This document summarizes research on banana biodiversity and biosecurity in West Timor, Indonesia. It finds that while banana shows high biodiversity in the region, with many varieties and cultivars, it remains prone to biosecurity incursions from pests and diseases. A survey identified several key banana pests and pathogens present. While diversity can help provide resilience, large-scale monocropping and lack of strong biosecurity policies have allowed highly virulent diseases to spread. Protecting banana biodiversity and biosecurity is important for food security and livelihoods in the dry regions where banana is a staple crop. Lessons highlight the need for coordinated biosecurity action to prevent devastating impacts seen elsewhere.