., 2018). In
the current study phosphorus correlated positively
with nitrogen (0.640) and copper (0.610). This
assures that upon selecting genotypes with high
phosphorus, the selected genotypes will also contain
high nitrogen and copper content. A comparable
study on Momordica charantia genotypes from India
noted similar results, with phosphorus correlating
positively with copper (0.454) (Dalamu, 2011).
12. Int. J. Agron. Agri. R.
Buthelezi et al. Page 37
Principal component and cluster analysis
Nutritional variability in PC1, PC2 and PC3 in the
current study was comparable to variability in PC1
(48.34%), PC2 (23.04%) and PC3 (19.07%) among
several leafy vegetables (Kumar et al., 2018). The
nutritional traits of the current study; ash, fat, acid
detergent fibre, neutral detergent fibre, calcium,
magnesium, potassium, sodium, copper and boron
correlated positively with the first principal component
(PC1). These traits contributed 42.076% of the total
variability. A study on Cantharellus cibarius obtained
similar findings as K,mg, Na and Cu correlated
positively with PC1, accounting for 66% of the total
variability (Drewnowska and Falandysz, 2015).
The nutritional traits of protein, phosphorus,
nitrogen, manganese, iron and aluminium correlated
positively with second principal component (PC2).
These traits contributed 29.266% to the total
variability. A study on Cyperus esculentus
documented similar results with protein, phosphorus
and aluminium correlating positively with PC2 and
contributing 21.17% to the total variability (Bado et
al., 2015). A study on different leafy vegetables also
documented positive correlation of potassium
(0.7407) with PC1 (Kumar et al., 2018) as in the
current study. Positive correlation of calcium in PC1
and phosphorus in PC2 among L. siceraria landraces
were in PC2 and PC3, respectively (Kumar et al.,
2018). However, a study on Abelmoschus esculentus
contradicts the findings of the current study as Ca,mg,
K, Na and Cu were all negatively correlated with PC1
(Dos Santos et al., 2013)
The cluster analysis displayed the presence of
diversity among the 14 landraces in terms of the
nutritional traits studied. The dendrogram (Fig. 2.)
showed four distinct clusters. The genetic variances
and heritability estimates revealed positive results in
terms of high variability among the germplasm with
nutritional traits that are highly heritable - which is
ideal for genetic manipulation and future breeding
programmes in the quest to achieve the most
nutritional L. siceraria landraces.
A total variance of 71.4% for two principal
components of a biplot among L. siceraria landraces
was comparable to the 66.2% in Cucurbita maxima
and Cucurbita moschata morphotypes (Mbogne et
al., 2015) and 79.7% amongst Abelmoschus
esculentus cultivars (dos Santos et al., 2013).
Grouping of L. siceraria landraces in the dendrogram
according to their fruit morphology and area of origin
was similar to the grouping of Cucurbita maxima
germplasm (Kazminska et al., 2018).
Genetic parameters
In this study the phenotypic coefficient of variance
(PCV) was slightly higher than the genotypic
coefficient of variation (GCV), suggesting that the
environment played a vital role in the expression of
these nutritional traits (Jain et al., 2017). A high to
moderate (˃15%) phenotypic coefficient of variation
was noted in the current study for aluminium
(160.9%), iron (72.4%), zinc (69.6%), ash (19.5%),
and boron (15.9%). Similar findings were documented
on Momordica charantia genotypes from India,
where iron recorded a lower PCV at 25.3% (Dalamu,
2011). The highest value for broad sense heritability
estimate was noted for aluminium, boron, ADF, protein,
nitrogen, fat, NDF, calcium, phosphorus, potassium,
magnesium, zinc, sodium, copper, manganese and ash.
A comparable study yielded similar results and the
following highest heritability estimates were noted:
calcium (99.9%), iron (99.7%), sodium (99.2%),
potassium (97.5%), phosphorus (95.5%), zinc (93.3%)
and manganese (90.0%) (Dalamu 2011). The current
study recorded higher genetic advances for potassium
(1.8) and phosphorus (1.8) than recorded by Dalamu
(2011), for M. charantia.
Conclusion
The present study has reported that all 14
landraces are good means of supplementing diet—
particularly KSP, NRC and DSI—as they recorded
the highest ash, fat, ADF, NDF, protein content and
KSP outperformed all 14 landraces in containing
high amounts of mineral elements (Ca,mg, P, N,
Na, Cu and B).
13. Int. J. Agron. Agri. R.
Buthelezi et al. Page 38
Therefore, these three landraces are recommended
for their nutritional composition in future breeding
programmes. Furthermore, relatively high nutritional
composition is indicative of the great potential these
landraces have as an alternative food source and for
maintaining good health.
Nutritional traits correlated only positively with each
other, this is an ideal outcome for progressive studies,
particularly in plant breeding as this means that when
selecting for nutritional traits of interest, other
beneficial nutritional traits will also be selected.
Among genetic parameters, the phenotypic coefficient
of variation was higher than the genotypic coefficient
variation for most traits. These findings emphasize
the influence of the environment on the expression of
genotypes, hence the evident diversity among
landraces of different geographic origins.
The heritability and genetic advance were
significantly high for nutritional traits. Considering
all these results, the landraces studied here are strong
contenders for desirable, heritable and poorly
investigated parental material (germplasm) for future
plant breeding and food security programmes.
Acknowledgments
This work was financially supported by the
Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
and the University of Zululand, South Africa,
postgraduate bursary scheme.
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