Adaptation, biomass and ethanol yields of sweet sorghum (sorghum bicolor (l.) moench) varieties at dryland farming areas of jimbaran bali, indonesia (2)
This document summarizes a study that evaluated the adaptation and yields of four sweet sorghum varieties and four organic manure rates in dryland areas of Bali, Indonesia. The varieties included three from Japan (FS501, FS902, KCS105) and one local variety from Indonesia (Local Belu). The study found that all four varieties adapted well to the dryland conditions, but variety KCS105 produced significantly higher biomass, sugar, and ethanol yields than the other varieties. Specifically, KCS105 yielded 28.2 tons/ha of fresh biomass, 9.7 tons/ha of dry biomass, 2.6 tons/ha of stem sugar, and 2.4 tons/ha of ethanol
Effect of cattle manure and inorganic fertilizer on the growth and yield of h...Premier Publishers
The high cost of inorganic fertilizer and continuous decline in soil fertility results to low crop yield hence, the need to supplement mineral fertilizer with organic manure. Field experiments were conducted in 2013 and 2014 cropping seasons at the Teaching and Research Farm, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Gubi, Bauchi State, Nigeria, to investigate the effects of different levels of cattle manure, CM, (0, 5 and 10 t/ha) and NPK (0, 200 and 400kg/ha) on the growth, yield and yield components of hybrid maize (Zea mays L.). These treatment combinations were replicated three times in a randomized complete block design. CM levels had significant effect (P≤0.05) on number of leaves per plant and plant height. However, NPK levels also had significant effect on many characters in both 2013 and 2014 but lower mean values were recorded in 2013. In 2014, significant interactions were observed in mean number of leaves, plant height, husk weight and yield (t/ha). The highest seed yield (5.65t/ha) was obtained when 5t/ha CM was used, which was statistically similar (5.60t/ha) to 400kg/ha inorganic fertilizer used. The application of 5t/ha CM or 400kg/ha NPK is recommended for improved production of hybrid maize in the study area.
Effect of nitrogen fertilizer rates and intra-row spacing on yield and yield ...Premier Publishers
A field experiment was conducted at Gode Polytechnic College demonstration farm in 2013 under irrigation to observe the effect of six N rates (0, 46, 69, 92, 115 and 138 kg ha-1) and four intra-row spacing levels (7.5, 10 12.5 and 15 cm) on yield and yield components of onion (Allium cepa L.). The experiment was laid out according to randomized complete block design in factorial arrangement with three replications. Results of the analysis revealed that the interaction effects of N rates and intra-row spacing showed highly significant (P<0.01) effect on harvest index, fresh biomass yield, dry biomass yield, total bulb yield and marketable bulb yield. Thus, according to the result of partial Budget analysis application of 138kg N ha-1 planted at 7.5cm plant to plant distance was found the best treatment than others in relation to yield and yield components of onion under Gode condition.
Growth and yield of rice plant by the applications of river sand, coconut and...NurdinUng
The research aimed to study effect the application of river sand (RS), coconut coir (CC), and banana coir (BC) on growth and yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.) in Ustic Endoaquert. The research was carried out in a green house using 3 × 3 × 3 factorial design. The RS factor consists of three treatment levels which were 0% RS, 25% RS, and 50% RS. Meanwhile, the CC and BC consist of three treatment levels, where each level were 0 Mg ha-1, 10 Mg ha-1 and 20 Mg ha-1. The results showed that RS, CC and BC applications did not have significant effect on plant height. On the other hand, all ameliorant applications had significantly increase leaf length and the highest percentage increasing was in BC (13.49%). The leaf numbers and tiller numbers had relatively similar pattern, except BC that had significantly increased leaf numbers by 77.69% and amount of tiller numbers by 49.45%. Furthermore, for yield components, RS, CC and BC applications had significant increased panicle numbers by 37.76%. It was only RS and BC that increased panicle lenght and the best increasing of 26.82% on RS. Meanwhile, the BC application only increased the rice grain numbers.
Effect of cattle manure and inorganic fertilizer on the growth and yield of h...Premier Publishers
The high cost of inorganic fertilizer and continuous decline in soil fertility results to low crop yield hence, the need to supplement mineral fertilizer with organic manure. Field experiments were conducted in 2013 and 2014 cropping seasons at the Teaching and Research Farm, Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Gubi, Bauchi State, Nigeria, to investigate the effects of different levels of cattle manure, CM, (0, 5 and 10 t/ha) and NPK (0, 200 and 400kg/ha) on the growth, yield and yield components of hybrid maize (Zea mays L.). These treatment combinations were replicated three times in a randomized complete block design. CM levels had significant effect (P≤0.05) on number of leaves per plant and plant height. However, NPK levels also had significant effect on many characters in both 2013 and 2014 but lower mean values were recorded in 2013. In 2014, significant interactions were observed in mean number of leaves, plant height, husk weight and yield (t/ha). The highest seed yield (5.65t/ha) was obtained when 5t/ha CM was used, which was statistically similar (5.60t/ha) to 400kg/ha inorganic fertilizer used. The application of 5t/ha CM or 400kg/ha NPK is recommended for improved production of hybrid maize in the study area.
Effect of nitrogen fertilizer rates and intra-row spacing on yield and yield ...Premier Publishers
A field experiment was conducted at Gode Polytechnic College demonstration farm in 2013 under irrigation to observe the effect of six N rates (0, 46, 69, 92, 115 and 138 kg ha-1) and four intra-row spacing levels (7.5, 10 12.5 and 15 cm) on yield and yield components of onion (Allium cepa L.). The experiment was laid out according to randomized complete block design in factorial arrangement with three replications. Results of the analysis revealed that the interaction effects of N rates and intra-row spacing showed highly significant (P<0.01) effect on harvest index, fresh biomass yield, dry biomass yield, total bulb yield and marketable bulb yield. Thus, according to the result of partial Budget analysis application of 138kg N ha-1 planted at 7.5cm plant to plant distance was found the best treatment than others in relation to yield and yield components of onion under Gode condition.
Growth and yield of rice plant by the applications of river sand, coconut and...NurdinUng
The research aimed to study effect the application of river sand (RS), coconut coir (CC), and banana coir (BC) on growth and yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.) in Ustic Endoaquert. The research was carried out in a green house using 3 × 3 × 3 factorial design. The RS factor consists of three treatment levels which were 0% RS, 25% RS, and 50% RS. Meanwhile, the CC and BC consist of three treatment levels, where each level were 0 Mg ha-1, 10 Mg ha-1 and 20 Mg ha-1. The results showed that RS, CC and BC applications did not have significant effect on plant height. On the other hand, all ameliorant applications had significantly increase leaf length and the highest percentage increasing was in BC (13.49%). The leaf numbers and tiller numbers had relatively similar pattern, except BC that had significantly increased leaf numbers by 77.69% and amount of tiller numbers by 49.45%. Furthermore, for yield components, RS, CC and BC applications had significant increased panicle numbers by 37.76%. It was only RS and BC that increased panicle lenght and the best increasing of 26.82% on RS. Meanwhile, the BC application only increased the rice grain numbers.
Maize Phenology and Crop Stand in Response to Mulching and Furrow Irrigation ...Premier Publishers
The field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of mulching materials and furrow irrigation methods on phenology and crop stand of maize at Werer, Middle Awash Valley of Ethiopia during 2017/18 cool cropping season. Split plot design with three replications, in which the irrigation methods (Conventional, Fixed and Alternate Furrow) were assigned to main plot and the three mulching materials (plastic, straw and no mulch), were to the sub-plot. Result showed that maize phenology and crop stand was affected by different furrow irrigation methods and mulching materials. But interaction of irrigation methods and mulch had no significant effect on maize phenology and crop stand except days to phenological maturity. Conventional furrow irrigation took less days to emergence (8.4 days) and tasseling (66.67 days). Plastic mulch took less day to emergence (6.9 days), tasseling (62.67 days) and silking (69 days) respectively. Physiological maturity (114.3 days) arrived earlier in fixed furrow with plastic mulch. The conventional furrow irrigation (29600ha-1) and white plastic mulch (29956ha-1) resulted in the maximum maize stand. In conclusion, conventional furrow irrigation and plastic mulching had improved phenological stages and maize crop stand at Werer and other similar agro ecology.
Adaptation Trial of Improved Perennial Grass Varieties/Accessions at the High...Premier Publishers
This study was conducted with an objective of adapting, see the yield, quality and recommend improved perennial grass accessions to the highland of Guji Zone, Ethiopia in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three blocks. Accessions were (Phalaris aquatica Sirossa Phalaris aquatica Sirocco, ILCA 14983, ILCA 14984 and variety X (Holeta local). Broadcasting method for Phalaris and 0.5meter between plant and 1meter between row spacing for Napier grass was applied at planting time each plot measuring 4meter x 6meter. Yield parameters were analyzed using statistical analysis software (SAS) and the means of quality parameters were compared with standards. Accordingly, Napier variety X was significant in survival rate, number of shoot, date of first harvest and harvesting frequency at (P<0.05) and highest in crude protein (CP) content. ILCA 14983 were also significant in survival rate and number of shoot and has highest in vitro dry matter digestibility (DOMD). Phalaris aquatica Sirossa was significant in green forage yield and has highest in vitro dry matter digestibility (DOMD). Generally, considering most parameters, Variety X and ILCA 14983 from Napier grass, Phalaris aquatica Sirossa from Phalaris were selected and recommended to the area and has to be evaluated under farmers’ conditions.
Drought and nitrogen (N) tolerance quality protein maize (QPM) could serve as a succor for malnourishment in the Sub-Saharan Africa, and adoption should be intensified where resource poor farmers cannot afford N fertilizer and drought on maize at grain filling stage is frequent. This study compares the quality index, protein, tryptophan and lysine contents of normal extra-early drought-tolerant and their quality protein maize hybrids under sub-optimal and optimal soil N conditions. Four normal drought-tolerant and their respective QPM hybrids were planted under no (0 kg N ha-1), low (30 kg N ha-1) and optimal (90 kg N ha-1) fertilizations at Oke Oyi, Ilorin in the southern Guinea savanna of Nigeria in 2012 and 2013 cropping seasons. The trials were set up in a split plot arrangement with the N rates as main plot and the eight cultivars as sub-plots. Each plot within N levels was four-row, laid out in a randomized complete block design with four replications. The normal cultivars outyielded the QPM versions across N rates with no significance difference. There is a linear increase in all protein qualities with increase in N rates among QPM, while normal maize counterparts had a linear decline with increase in N fertilization. The QPM cultivars also maintained their endosperm protein qualities across N rates. Across N environments, the grain quality characters, such as crude protein, tryptophan, and lysine contents in grain, showed a significant negative relationship with grain yields, which were relatively much stronger under low-N stress. 99TY, TYEEC4, 99TYQ and 20SYNEEWQ have viable traits that could be explored for the development of maize varieties with good grain yield and better protein qualities to improve protein availability in maize based diets and feed for large population of man and livestock.
Effect of Transplanting date on the Growth and Yield of Aromatic Rice in Irri...iosrjce
A field experiment was conducted at the Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA) farm
Mymensingh, Bangladesh during the irrigated ecosystem in December, 2009 to May 2010, with a view to study
the performance of aromatic fine rice under different date of transplanting. The experiment was carried out with
four aromatic fine rice (V1= Chinisagar, V2= Chiniatab, V3= Basmati, V4=Awnless Minicat) and three different
date of transplanting (D1=20 January, D2=5 February, D3=20 February). The experiment was laid out in splitplot
design with three replications assigning four varieties in the main plot and the three different transplanting
dates in the sub plot. Aromatic fine rice and dates of transplanting individually showed significant effect on the
agronomic parameters. Among the aromatic fine rice Awnless Minicat gave the highest yield (3.10 t ha-1
) but
that was at per with those of Basmati (1.77 t ha-1
). Transplantation on 20 January gave the highest grain yield
(2.41 t ha-1 ) which was at per with the transplantation on 5 February (1.99 t ha-1 ).The result revealed that 20 January and 5 February produced highest grain yield by all the variety. In later date of transplanting 20 February produced lower grain yield.
Distribution of fluoride in beans and maize grown along the slope of Mount Me...Innspub Net
This study assessed the uptake and distribution of fluoride in maize and beans grown in fluoride contaminated soils, (Ngarenanyuki) around Mount Meru in Northern Tanzania during the rainy season. The study revealed that fluoride uptake increases with increasing fluoride concentration in soils except in a stem and root part of maize and beans respectively. It was observed that fluoride accumulation followed the order of soil >roots > leaves >stem >grain > cob for maize, while the order soil> root> grain> stem was observed for the beans. when the soil contained 116.93ppm of fluoride, the corresponding plants harvested had the mean fluoride accumulation (ppm dry weight) in root, leaves, stem, grain, and cob of maize of 38.560, 24.251, 10.629, 7.7756 and 2.100 respectively, while the soil with 129.2ppm mean fluoride concentration, the accumulation in root, grain, and stem of beans were 16.27, 11.328 and 8.459 respectively. It was reported that beans plant had a higher efficiency in fluoride uptake to bean grain than maize plant. Maize and bean grain collected from Ngarenanyuki contains higher fluoride levels than other fluoride endemic areas. It was also reported that fluoride in the soil samples has a strongly positive correlation with sodium (p-0.000). This suggests that there is a high possibility of fluoride to be present in the form of NaF. Significant accumulation of fluoride in both bean and maize were observed in this study at p≤ 0.05.
Results of comparative studies of tillage technologies when sowing repeated c...SubmissionResearchpa
The article presents the main results of comparative experimental studies of traditional (plowing, chisel-growing) and energy-saving (strip) tillage in Uzbekistan when sowing re-crops after harvesting winter cereals by Ergashev I. T, Islomov Yorqin (РhD), Pardaev Kh. K., Toshtemirov B.R, Ismatov A and Abdullaev B. 2020. Results of comparative studies of tillage technologies when sowing repeated crops. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 7 (Jul. 2020), 128-131. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i7.510. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/510/487 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/510
Yield potentials of recently released wheat varieties and advanced lines unde...Innspub Net
An experiment was conducted to study the varietals /genotypic potentiality in producing maximum yield under
different soil and environmental conditions and N-use efficiency of different genotypes and to support wheat
breeding program in selecting the genotype with relatively higher yield potential. The experiment was conducted
in split plot design with three replications to evaluate the two soil management practices: (i) Recommended
fertilizer (N100P30K50S20) with all the production package of Wheat Research Center (WRC) (timely sowing, one
weeding, 3 irrigations) (ii) Treatment (i) plus soil treatment (application of granular fungicide in moist soil before
seeding) with plant protection (foliar application of tilt at anthesis and grain filling). One additional irrigation
(schedules: 17-21, 35-40, 55-60, 75-80 DAS) in the main plot and eight varieties/lines, varities: i) Shatabdi ii)
Prodip iii) Bijoy iv) BARI Gom-25 v) BARI Gom-26, lines: vi) BAW 1051 vii) BAW 1135 and viii) BAW 1141 in subplot were adopted. The results conclude that best management practice with Prodip, Bijoy and BAW 1141 are best performance among the genotypes/varieties and will give a new concept on identification of the strategy for the improvement of wheat cultivation and yield.
Annual Biomass Production, Chemical Composition and In- sacco Degradability o...IJEAB
Types of plant cultivars and seasons often affect production and productivity of fodder biomass and nutritional quality to animals. Selection of suitable cultivars and better understanding of year round biomass production are indispensable for improving quality feed supply to animals. Black Seed Moringa (BSM-L) and White Seed Moringa (WSM), the two local cultivars and Black Seed Moringa (BSM-T) cultivar of Thailand origin of Moringa oleifera were cultivated in the fodder research field of the Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (BLRI) during the period of 19 August 2014 to 23 December 2015. An agronomical trial was conducted to determine the biomass yield of the three cultivars in different seasons of a year under common agronomical practices. The effect of the cultivars on the daily relative growth rate (RGR), chemical composition and in-sacco dry matter (DM) degradability were also evaluated. The cultivar response to biomass production performances, chemical composition and nutritional values were analyzed in an ANOVA of a Randomized Block Design (RBD), while the differences in the rate and extent of the DM degradability in-sacco determined using three rumen cannulated bulls were analyzed in an ANOVA of 3x3 Latin Square Design. The annual biomass yield of BSM-L tops (114.5 t/ha fresh; 22.7 t/ha DM) was significantly higher than that of WSM (29.0 t/ha fresh; 5.80 t/ha DM) or BSM-T (83.5 t/ha fresh; 16.0 t/ha DM). No significant difference in chemical composition (224.9, 222.4 & 223.8 g.kg-1 DM of crude protein (CP), respectively, and 450.9, 455.3 & 435.4 g.kg-1 DM of neutral detergent fiber, respectively) or nutritional value (47.4, 46.7 & 45.3% of potential, and 62.8, 64.2 and 63.6% of effective degradability of dry matter) was found for the cultivars. BSM-L had a significantly higher survivability (97.2%), prune number per plant (3.50) and RGR (15.6 mg DM/day) than WSM (25.0%, 2.30 & 4.20 mg DM/day) or BSM-T (55.6%, 3.10 & 10.8 mg DM/day) respectively. The hot and dry, and hot and humid climate having a Heat Index (HI) range of 25o to 35o F and monthly total rainfall of 130 mm to 332 mm were suitable for cultivation of all the Moringa cultivars. It was concluded that considering biomass production and its quality in terms of chemical composition and nutritional values, Black Seed Moringa (Moringa oleifera) may be cultivated as a plant fodder crop for the production of feed for ruminant animals.
Development of drought-tolerant maize varieties with high and stable yields is very imperative as being affordable alternative to
many smallholder farmers. Drought-tolerant maize varieties belonging to two maturity groups (10 early and 10 late/intermediate) were evaluated
for yield and other related characters in the southern guinea savannah (SGS) of Nigeria for two years. Days to flowering were higher in
the second year than the first year. Consistent number of days (3 days) was recorded for anthesis-silking interval in both years. Plant and
ear heights are greater in 2008 than 2007. However, plant and ear aspects were fair in overall phenotypic appeal and grain yield was not
significantly difference in both years. Maize grain yield in late/intermediate varieties is significantly higher than the early with a difference of
one tonne. High grain yield recorded in two varieties each among the early (AC 90 POOL 16 DT STR and TZE-Y DT STR C4) and late/
intermediate (DT-SR-WC0 F2, SUWAN-1-SR-SYN) varieties was approximately 4.6 t/ha. These genotypes could be used either as cultivar
per se to escape the prolonged moisture stress during the later part of the cropping season or introgressed with favourable cultivars for high
yield adaptable to drought-prone areas in SGS ecologies.
Maize Phenology and Crop Stand in Response to Mulching and Furrow Irrigation ...Premier Publishers
The field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of mulching materials and furrow irrigation methods on phenology and crop stand of maize at Werer, Middle Awash Valley of Ethiopia during 2017/18 cool cropping season. Split plot design with three replications, in which the irrigation methods (Conventional, Fixed and Alternate Furrow) were assigned to main plot and the three mulching materials (plastic, straw and no mulch), were to the sub-plot. Result showed that maize phenology and crop stand was affected by different furrow irrigation methods and mulching materials. But interaction of irrigation methods and mulch had no significant effect on maize phenology and crop stand except days to phenological maturity. Conventional furrow irrigation took less days to emergence (8.4 days) and tasseling (66.67 days). Plastic mulch took less day to emergence (6.9 days), tasseling (62.67 days) and silking (69 days) respectively. Physiological maturity (114.3 days) arrived earlier in fixed furrow with plastic mulch. The conventional furrow irrigation (29600ha-1) and white plastic mulch (29956ha-1) resulted in the maximum maize stand. In conclusion, conventional furrow irrigation and plastic mulching had improved phenological stages and maize crop stand at Werer and other similar agro ecology.
Adaptation Trial of Improved Perennial Grass Varieties/Accessions at the High...Premier Publishers
This study was conducted with an objective of adapting, see the yield, quality and recommend improved perennial grass accessions to the highland of Guji Zone, Ethiopia in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three blocks. Accessions were (Phalaris aquatica Sirossa Phalaris aquatica Sirocco, ILCA 14983, ILCA 14984 and variety X (Holeta local). Broadcasting method for Phalaris and 0.5meter between plant and 1meter between row spacing for Napier grass was applied at planting time each plot measuring 4meter x 6meter. Yield parameters were analyzed using statistical analysis software (SAS) and the means of quality parameters were compared with standards. Accordingly, Napier variety X was significant in survival rate, number of shoot, date of first harvest and harvesting frequency at (P<0.05) and highest in crude protein (CP) content. ILCA 14983 were also significant in survival rate and number of shoot and has highest in vitro dry matter digestibility (DOMD). Phalaris aquatica Sirossa was significant in green forage yield and has highest in vitro dry matter digestibility (DOMD). Generally, considering most parameters, Variety X and ILCA 14983 from Napier grass, Phalaris aquatica Sirossa from Phalaris were selected and recommended to the area and has to be evaluated under farmers’ conditions.
Drought and nitrogen (N) tolerance quality protein maize (QPM) could serve as a succor for malnourishment in the Sub-Saharan Africa, and adoption should be intensified where resource poor farmers cannot afford N fertilizer and drought on maize at grain filling stage is frequent. This study compares the quality index, protein, tryptophan and lysine contents of normal extra-early drought-tolerant and their quality protein maize hybrids under sub-optimal and optimal soil N conditions. Four normal drought-tolerant and their respective QPM hybrids were planted under no (0 kg N ha-1), low (30 kg N ha-1) and optimal (90 kg N ha-1) fertilizations at Oke Oyi, Ilorin in the southern Guinea savanna of Nigeria in 2012 and 2013 cropping seasons. The trials were set up in a split plot arrangement with the N rates as main plot and the eight cultivars as sub-plots. Each plot within N levels was four-row, laid out in a randomized complete block design with four replications. The normal cultivars outyielded the QPM versions across N rates with no significance difference. There is a linear increase in all protein qualities with increase in N rates among QPM, while normal maize counterparts had a linear decline with increase in N fertilization. The QPM cultivars also maintained their endosperm protein qualities across N rates. Across N environments, the grain quality characters, such as crude protein, tryptophan, and lysine contents in grain, showed a significant negative relationship with grain yields, which were relatively much stronger under low-N stress. 99TY, TYEEC4, 99TYQ and 20SYNEEWQ have viable traits that could be explored for the development of maize varieties with good grain yield and better protein qualities to improve protein availability in maize based diets and feed for large population of man and livestock.
Effect of Transplanting date on the Growth and Yield of Aromatic Rice in Irri...iosrjce
A field experiment was conducted at the Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA) farm
Mymensingh, Bangladesh during the irrigated ecosystem in December, 2009 to May 2010, with a view to study
the performance of aromatic fine rice under different date of transplanting. The experiment was carried out with
four aromatic fine rice (V1= Chinisagar, V2= Chiniatab, V3= Basmati, V4=Awnless Minicat) and three different
date of transplanting (D1=20 January, D2=5 February, D3=20 February). The experiment was laid out in splitplot
design with three replications assigning four varieties in the main plot and the three different transplanting
dates in the sub plot. Aromatic fine rice and dates of transplanting individually showed significant effect on the
agronomic parameters. Among the aromatic fine rice Awnless Minicat gave the highest yield (3.10 t ha-1
) but
that was at per with those of Basmati (1.77 t ha-1
). Transplantation on 20 January gave the highest grain yield
(2.41 t ha-1 ) which was at per with the transplantation on 5 February (1.99 t ha-1 ).The result revealed that 20 January and 5 February produced highest grain yield by all the variety. In later date of transplanting 20 February produced lower grain yield.
Distribution of fluoride in beans and maize grown along the slope of Mount Me...Innspub Net
This study assessed the uptake and distribution of fluoride in maize and beans grown in fluoride contaminated soils, (Ngarenanyuki) around Mount Meru in Northern Tanzania during the rainy season. The study revealed that fluoride uptake increases with increasing fluoride concentration in soils except in a stem and root part of maize and beans respectively. It was observed that fluoride accumulation followed the order of soil >roots > leaves >stem >grain > cob for maize, while the order soil> root> grain> stem was observed for the beans. when the soil contained 116.93ppm of fluoride, the corresponding plants harvested had the mean fluoride accumulation (ppm dry weight) in root, leaves, stem, grain, and cob of maize of 38.560, 24.251, 10.629, 7.7756 and 2.100 respectively, while the soil with 129.2ppm mean fluoride concentration, the accumulation in root, grain, and stem of beans were 16.27, 11.328 and 8.459 respectively. It was reported that beans plant had a higher efficiency in fluoride uptake to bean grain than maize plant. Maize and bean grain collected from Ngarenanyuki contains higher fluoride levels than other fluoride endemic areas. It was also reported that fluoride in the soil samples has a strongly positive correlation with sodium (p-0.000). This suggests that there is a high possibility of fluoride to be present in the form of NaF. Significant accumulation of fluoride in both bean and maize were observed in this study at p≤ 0.05.
Results of comparative studies of tillage technologies when sowing repeated c...SubmissionResearchpa
The article presents the main results of comparative experimental studies of traditional (plowing, chisel-growing) and energy-saving (strip) tillage in Uzbekistan when sowing re-crops after harvesting winter cereals by Ergashev I. T, Islomov Yorqin (РhD), Pardaev Kh. K., Toshtemirov B.R, Ismatov A and Abdullaev B. 2020. Results of comparative studies of tillage technologies when sowing repeated crops. International Journal on Integrated Education. 3, 7 (Jul. 2020), 128-131. DOI:https://doi.org/10.31149/ijie.v3i7.510. https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/510/487 https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE/article/view/510
Yield potentials of recently released wheat varieties and advanced lines unde...Innspub Net
An experiment was conducted to study the varietals /genotypic potentiality in producing maximum yield under
different soil and environmental conditions and N-use efficiency of different genotypes and to support wheat
breeding program in selecting the genotype with relatively higher yield potential. The experiment was conducted
in split plot design with three replications to evaluate the two soil management practices: (i) Recommended
fertilizer (N100P30K50S20) with all the production package of Wheat Research Center (WRC) (timely sowing, one
weeding, 3 irrigations) (ii) Treatment (i) plus soil treatment (application of granular fungicide in moist soil before
seeding) with plant protection (foliar application of tilt at anthesis and grain filling). One additional irrigation
(schedules: 17-21, 35-40, 55-60, 75-80 DAS) in the main plot and eight varieties/lines, varities: i) Shatabdi ii)
Prodip iii) Bijoy iv) BARI Gom-25 v) BARI Gom-26, lines: vi) BAW 1051 vii) BAW 1135 and viii) BAW 1141 in subplot were adopted. The results conclude that best management practice with Prodip, Bijoy and BAW 1141 are best performance among the genotypes/varieties and will give a new concept on identification of the strategy for the improvement of wheat cultivation and yield.
Annual Biomass Production, Chemical Composition and In- sacco Degradability o...IJEAB
Types of plant cultivars and seasons often affect production and productivity of fodder biomass and nutritional quality to animals. Selection of suitable cultivars and better understanding of year round biomass production are indispensable for improving quality feed supply to animals. Black Seed Moringa (BSM-L) and White Seed Moringa (WSM), the two local cultivars and Black Seed Moringa (BSM-T) cultivar of Thailand origin of Moringa oleifera were cultivated in the fodder research field of the Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute (BLRI) during the period of 19 August 2014 to 23 December 2015. An agronomical trial was conducted to determine the biomass yield of the three cultivars in different seasons of a year under common agronomical practices. The effect of the cultivars on the daily relative growth rate (RGR), chemical composition and in-sacco dry matter (DM) degradability were also evaluated. The cultivar response to biomass production performances, chemical composition and nutritional values were analyzed in an ANOVA of a Randomized Block Design (RBD), while the differences in the rate and extent of the DM degradability in-sacco determined using three rumen cannulated bulls were analyzed in an ANOVA of 3x3 Latin Square Design. The annual biomass yield of BSM-L tops (114.5 t/ha fresh; 22.7 t/ha DM) was significantly higher than that of WSM (29.0 t/ha fresh; 5.80 t/ha DM) or BSM-T (83.5 t/ha fresh; 16.0 t/ha DM). No significant difference in chemical composition (224.9, 222.4 & 223.8 g.kg-1 DM of crude protein (CP), respectively, and 450.9, 455.3 & 435.4 g.kg-1 DM of neutral detergent fiber, respectively) or nutritional value (47.4, 46.7 & 45.3% of potential, and 62.8, 64.2 and 63.6% of effective degradability of dry matter) was found for the cultivars. BSM-L had a significantly higher survivability (97.2%), prune number per plant (3.50) and RGR (15.6 mg DM/day) than WSM (25.0%, 2.30 & 4.20 mg DM/day) or BSM-T (55.6%, 3.10 & 10.8 mg DM/day) respectively. The hot and dry, and hot and humid climate having a Heat Index (HI) range of 25o to 35o F and monthly total rainfall of 130 mm to 332 mm were suitable for cultivation of all the Moringa cultivars. It was concluded that considering biomass production and its quality in terms of chemical composition and nutritional values, Black Seed Moringa (Moringa oleifera) may be cultivated as a plant fodder crop for the production of feed for ruminant animals.
Development of drought-tolerant maize varieties with high and stable yields is very imperative as being affordable alternative to
many smallholder farmers. Drought-tolerant maize varieties belonging to two maturity groups (10 early and 10 late/intermediate) were evaluated
for yield and other related characters in the southern guinea savannah (SGS) of Nigeria for two years. Days to flowering were higher in
the second year than the first year. Consistent number of days (3 days) was recorded for anthesis-silking interval in both years. Plant and
ear heights are greater in 2008 than 2007. However, plant and ear aspects were fair in overall phenotypic appeal and grain yield was not
significantly difference in both years. Maize grain yield in late/intermediate varieties is significantly higher than the early with a difference of
one tonne. High grain yield recorded in two varieties each among the early (AC 90 POOL 16 DT STR and TZE-Y DT STR C4) and late/
intermediate (DT-SR-WC0 F2, SUWAN-1-SR-SYN) varieties was approximately 4.6 t/ha. These genotypes could be used either as cultivar
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Adaptation, biomass and ethanol yields of sweet sorghum (sorghum bicolor (l.) moench) varieties at dryland farming areas of jimbaran bali, indonesia (2)
1. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.3, No.17, 2013
www.iiste.org
Adaptation, Biomass and Ethanol Yields of Sweet Sorghum
(Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) Varieties at Dryland Farming
Areas of Jimbaran Bali, Indonesia
I Gusti Ayu Mas Sri Agung1, I Ketut Sardiana1 , I Wayan Diara1, and I Gusti Made Oka Nurjaya2*
1. Faculty of Agriculture, Udayana University, Bali, Indonesia
2. Faculty of Mathematic and Natural Sciences, Udayana University, Bali, Indonesia
* E-mail of the corresponding author: nurjayaoka@gmail.com
The research was funded by the Directorate General for Higher Education of Republic of Indonesia and the
Udayana University through its research and service institution (LPPM)
Abstract
Decreasing the availability of fossil energy sources in Indonesia, demand that an alternative and renewable
source of energy is to be found. Sweet sorghum is a possible candidate for a cheap and renewable source of
energy. An experiment was conducted to study the adaptation of sweet sorghum varieties and to find out
the optimum rate of organic manure for high biomass and ethanol yields in dryland areas at Jimbaran, Badung,
Bali. The experiment was a two factor experiment in a randomized complete block design with three
replications. The first factor was four sorghum varieties, three varieties originated from Japan viz. Kotobun
sorgo (FS501), Big sugar sorgo (FS902), Super sugar (KCS105) and Local Belu originated from East Lesser
Sunda islands, Indonesia, and the second factor was four rates of organic manure of 0, 10, 20, 30 t ha-1. The four
varieties adapted well on dryland areas at Jimbaran, Badung, Bali, butFS902, KCS105 and Lokal Belu had
better growth compared to FS501. The variety of KCS105 resulted in significantly (P<0.05) highest total
biomass fresh and dry weight of 28.2 and 9.7 t ha-1 , respectively, stem sugar yield of 2.6 t ha-1and stem ethanol
yield of 6493.3 l ha-1, which was 63.3% higher than that of Local Belu eventhough their ethanol content were
similar. No significant effect was found in the rates of organic manures and the interaction between the two
factors on biomass, sugar and ethanol yields. The optimum rate of manure for highest biomass, sugar and ethanol
yields was not found in this experiment. It was concluded that the four sorghum varieties were well adapted and
KC105 produced highest biomass and ethanol in dryland areas at Jimbaran, Badung, Bali.
Keywords: Adaptation, Biomass, Ethanol, Sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench).
1. Introduction
A number of crops, such as sweet soghum, corn, wheat, sugarcane, sugar beet, sweet potatoes (Reddy et al.,
2005; Drapcho et al., 2008) not only provide foods (Almodares et al., 2008c), feeds (Fazaeli et al., 2006), fibers
(Murray et al., 2008) but also produce sugars which can be converted to alcohol that can be used as energy
sources. Sorghum is classified as sweet grain cereals and forages (Almodares et al., 2008a). Sweet sorghum as
well as grain sorghum produces grains 3-7 t ha-1 (Almodares et al., 2006), however the sweetness of sorghum is
not from its grains but from its stem which has a high sugar content (Almodares et al, 2008b). The sugar content
in its stem is approximatly 54 - 69 t ha-1 (Almodares et al., 2008b), which vary with variety (Almodares et al.,
1994). Depending on varieties, Brix value of sweet sorghum is in the range of 14,32 – 22,35% (Almodares et
al., 1997).
The planting of sweet sorghum for bioethanol industries is encouraged by the government of Indonesia which
requires large areas of land. Since sorghum can be grown in marginal land, there is no need to use arable land
which is usually devoted for economic food crops (Hoeman, 2009). In Indonesia, there are around 143.9 millon
hectares of land which are regarded as dryland. Of that amount, 31.5 million hectares are dryland which are
slightly undulating (slope of < 8 %) and are suitable for sorghum planting (Trikoesoemaningtyas and Suwarto,
2006 unpublished results). These land is usually left fallow in the dry season, and putting these land for sweet
sorgum growing will be of a great contribution to the sustainable bioethanol industries.
Southern areas of Badung regency in Bali Province of Indonesia are a dry, marginal land which is not suitable
for arable food crops, especially in the dry season. Soil pH is high and the soil has a high rock content which is
difficult to cultivate. Hence, the land is usually left fallow during the dry season. The soils in the areas are clay
soils with a low content of organic matter and other nutrients (Mediastari, 2006). Mediastari (2006) and
Eduardus (2007) reported 5 ton ha-1 corn yields in rainy season in the areas, which are much less than the
potential yields of corn.
Despite its tolerant to drought and saline-alkaline soils (Vasilakoglu et al., 2011), sweet sorghum has never been
planted in the Southern areas of Badung, Bali. Having a C4-pathway of CO2 fixation sweet sorghum has a high
110
2. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.3, No.17, 2013
www.iiste.org
water use efficiency, it is a robust plant and may be a better crop than corn for the areas in the dry season.
However, no studies has ever been conducted to explore the possibility.
A field experiment was conducted to study the adaptation of sweet sorghum varieties and the effect of manure
rates on the production of biomass and ethanol yields. It was expected that the experiment will contribute in
providing the bioenergy resources and at the same time making use the unproductive dryland areas. The
optimum rates of manures for biomass and ethanol production of those varieties were also studied.
2. Materials and Method
A field experiment was conducted from June until November 2012 at the dryland farming areas of Jimbaran,
Bali (008° 44' 45"S-115°10' 09"E, 3 m above sea level). The soil has a very low soil organic carbon (0.84%)
and N, P, K (Lab. Analysis, 2012), a high pH of 8, and with a high rock content. Means monthtly minimummaximum temperatures and means temperatures for 2012 were 23.3-28.5 oC and 1.0-94.9 mm, respectively. The
low fertility and unproductive land was left fallow since a few years ago.
A factorial experiment in a randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted with two
treatment factors. The first factor was sweet sorghum varieties viz. (V): Kotobun Sorgo (FS 501), Big Sugar
Sorgo (FS 902), super sugar (KCS105) (Homma et al., 2010) and local Belu NTT., while the second factor was
manure rates (O) of : 0, 10, 20 and 30 t ha-1. The soil was hand cultivated with spade during which the soil clods
were broken. Plot size was (3.50 m x 1.00 m) with plant spacing of 70 cm x 20 cm. Manures used were
Compost made from animal waste and crop residues. Minimal amount of water was applied when required to
prevent water stress.
Harvests were carried out 45 days after heading in harvest areas of 1.26 m2. The stem sugar content (Brix) was
measured using a refractometer and averaged over nine plants. The ethanol content was determined in the
laboratory by fermentation and distillation analysis and measured using gas chromatography (Analytical Lab.,
2012). Soil organic carbon at the end of experiment was analyzed in the laboratory using Walkey and Black
method (Soil Chem. Lab., 2012). Statistical analysis was conducted with CoHort Software computer program
(1995), and separations of means were conducted with Least Significant Different analysis (Steel and Torrie,
1960 ) after data transformation where necessary.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1 Plant growth
The effects of variety were highly significant (P<.001) on all variable measured, while the effect of manure rates
and interaction between the two factors were not significant (P=.05). All four varieties were adapted well at the
dryland in Jimbaran, Badung as indicated by the growth variables (i.e. number of seedlings emerged at 6 days
after planting (DAP), plant height at 90 dap, number of internodes at 90 DAP and stem diameter at 90 (DAP)
(Table 1). These data indicated that sorghum is indeed adapted well in dry condition, tolerant to high
temperature stress and wide range of soils. The varieties of FS902, KCS105 and Local Belu grew earlier and
homogenously at 6 dap. The variety of Local Belu reached heading 4.3 days earlier resulted in earlier harvest
compared to Japan originated varieties (FS501, FS902 dan KCS105) (Table 1). In the present experiment, all
varieties reached heading around 62.2-64.3 DAP while harvest at 107.2 -109.2 DAP (45 days after heading).
Almodares et al. (2008c) reported that sweet sorghum for etahanol production should be harvested at the highest
stalk sugar content that is close to post-anthesis which is ca. three months DAP. Non-structural carbohydrate
contents in the stem increases after preboot and reach maximum close to post-anthesis (Almodares et al., 2008b).
It is also indicated that the highest sugar content in the stem is affected by variety, soil fertility and other
environmental conditions.
Better adaptation of those sorghum varieties resulted in better growth of stems, leaves and panicles, and finally
in high total biomass production in spite of the dry condition and limited addition of water. Among those four
varieties, KCS105 produced the highest stem and leaf fresh weight and in turn the highest total biomass fresh
weight of 28.2 t ha-1(Table 2), although the panicle fresh weight was less than that of FS902. In Ibaraki Japan,
variety FS902 produced the highest shoot biomass fresh and dry weights (6 t ha-1) (Homma et al., 2010).
High number of KCS105 seeds eaten by birds (possibly due to the sweeter seeds) resulted in its lowest panicle
weight. Sweet sorghum, similar to grain sorghum, may produce grain of 3-7 ton ha-1 (Almodares and Mostafafi,
2006), however in the present experiment grain harvesting was not done due to grains of several varieties were
unavoidably eaten by birds.
3.2 Biomass and ethanol production
The highest stem and leaf FW of variety KCS105 resulted in the highest DW of stem and leaf and finally in the
highest total biomass DW (Table 3). The highest total biomass FW and DW indicated highest photosynthetic
activity which in turn resulted in the highest accumulation of sugar in the stem of variety KCS105. The highest
accumulation of sugar was indicated by the highest sugar content and juice volume, that finally made the highest
111
3. Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare
ISSN 2224-3208 (Paper) ISSN 2225-093X (Online)
Vol.3, No.17, 2013
www.iiste.org
sugar production of 2.6 t ha-1 of this variety (Table 4). This result was slightly lower than the production of the
same variety grown in Ibaraki, Japan (3.06 t ha-1) reported by Homma et al. (2010). The lower sugar production
reported in this present experiment might be due to lower plant population, which was 71.429 plants ha-1.
According to (Layaoen and Rosario, 2009) in dry conditions the population used should be 130.000 plants ha-1
resulted from the spacing of 75 cm x 10 cm. Hence to obtain higher sugar production, an experiment using
higher population is recommended. Planting in the rainy season with population of 143000-150000 plants ha-1
will possibly be able to increase sugar production and ethanol as the relationship between stem FW and juice
production was found to be linear (Y= -299.78+396.98 X; r=0.977**; R2=0.955**) (Fig. 1).
Sugar content in stem juice of sweet sorghum varies with variety (Almodares et al., 1994). Almodares et al.
(1997) also indicated that duration of sucrose accumulation in the stem varies with cultivar. Brix among sweet
sorghum varieties were in the range of 14.32 – 22.35%. Stem of KCS105 variety showed the highest brix of
18.9% while that of FS 902 had the lowest of 14.8%. Interestingly, variety of local Belu showed brix of 17.4%
and ethanol content of 93.7%, which was not significantly different from that of Japan originated varieties
(Table 4). The highest values of sugar in the stem resulted in the highest ethanol production (2.4 ton ha-1), since
the ethanol content was also the highest (94.1%) in KCS105 (Table 4).
Generally, the juice of sweet sorghum can be converted to 85% ethanol or 54.4 l ethanol per 100 kg fresh stem
(Rains et al., 1993). In the present experiment, the ethanol content produced was not much different from that
reported by (Reddy et al., 2005), however, the production of stem ethanol was still considered low due to low
the stem sugar production (Table 4). Lower plant population resulted in lower total biomass produced.
McBee and Miller (1990) reported that closer plant spacing significantly increased total carbohydrates at
anthesis. Total drymatter and water soluble carbohydrates (WSC) also increased with increased population from
8 to 16 plants m-2 (Martin and Kelleher, 1984). The benefit of the closer row spacings was associated with
higher interception of sunlight for photosyntheis prior to anthesis, that resulted in higher WSC at anthesis,
thicker stem and higher stem production, which was closely correlated with post-anthesis WSC.
In the present experiment, wider plant spacing of 70 cm x 20 cm was used, therefore higher content of
carbohydrates, sucrose and finally ethanol can be expected should the closer spacings was used. In addition,
ethanol production varies with time at different locations, soil fertility (Almodares and Mostafafi, 2006;
Almodares et al., 2008c), humidity at planting and harvesting (Almodares and Sepahi, 1997; Almodares and
Mostafafi, 2006), therefore the experiment at different location, soil fertility levels, planting and harvesting time
and closer plant spacings could result in appropriate conditions for maximum sugar and ethanol production.
Manure rates did not yet significantly affected all variables measured (Table 4). Organic matter required period
of decomposition and mineralization of nutrients to become available for plants. Possibly due to that reason the
effects of manures even at the rates of 30 t ha-1 did not affect the growth and sugar yields of the four sweet
sorghum varieties. Therefore the optimum rates of manures to produce the highest sugar and ethanol production
was not found in the present experiment. A follow up research of residual effects of the manures on sugar and
ethanol production of sweet sorghum was urgently needed.
4. Conclusion
Variety had significant effects on all variables measured, however no significant effects of both rates of manures
and interaction between the two factors were found. Varieties FS501. FS902. KCS105 and Local Belu adapted
well at dryland farming area of Jimbaran, Badung although planted in a dry season. Varieties FS902. KCS105
and Local Belu grew better than FS501. Variety KCS105 gave the highest production of fresh biomass (28.2 t
ha-1) dry biomass (9.7 t ha-1), stem sugar (2.6 t ha-1) and ethanol (2.4 t ha-1). Variety Local Belu produced similar
ethanol content from the three Japan originated varieties. The effects of manures rates on production of
biomass, stem sugar and ethanol content of the four sweet sorghum varieties, were not significant. The optimum
rate of the manures was not found.
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Juice content (l ha-1)
14000.0
12000.0
10000.0
8000.0
6000.0
4000.0
2000.0
0.0
0.0
2.0
4.0
Stem FW (t ha-1)
6.0
8.0
Figure 1. The relationship between stem FW and juice production. Y= -299.78+396.98 x; r=0.977**;
R2=0.955**
Table 1. The single effect of variety and rates of manures on the number of seedling emergence at 6 DAP, plant
heights, number of internodes, at 90 DAP, heading and harvest
Treatments Number of seedlings Plant heights
Number of
Stem
Heading
Harvest
emergence at
at 90 DAP
internodes at
diameter at
6 DAP
90 DAP
90 DAP
(seedlings)
(cm)
(internodes)
(mm)
(DAP)**
(DAP)
Variety
FS501
18.3 b*
143.3 c
9.1 b
11.1 b
63,2 a
108.2 a
FS902
20.2 ab
188.1 ab
9.9 ab
12.3 ab
64.3 a
109.3 a
KCS105
21.5 a
179. 2 b
10.1 a
13.4 a
62.2 a
107.2 a
Local Belu 22.1 a
207. 5 a
10.0 a
9.1 c
57.9 b
102.9 b
5% LSD
2.405
24.283
0.738
1.89
3.26
3.26
Rates of manures (t ha-1)
0 (Po)
20.3 a
182.1 a
9.6 a
12.1 a
63.2 a
108.2 a
10 (P1)
19.6 a
166.7 a
9.8 a
11.3 a
61.6 a
106.6 a
20 (P2)
20.6 a
184.5 a
9.8 a
11.9 a
62.1 a
107.1 a
30 (P3)
21.6 a
180.0 a
9.9 a
10.6 a
60.9 a
105.9 a
5% LSD
*Means followed by the same letter in the same column are not significantly different at 5% LSD. **DAP =
days after planting
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Table 2. The single effect of variety and rates of manures on stem, leaf, panicles and total biomass fresh weight
(FW)
Treatments
Stem FW
Leaf FW
Panicle FW
Total Biomass FW
(t ha-1)
(t ha-1)
(t ha-1)
(t ha-1)
Variety
FS501
10.9 b*
6.5 b
0.81 c
18.1 b
FS902
13.0 b
5.9 b
3.67 a
22.0 b
KCS105
18.2 a
8.9 a
1.32 bc
28.2 a
Lokal Belu
6.3 c
3.2 c
1.98 b
11.5 c
5% LSD
4.34
1.72
0.69
6.05
Rates of manures (t ha-1)
0
10.4 a
5.4 a
1.20 b
16.9 a
10
11.4 a
6.4 a
2.00 a
19.6 a
20
15.1 a
6.7 a
2.27 a
23.8 a
30
11.6 a
6.1 a
2.32 a
19.6 a
5% LSD
*Means followed by the same letter in the same column are not significantly different at 5% LSD.
Table 3. The single effects of variety and rates of manures on baggase, leaf, panicles and total biomass dry
weight and juice production
Treatments Baggase DW Leaf DW Panicle DW Total biomass DW Juice production
(t ha-1)
(t ha-1)
(t ha-1)
(t ha-1)
(l ha-1)
Variety
FS501
2.6 bc
2.7 b
0.64 c
6.0 b
4622.4 b
FS902
3.3 b
2.9 b
3.07 a
9.3 a
4628.3 b
KCS105
4.4 a
4.3 a
1.07 c
9.7 a
7832.7 a
Local Belu 2.3 c
2.0 c
2.08 b
6.0 b
934.5 c
5% LSD
0.918
0.59
0.87
1.98
1772.04
Rates of manures (t ha-1)
0
2.8 a
2.7 a
1.13 a
6.7 a
4122.4 a
10
2.8 a
2.9 a
1.79 a
7.6 a
4345.3 a
20
3.9 a
3.1 a
2.08 a
9.0 a
4561.5 a
30
3.1 a
3.2 a
1.87 a
8.1 a
4988.8 a
5% LSD
Notes: Means followed by the same letter in the same column are not significantly different at 5% LSD.
*DW=oven dry weight
Table 4. The single effect of variety and rates of manures on sugar and ethanol content, sugar and ethanol yields
and soil organic carbon before and after the experiment
Treatments Sugar content
Sugar
Ethanol
Ethanol
Soil organic carbon
(brix)
production
content
production
Before
After
experiment
experiment
(%)
(t ha-1)
(%)
(l ha-1)
(%)
Variety
FS501
17.9 b*
1.5 b
92.6 b
4381.9 a
0.840 a
0.802 a
FS902
14.8 c
1.4 b
92.9 b
4741.8 a
0.840 a
0.694 a
KCS105
18.9 a
2.6 a
94.1 a
6493.3 a
0.840 a
0.805 a
Local Belu 17.4 b
0.7 c
93.7 ab
1060.1 b
0.840 a
0.732 a
5% LSD
1.06
0.67
1.02
229.70
Rates of manures (t ha-1)
0
17.6 a
1.4 a
93.3 a
4382.2 a
0.840 a
0.755 a
10
17.8 a
1.5 a
93.7 a
4581.9 a
0.840 a
0.811 a
20
16.7 a
1.9 a
92.9 a
3079.5 a
0.840 a
0.804 a
30
16.9 a
1.5 a
93.2 a
4633.5 a
0.840 a
0.664 a
5% LSD
*Means followed by the same letter in the same column are not significantly different at 5% LSD.
115