Vardenafil is a PDE5 inhibitor used to treat erectile dysfunction. This document discusses several studies that developed and validated analytical methods for quantifying vardenafil concentration. One study used thin layer chromatography with densitometric detection to simultaneously estimate vardenafil and dapoxetine in pharmaceutical formulations. Another used HPLC with amperometric detection employing a boron-doped diamond electrode to determine vardenafil and related metabolites in plasma. A third developed a HPLC-chemiluminescence method to quantify trace levels of vardenafil in dietary supplements.
Diazo coupling for the determination of selexipag by visible spectrophotometryRatnakaram Venkata Nadh
Aim and Objective: The aim and objective of this study were to develop a spectrophotometric method for the assay of selexipag (selective IP prostacyclin receptor agonist indicated for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension) in pure and pharmaceutical formulations so that it will be an alternative quantitative method to chromatographic methods which require large quantities of organic solvents, where some are with hazardous and toxic properties. Materials and Methods: The method is based on the diazo coupling of selexipag with diazotized p-nitroaniline in alkaline medium to form a stable green-colored and water-soluble azo dye with a maximum absorption at 510 nm. Optimization of reaction conditions was carried out to get highly sensitive and stable colored complex. Results and Discussion: Beer’s law is obeyed over the concentration range of 2–12 μg/mL with a molar absorptivity of 3.33 × 104 L/mol/cm. The limit of detection was 0.35 μg/mL and limit of quantification was 1.0 μg/mL. The results demonstrated that the procedure is accurate, precise, and reproducible (relative standard deviation <2%). Conclusions: This method was tested and validated for various parameters according to the current ICH guidelines.
Structural elucidation, Identification, quantization of process related impur...IOSR Journals
Major process related unknown impurity associated with the synthesis of Hydralazine hydrochloride bulk drug was detected by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and was subjected to high resolution accurate liquid chromatography mass spectroscopy (HR/AM-LCMS) for identification. The proposed impurity was isolated from Hydralazine hydrochloride active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) by preparative chromatographic method and was injected on HPLC for comparison of retention time with that of the unknown process related impurity in Hydralazine hydrochloride. The molecular ion peak of preparatively isolated impurity and that of unknown process related impurity in Hydralazine hydrochloride were compared for confirmation. The postulated structure was unambiguously confirmed with the help of HR/AM- LC MS/MS, NMR and FTIR data proposed to be 1-(2-phthalazin-1-ylhydrazino)phthalazine (Hazh Dimer). This impurity of Hydralazine hydrochloride is not been previously reported. A rapid Acquity H-class gradient method with runtime of 15.0min was developed for Quantitation on Unisphere Cyno column and validated for parameters such as accuracy, precision, linearity and range, robustness. The LOD and LOQ of method were 0081% and 0.0246% respectively.
Institut Kurz specializes in performing various assays for food analysis.
In this presentation you can see some of them.
Contact: info@institut-kurz.com
Website: www.institut-kurz.com/
Diazo coupling for the determination of selexipag by visible spectrophotometryRatnakaram Venkata Nadh
Aim and Objective: The aim and objective of this study were to develop a spectrophotometric method for the assay of selexipag (selective IP prostacyclin receptor agonist indicated for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension) in pure and pharmaceutical formulations so that it will be an alternative quantitative method to chromatographic methods which require large quantities of organic solvents, where some are with hazardous and toxic properties. Materials and Methods: The method is based on the diazo coupling of selexipag with diazotized p-nitroaniline in alkaline medium to form a stable green-colored and water-soluble azo dye with a maximum absorption at 510 nm. Optimization of reaction conditions was carried out to get highly sensitive and stable colored complex. Results and Discussion: Beer’s law is obeyed over the concentration range of 2–12 μg/mL with a molar absorptivity of 3.33 × 104 L/mol/cm. The limit of detection was 0.35 μg/mL and limit of quantification was 1.0 μg/mL. The results demonstrated that the procedure is accurate, precise, and reproducible (relative standard deviation <2%). Conclusions: This method was tested and validated for various parameters according to the current ICH guidelines.
Structural elucidation, Identification, quantization of process related impur...IOSR Journals
Major process related unknown impurity associated with the synthesis of Hydralazine hydrochloride bulk drug was detected by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and was subjected to high resolution accurate liquid chromatography mass spectroscopy (HR/AM-LCMS) for identification. The proposed impurity was isolated from Hydralazine hydrochloride active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) by preparative chromatographic method and was injected on HPLC for comparison of retention time with that of the unknown process related impurity in Hydralazine hydrochloride. The molecular ion peak of preparatively isolated impurity and that of unknown process related impurity in Hydralazine hydrochloride were compared for confirmation. The postulated structure was unambiguously confirmed with the help of HR/AM- LC MS/MS, NMR and FTIR data proposed to be 1-(2-phthalazin-1-ylhydrazino)phthalazine (Hazh Dimer). This impurity of Hydralazine hydrochloride is not been previously reported. A rapid Acquity H-class gradient method with runtime of 15.0min was developed for Quantitation on Unisphere Cyno column and validated for parameters such as accuracy, precision, linearity and range, robustness. The LOD and LOQ of method were 0081% and 0.0246% respectively.
Institut Kurz specializes in performing various assays for food analysis.
In this presentation you can see some of them.
Contact: info@institut-kurz.com
Website: www.institut-kurz.com/
A Comparison of Multimodal Chromatographic Resin: Protein Binding & SelectivityKBI Biopharma
A presentation from 2015 by KBI Biopharma on: Mixed Mode Chromatography, Mixed Mode Resin characterization, Comparison of Mixed Mode Resins, High throughput method for identifying optimal operating ranges for mixed mode resins, Chromatography experiments to characterize HCP & HMW removal.
Development and validation of a stability-indicating HPLC method for the simultaneous determination of Losartan potassium, hydrochlorothiazide, and their degradationproducts
Determination of Satranidazole through Ion-Associative Complex ReactionRatnakaram Venkata Nadh
A simple, selective, accurate and low-cost spectrophotometric method
has been described for determination of satranidazole in bulk and
pharmaceutical formulations. The developed method involves the
formation of chloroform extractable colored ion-association complex
of satranidazole with Tropaeolin OOO (TPooo). The extracted colored
complex showed absorbance maximum at wavelength 484 nm and
obeying Beer′s law in the concentration 4-20 μg mL-1 with the
correlation coeffiecent of 0.9998. The results of statistical analysis of
the proposed method reveals high accuracy and good precession. Thus,
the proposed method can be used commercially for the determination
of satranidazole in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations.
Stability indicating method development and validation for the simultaneous e...pharmaindexing
Stability indicating method development and validation for the simultaneous estimation of rabeprazole sodium and ketorolac tromethamine in bulk and synthetic mixture by RP-HPLC
LC-MS/MS method for the quantification of carbinoxamine in human plasmaIOSR Journals
A simple, reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatographic method with mass spectrometric detection (HPLC-MS/MS) was developed for determination of carbinoxamine in human plasma using pargeverine HCl as an internal standard. The procedure involves a simple protein precipitation technique using BDS HYPERSIL C8 (100 x 4.6mm) column. The mobile phase used was acetonitrile: buffer (25mm ammonium formate solution) (80:20). Precipitation was done using acetonitrile and detection was done in MRM mode, using an Electro Spray positive ionization. The ion transition monitored was (m/z) carbinoxamine (Q1 Mass: 291.2; Q3 Mass: 167.1), Internal standard (Q1 Mass: 338.1; Q3 Mass; 167.0). The retention time of carbinoxamine and internal Standard were 1.61 and 1.75 respectively. Method was evaluated in terms of linearity, accuracy, precision, recovery, sensitivity. The simple extraction procedure and short chromatographic runtime make the method suitable for therapeutic drug monitoring studies.
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Analytical method development and validation for the estimation of quinapril ...SriramNagarajan19
A simple and selective LC method is described for the determination of Quinapril and Tolcapone tablet dosage forms. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a c18 column using mobile phase consisting of a Mixed Phosphate buffer (KH2PO4 +K2HPO4): Acetonitrile 40:60, with detection of 239 nm. Linearity was observed in the range 50 - 150 µg /ml for Quinapril (r2 =0.995) and 62.5- 187.5µg /ml for Tolcapone (r2 =0.999) for the amount of drugs estimated by the proposed methods was in good agreement with the label claim.
The proposed methods were validated. The accuracy of the methods was assessed by recovery studies at three different levels. Recovery experiments indicated the absence of interference from commonly encountered pharmaceutical additives. The method was found to be precise as indicated by the repeatability analysis, showing %RSD less than 2. All statistical data proves validity of the methods and can be used for routine analysis of pharmaceutical dosage form.
FIBER OPTIC AIDED SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF GADOLINIUM IN FBR REPRO...ijac123
A new spectrophotometric method has been developed for the quantitative analysis of gadolinium using 1,2-dihydroxy anthraquinone-3-sulphonic acid, sodium salt (Alizarin Red S). Influence of various parameters such as concentration of complexing agent, pH, and interference of other competing metal ions was examined in a systematic manner.
when AES(☢) = ☠ --- a crypto-binary magic trickAnge Albertini
this talk has been OBSOLETED:
the new version is: http://www.slideshare.net/ange4771/when-aes-episode-v
a detailed presentation on AngeCryption (getting a valid JPG after encrypting a JPG)
- slides, src & PoCs: https://corkami.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/src/angecryption/
- PoC||GTFO downloads: http://openwall.info/wiki/people/solar/pocorgtfo
related: http://blog.fortinet.com/AngeCryption-at-Insomni-Hack/ by @cryptax
Презентация подготовлена по материалам выступления Кирилла Миловидова на витебском Весеннем MiniQ (https://vk.com/spring_miniq), который был проведен 23 марта 2017. Оригинал слайдов: https://prezi.com/tu2_ldildplk/presentation.
— Кирилл, скажи честно, почему ты участвуешь в качестве спикера в витебских мероприятиях?
— Если честно, то конференции и митапы вообще и в Витебске в частности - это очень круто. И я хочу поддержать их не только своим присутствием, слушая других, но и участвуя в роли того, кому есть чем поделиться.
— А почему ты выбрал тему про спортивное программирование? Приоткрой завесу тайны.
— Никакой тайны нет - поговорить на эту тему я хочу, потому что это достаточно широкая и интересная область, но знают о ней, к сожалению, далеко не все. Но я считаю, что она может быть многим интересна. Сам я не чемпион в этой области, хоть раньше и участвовал в разного рода соревнованиях - как онлайн, так и в ACM. Что такое "АСМ" я расскажу на самом митапе, так что не пропустите.
A Comparison of Multimodal Chromatographic Resin: Protein Binding & SelectivityKBI Biopharma
A presentation from 2015 by KBI Biopharma on: Mixed Mode Chromatography, Mixed Mode Resin characterization, Comparison of Mixed Mode Resins, High throughput method for identifying optimal operating ranges for mixed mode resins, Chromatography experiments to characterize HCP & HMW removal.
Development and validation of a stability-indicating HPLC method for the simultaneous determination of Losartan potassium, hydrochlorothiazide, and their degradationproducts
Determination of Satranidazole through Ion-Associative Complex ReactionRatnakaram Venkata Nadh
A simple, selective, accurate and low-cost spectrophotometric method
has been described for determination of satranidazole in bulk and
pharmaceutical formulations. The developed method involves the
formation of chloroform extractable colored ion-association complex
of satranidazole with Tropaeolin OOO (TPooo). The extracted colored
complex showed absorbance maximum at wavelength 484 nm and
obeying Beer′s law in the concentration 4-20 μg mL-1 with the
correlation coeffiecent of 0.9998. The results of statistical analysis of
the proposed method reveals high accuracy and good precession. Thus,
the proposed method can be used commercially for the determination
of satranidazole in bulk and pharmaceutical formulations.
Stability indicating method development and validation for the simultaneous e...pharmaindexing
Stability indicating method development and validation for the simultaneous estimation of rabeprazole sodium and ketorolac tromethamine in bulk and synthetic mixture by RP-HPLC
LC-MS/MS method for the quantification of carbinoxamine in human plasmaIOSR Journals
A simple, reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatographic method with mass spectrometric detection (HPLC-MS/MS) was developed for determination of carbinoxamine in human plasma using pargeverine HCl as an internal standard. The procedure involves a simple protein precipitation technique using BDS HYPERSIL C8 (100 x 4.6mm) column. The mobile phase used was acetonitrile: buffer (25mm ammonium formate solution) (80:20). Precipitation was done using acetonitrile and detection was done in MRM mode, using an Electro Spray positive ionization. The ion transition monitored was (m/z) carbinoxamine (Q1 Mass: 291.2; Q3 Mass: 167.1), Internal standard (Q1 Mass: 338.1; Q3 Mass; 167.0). The retention time of carbinoxamine and internal Standard were 1.61 and 1.75 respectively. Method was evaluated in terms of linearity, accuracy, precision, recovery, sensitivity. The simple extraction procedure and short chromatographic runtime make the method suitable for therapeutic drug monitoring studies.
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Analytical method development and validation for the estimation of quinapril ...SriramNagarajan19
A simple and selective LC method is described for the determination of Quinapril and Tolcapone tablet dosage forms. Chromatographic separation was achieved on a c18 column using mobile phase consisting of a Mixed Phosphate buffer (KH2PO4 +K2HPO4): Acetonitrile 40:60, with detection of 239 nm. Linearity was observed in the range 50 - 150 µg /ml for Quinapril (r2 =0.995) and 62.5- 187.5µg /ml for Tolcapone (r2 =0.999) for the amount of drugs estimated by the proposed methods was in good agreement with the label claim.
The proposed methods were validated. The accuracy of the methods was assessed by recovery studies at three different levels. Recovery experiments indicated the absence of interference from commonly encountered pharmaceutical additives. The method was found to be precise as indicated by the repeatability analysis, showing %RSD less than 2. All statistical data proves validity of the methods and can be used for routine analysis of pharmaceutical dosage form.
FIBER OPTIC AIDED SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF GADOLINIUM IN FBR REPRO...ijac123
A new spectrophotometric method has been developed for the quantitative analysis of gadolinium using 1,2-dihydroxy anthraquinone-3-sulphonic acid, sodium salt (Alizarin Red S). Influence of various parameters such as concentration of complexing agent, pH, and interference of other competing metal ions was examined in a systematic manner.
when AES(☢) = ☠ --- a crypto-binary magic trickAnge Albertini
this talk has been OBSOLETED:
the new version is: http://www.slideshare.net/ange4771/when-aes-episode-v
a detailed presentation on AngeCryption (getting a valid JPG after encrypting a JPG)
- slides, src & PoCs: https://corkami.googlecode.com/svn/trunk/src/angecryption/
- PoC||GTFO downloads: http://openwall.info/wiki/people/solar/pocorgtfo
related: http://blog.fortinet.com/AngeCryption-at-Insomni-Hack/ by @cryptax
Презентация подготовлена по материалам выступления Кирилла Миловидова на витебском Весеннем MiniQ (https://vk.com/spring_miniq), который был проведен 23 марта 2017. Оригинал слайдов: https://prezi.com/tu2_ldildplk/presentation.
— Кирилл, скажи честно, почему ты участвуешь в качестве спикера в витебских мероприятиях?
— Если честно, то конференции и митапы вообще и в Витебске в частности - это очень круто. И я хочу поддержать их не только своим присутствием, слушая других, но и участвуя в роли того, кому есть чем поделиться.
— А почему ты выбрал тему про спортивное программирование? Приоткрой завесу тайны.
— Никакой тайны нет - поговорить на эту тему я хочу, потому что это достаточно широкая и интересная область, но знают о ней, к сожалению, далеко не все. Но я считаю, что она может быть многим интересна. Сам я не чемпион в этой области, хоть раньше и участвовал в разного рода соревнованиях - как онлайн, так и в ACM. Что такое "АСМ" я расскажу на самом митапе, так что не пропустите.
Large Molecule Bioanalysis: LC-MS or ELISA? A Case StudyQPS Holdings, LLC
Both ligand binding assays (LBA) and mass spectrometry
(MS) methods are widely used in routine bionalysis with expanded applications of MS to large molecules in
the years ahead. In this presentation, PK parameters in the rart for three monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are compared as derived from plasma concentration data as measured by LBA or Immunocapture LC-MS/MS.
TNO Triskelion BSL-3 lab tests anti-viral drugs in newly developed H7N9 influenza model
Human infections with a new avian influenza A (H7N9) virus were first reported in China in 2013, with the loss of 46 lives. In order to meet the growing needs to test new drugs against H7N9, TNO Triskelion has recently developed an H7N9 mouse model. This H7N9 model is suitable for testing new anti-virals such as vaccines, monoclonal antibodies and small molecules in our BSL-3 lab, in conformity with Good Laboratory Practice. TNO Triskelion has proven to be a successful partner in the development of new anti-viral and anti-bacterial vaccines for many years. Understanding the pressures on time lines, we support companies and institutes during the preclinical and clinical stages of drug development.
Synthetic Biology: Bringing Engineering Back Into Genetic EngineeringSachin Rawat
Genetic Engineering lacks a few elements of Engineering. Here is what those are and how Synthetic Biology (or Genetic Engineering v2.0) would account for those.
Increasing knowledge of genetics and cell processes leads to potential new biologic (and drug) targets at each step in the protein-production process. This leads to new therapies, which in turn lead to new understanding of diseases. Here is an update on relatively new drugs called biologics...
Method Development and Validation of Clopidogrel Bisulphate by Reverse Phase-...SriramNagarajan15
A new, simple sensitive, rapid, accurate and precise RP-HPLC method was developed for the estimation of Clopidogrel bisulphate in bulk drug and pharmaceutical formulation. Clopidogrel bisulphate was chromatographed on a reverse phase C18column (150 mm x 4.5 mm, i.d 5μm) in a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and phosphate buffer (pH: 3.0) in the ratio of 60:40 % v/v. The mobile phase was pumped at a flow rate of 1 ml/min with detection at 224 nm. The detector response was linear in the concentration of 50-150 μg /ml. The limit of detection and limit of quantitation was found to be 1.3 and 4.2 µg/ml, respectively. The intra and inter day variation was found to be less than 2%. The mean recovery of the drug from the solution was 99.79%. The proposed method is simple, fast, accurate, precise and reproducible hence, it can be applied for routine quality control analysis of Clopidogrel bisulphate in bulk drug and pharmaceutical formulation. Key words: Clopidogrel bisulphate, RP-HPLC, Validation, Accuracy, Precision.
Method Development and Validation of Clopidogrel Bisulphate by Reverse Phase-...SriramNagarajan15
A new, simple sensitive, rapid, accurate and precise RP-HPLC method was developed for the estimation of Clopidogrel bisulphate in bulk drug and pharmaceutical formulation. Clopidogrel bisulphate was chromatographed on a reverse phase C18column (150 mm x 4.5 mm, i.d 5μm) in a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile and phosphate buffer (pH: 3.0) in the ratio of 60:40 % v/v. The mobile phase was pumped at a flow rate of 1 ml/min with detection at 224 nm. The detector response was linear in the concentration of 50-150 μg /ml. The limit of detection and limit of quantitation was found to be 1.3 and 4.2 µg/ml, respectively. The intra and inter day variation was found to be less than 2%. The mean recovery of the drug from the solution was 99.79%. The proposed method is simple, fast, accurate, precise and reproducible hence, it can be applied for routine quality control analysis of Clopidogrel bisulphate in bulk drug and pharmaceutical formulation. Key words: Clopidogrel bisulphate, RP-HPLC, Validation, Accuracy, Precision.
Method Development, Validation and Forced Degradation Studies of Dapagliflozi...ijtsrd
A simple, sensitive, robust, precise, and efficient RP HPLC approach for the simultaneous determination of Dapagliflozin and Pioglitazone Hydrochloride in Synthetic Mixture. As per ICH Q2 R1 guidelines, the final chromatographic conditions were Optimized with a mobile phase ratio of 25 75 v v in ACN Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate Buffer pH 4 was adjusted by adding OPA at a flow rate of 1 mL min, column temperature of 30 °C, injection volume of 20 µL, Kromstar Vertex C18 analytical column, and UV detection at 228 nm wavelength. Dapagliflozin and Pioglitazone Hydrochloride reported retention times of 3 min and 6.5 min, respectively. Validation of a method was found to be linear in the range of 2 10 µg ml for Dapagliflozin and 3–15 µg mL for Pioglitazone Hydrochloride. The Recovery for Dapagliflozin was discovered to be 98.52 99.90 , while for Pioglitazone Hydrochloride, it was found to be 99.67 99.94 . The Precision results for both drugs were within the limits while expressed Intraday and Interday. For Dapagliflozin, the LOD and LOQ were reported to be 0.041 µg mL and 0.13 µg mL, respectively, and for Pioglitazone Hydrochloride, 0.105 µg mL and 0.32 µg mL. As per ICH Q1A R2 guidelines, the synthetic mixture was subjected to acid, base, oxidation, thermal, and photolysis stress conditions. Mr. Tarang Patel | Ronak Parikh "Method Development, Validation and Forced Degradation Studies of Dapagliflozin and Pioglitazone Hydrochlorides in Synthetic Mixtures by RP-HPLC" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-6 , October 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd52165.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/analytical-chemistry/52165/method-development-validation-and-forced-degradation-studies-of-dapagliflozin-and-pioglitazone-hydrochlorides-in-synthetic-mixtures-by-rphplc/mr-tarang-patel
Stability Indicating HPLC Method Development A Reviewijtsrd
High performance liquid chromatography is most powerful tools in analytical chemistry which assessing drug product stability. It is most accurate method for determining the qualitative and quantitative analysis of drug product. Forced degradation plays an important role in development of stability indicating analytical methodology. Stability indicating HPLC methods are used to separate various drug related impurities that are formed during the synthesis or manufacture of drug product. This article discusses the strategies and issues regarding the development of stability indicating HPLC system for drug substance. Forced degradation studies establish degradation pathways of drug substances and drug products. Forced degradation elucidate the possible degradation pathway of the drug substance or the active pharmaceutical ingredient in the drug product. At every stage of drug development practical recommendations are provided which will help to avoid failure. Rushikesh S Mulay | Rishikesh S Bachhav "Stability Indicating HPLC Method Development - A Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46342.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/analytical-chemistry/46342/stability-indicating-hplc-method-development--a-review/rushikesh-s-mulay
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
2. WHAT IS VARDINAFIL
Vardenafil is a PDE5 inhibitor used for treating ED .that is
sold under the trade names Levitra (Bayer AG, GSK, and SP),
Staxyn in India, and Vivanza in Italy
3. PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Computed properties
Molecular Weight 488.607 g/mol
XLogP3 2.5
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count 1
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count 7
Rotatable Bond Count 8
Exact Mass 488.221 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass 488.221 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area 118 A^2
Heavy Atom Count 34
Formal Charge 0
Complexity 854
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count 1
4. PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Experimental Properties
• Melting Point
• The melting point is the temperature at which a substance changes state
from solid to liquid at atmospheric pressure. When considered as the
temperature of the reverse change, from liquid to solid, it is referred to as
the freezing point.
• 192 °C
• Solubility
• The solubility of a substance is the amount of that substance that will
dissolve in a given amount of solvent. The default solvent is water, if not
indicated.
• In water, 3.5 mg/L at 25 deg C /Estimated/US EPA; Estimation Programs
Interface (EPI). ver. 3.11. U.S. EPA version for Windows. Washington, DC:
U.S. EPA (2003). Available from, as of Dec 15, 2004:
http://www.epa.gov/oppt/exposure/pubs/episuitedl.htm
• Water Solubility:
• 0.11 mg/mL (HCl salt)
5. PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES
• Vapor Pressure
• Vapor pressure is the pressure of a vapor in thermodynamic
equilibrium with its condensed phases in a closed system.
• 3.4X10-19 mm Hg at 25 deg C /Estimated/
• LogP
• Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient, used as a measure of
molecular lipophilicity
• log Kow = 2.79 /Estimated/
• Dissociation Constants
• A specific type of equilibrium constant that measures the
propensity of a larger object to separate (dissociate)
reversibly into smaller components, as when a complex falls
apart into its component molecules, or when a salt splits up
into its component ions.
• pKa1= 4.72; pKa2= 6.21 (tertiary amine) /Estimated/
7. CHRONOLOGICAL LISTING
OF THE ARTICLES
1. Simultaneous estimation and validation of vardenafil and
dapoxetine hydrochloride in pharmaceutical formulation by thin
layer chromatographic densitometric method(2012)
2. High-performance liquid chromatographic method with
amperometric detectionemploying boron-doped diamond electrode
for the determination of sildenafil,vardenafil and their main
metabolites in plasma (2011)
3. A High-Performance iquidChromatography:Chemiluminescence
Method for Potential Determination of Vardenafil in Dietary
Supplement (2010)
4. Development of a method for the determination of vardenafil in
human plasma by high performance liquid chromatography
with UV detection (2009)
8. CHRONOLOGICAL LISTING
OF THE ARTICLES
5. Liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry
method for the simultaneous determination of vardenafil and
its major metabolite, N-desethylvardenafil, in human plasma:
Application to a pharmacokinetic study (2009)
6. Multi-response optimization of a capillary electrophoretic
method for determination of vardenafil in the bulk drug and
in a tablet formulation (2007)
7. Development and validation of a high-performance liquid
chromatographic method using fluorescence detection for
the determination of vardenafil in small volumes of rat
plasma and bile (2007)
9.
10. SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION AND VALIDATION OF
VARDENAFIL AND DAPOXETINE HYDROCHLORIDE
IN PHARMACEUTICAL FORMULATION BY THIN
LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHIC DENSITOMETRIC
METHOD(2012)
11. ADVANTAGES
1. (1) Simultaneous estimation and validation of vardenafil and
dapoxetine hydrochloride in pharmaceutical formulation by
thin layer chromatographic densitometric method(2012)
• Low operation cost
• High sample throughput
• No need for a lot of samples preparation
• Several samples can be run simultaneously using a small
quantity of mobile phase unlike HPLC
• The technique is precise , accurate and specific
• The statistical analysis proved that it can test vardenafil
accurately and specifically despite the presence of
excipients without interference's
12. SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION AND VALIDATION OF
VARDENAFIL AND DAPOXETINE HYDROCHLORIDE IN
PHARMACEUTICAL FORMULATION BY THIN LAYER
CHROMATOGRAPHIC DENSITOMETRIC METHOD
13. SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION AND VALIDATION OF
VARDENAFIL AND DAPOXETINE HYDROCHLORIDE IN
PHARMACEUTICAL FORMULATION BY THIN LAYER
CHROMATOGRAPHIC DENSITOMETRIC METHOD
14. SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION AND VALIDATION OF
VARDENAFIL AND DAPOXETINE HYDROCHLORIDE IN
PHARMACEUTICAL FORMULATION BY THIN LAYER
CHROMATOGRAPHIC DENSITOMETRIC METHOD
15.
16. HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHIC
METHOD WITH AMPEROMETRIC
DETECTIONEMPLOYING BORON-DOPED DIAMOND
ELECTRODE FOR THE DETERMINATION OF
SILDENAfiL,VARDENAfiL AND THEIR MAIN
METABOLITES IN PLASMA (2011)
17. ADVANTAGES
1. BDD electrodes surpass conventional electrode materials in
low capacitance (resulting in lower inherent noise), higher
chemical stability, an absence of surface oxide formation,
chemical fouling and other undesirable side-reactions
occurring during electrode reaction within their potential
operational range
2. The present method requires only a small volume of blood
plasma; such assays can be beneficial if just limited
amounts of biological material are available, as in the case
of neonatal PAH patients treated with this compounds
3. simple, sensitive, isocratic HPLC method for the one-run
determination of sildenafil and vardenafil as well as their
main active metabolites, N-desmethyl sildenafil and N-
desethyl-vardenafil, in human plasma, based on their
electrochemical oxidation
18. REAGENTS AND
CHROMATOGRAPHIC SYSTEM
Reagents :
• Standards of the actives
• Mobile phase :sodium dihydrogen or disodium hydrogen phosphate,
phosphoric acid (TraceSelect purity)and sodium perchlorate
monohydrate (HPLC grade) obtained fromFluka (Fluka AG, Buchs,
Switzerland), and gradient grade acetonitrile,methanol, tert-butyl methyl
ether and ethyl acetate (LabScan,) were used
19. REAGENTS AND CHROMATOGRAPHIC
SYSTEM
Chromatographic system :
Parte used
pump ESA isocratic pump (Model
582), (ESA Inc., Chelmsford, MA, USA) with a pulse damper
injector Rheodyne manual injector (Rheodyne, Cotati, CA, USA) equipped with a
2.5µL loop
detector
analytical cell potential
Electrochemical detection was performed using an ESA coulometric detector
Coulochem III, an amperometric cell (Model5040) equipped with a boron-
doped diamond electrode, and combined with a guard cell (Model 5020)
prior to the injector, (all ESAInc., Chelmsford, MA, USA).
maintained at +1520 mV(vs. Pd/H2). The set-up detector gain ranged from
100 nA Vto 5 A V-1 . The guard cell potential was set to +1000 mV (vs. d/H)
syringe Glass 25µL syringe (Hamilton, Reno, NV, USA).
column Ascentis®C18 3 m,100 mm× 2.1 mm I.D. (Supelco, Bellefonte, PA, USA).
Phase reversed
mobile phase Sodium dihydrogen phosphate and sodium perchlorate were dissolved in a
common aqueous solution to yield final concentrations of 20 mmol L-1for
phosphate and 40 mmol L-1
for perchlorate, respectively. The prepared aqueous portion was mixed with
pure acetonitrile in the ratio 70/30 (vaq/v) pH 3.5 of the resulting
mobile phase was adjusted with concentrated phosphoric acid. The
mobile phase was vacuum-filtered through a 0.2 m porous filter
(Supelco, Bellefonte, PA, USA) and degassed by helium sparging
before use. The flow rate was 0.2 mL minorg-1.
20. CHROMATOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS
Several HPLC columns were for the tested HPLC separation:
• Agilent Zorbax Eclipse XDB-C8 4.6 mm× 150 mm (5µm),
Phenomenex Gemini C18 3.0 x 150 mm (5 µm)
• Ascentis C18 3µm, 100 mm× 2.1 mm I.D.
For the purpose of this study, the latter column provided the best
peak symmetry and chromatographic performance; its smallest
internal diameter not only reduces the consumption of the mobile
phase but also the amount of sample required.
21. CHROMATOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS
Effect of buffer composition and concentration:
Several buffers were tested to determine their influence on :
1. Chromatographic selectivity,
2. Peak symmetry
3. Resolution
Phosphate buffer was used as a general component of the mobile phase to ensure a
sufficient buffering capacity
It was observed that adding perchlorate to the background buffer significantly
improved:
o peak shape
o Symmetry
o altered selectivity, and increased retention of the studied compounds
22. CHROMATOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS
We suppose that the presence of perchlorate in the mobile
phase :
promotes ion pair formation with the studied analytes due
to the relatively hydrophobic nature of the perchlorate ion.
Perchlorate anions desolvate more easily than does strongly hydrated
phosphate. Such anions (also described as “chaotropic”) tend to break
the hydrogen bonding structure of the mobile phase. In addition,the
dynamic coating of the stationary phase might also beinvolved. The
formed dynamically coated (quasi-stationary) phase has reduced
hydrophobicity compared to the original stationary phase. It has been
also shown that
even at pH ~ 3 and high quality silica, there are still some silanophilic
interactions with the ionizedsilanol groups present Both these effects
contribute to increased retention and improved peak shape (Fig. 2). The
phenomenon has been thoroughly studied and discussed
23.
24. CHROMATOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS
Effect of pH
As the compounds of interest have ionizable groups (two pK values are
reported changes in chromatographic behavior within the pH range are to be
expected.
The mobile phase of pH 3.5, 5.0 and 6.5 was used to study the influence
of pH on chromatographic separation.
The observed electrode response was comparable for the pH
values examined. Although the chromatographic resolution
achieved at pH 6.5 is the highest of the mobile phases tested,
it is not desirable to extend the analysis time from both
economical as well as analytical point of view. On the other
hand, the separation at pH 3.5 offered sufficient retention as
well as resolution for these of studied compounds and was
therefore chosen for this study.
25.
26. CHROMATOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS
Effect of organic modifier content :
• Acetonitrile was preferred over methanol as an organic modifier why?
because of lower mobile phase viscosity resulting in narrower peaks.
At 35% (v/v) of acetonitrile, loss of resolution and co-elution
of DSL and IS occurs.
decreasing the acetonitrile content to 25% (v/v) dramatically
increases analysis time while resolution between VR and IS
deteriorates At the same time, overall peak broadening
makes the analysis less capable of detecting trace analyte
concentrations
Thus mobile phase with an acetonitrile content of 30%,
offering the best separation of compounds of interest, was
used for next experiments.
27.
28. LINEARITY & SELECTIVITY
The calibration curves of SL, DSL, VR and DVR in human plasma were
found to be linear in the range of 10–400 ng mL The data also indicate
good linearity of this method for the intra- and inter day assays the
achieved LOD and LOQ values also confirm that the present method can
be used for monitoring the studied drugs in plasma.
29.
30. LINEARITY & SELECTIVITY
Application to human plasma
To test the applicability of the method for routine use, samples of
human plasma were subjected to analysis. A typical chromatogram
of blank plasma is shown in Fig. 7. As can be seen, no interfering
endogenous peaks occur within the area of the expected elution
of analytes. Blank plasma spiked by standards of SL, VR, DSL, DVR,
and processed by the procedure described in Section 2, was analyzed
using the above-described HPLC-ECD method. Fig. 8 shows
the complete chromatographic separation of all the analytes at the
physiological concentration level achieved within 12 min.
33. ADVANTAGES
1. Chemiluminescence (CL) detection is a highly sensitive
analytical technique.
2. sensitive for a large CL signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) and wide
linear working range
3. The combination of HPLC high resolution, CL sensitive
detection and FI manipulation would be one of the plausible
techniques for a sensitive, precise, and facile determination of
trace levels of compounds in the complex mixture of
substances
4. The proposed method exhibited the advantages of automated
operation, high analytical throughput, simple instrumentation,
wide linear range, and reagent-saving and was applied to oral
liquid, wine, and capsule samples analysis
34. REAGENTS AND
CHROMATOGRAPHIC SYSTEM
Reagents and Chemicals:
• Ethanol and methanol were of HPLC grade. All the other reagents
were of analytical reagent grade unless specified otherwise, and
deionized and doubly distilled water was used throughout
• Vardenafil hydrochloridetrihydrate (purity, 99.6%)
• Luminol
• The mobile phase consisting of ethanol and an aqueous solution
containing 1.0 × 10-2 mol/L H3po4 and 2.0 ×10-4 mol/L Na2EDTA
(25 : 75, v/v%) was prepared. Mobile phase was filtered through
0.45 µm Millipore membrane of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)
and further degassed in an ultrasonic bath before use.
36. CHROMATOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS
• CL Reaction Selection:
• For vardenafil CL determination we considered several known CL reactions
including :
1. Alkaline luminol-H2O2
2. Alkaline luminol-K3Fe(CN)6
3. Alkaline luminol –KI04
4. Acidic KMnO4
5. Acidic KMnO4-HCHO
6. Acidic KMnO4-NA2SO4
NaClO-NaOH. To prevent the possible interference from metal ions, 2.0 × 10-4 mol/L Na2EDTA
was used in all luminol concerned reactions
Experimental results indicated that alkaline luminol-K3Fe(CN)6 reaction contributed the
strongest CL response to 1.0 × 10-5 mol/L vardenafil presence. Therefore, alkaline
luminol-K3Fe(CN)6 CL reaction was selected which reached amaximum within 1.5 s.
Thus, the studied CL reaction was a fast reaction
37. CHROMATOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS
• For HPLC-CL analysis, the mobile phase should be, not only suitable for
vardenafil separation in complex matrix but also compatible with CL
detection.
• Tested buffers :
1. Acetonitrile-acidic aqueous buffer [1, 4, 11, 19]
2. methanol-acidic aqueous buffer [8, 20]
• acetonitrile brought about very high CL background. This high
background went against the sensitive vardenafil detection
• methanol and ethanol were used, relatively low CL backgrounds and
smooth baselines could be obtained. Thus, methanol and ethanol were
selected.
38.
39. The effect of organic phase volume percentage (v/v%, organic phase
volume/organic + aqueous phase volume) on The S/N value and column
pressure (P) :
the higher the v/v%, the shorter the t, and 30% ethanol contributed the
biggest S/N value. However, 30% ethanol also caused relatively high P.
Thereupon, as a compromise among the bigger S/N value, shorter tr and
suitable P, 25% ethanol was chosen in subsequent experiments.
Experiment indicated that H3PO4 could effectively suppress the peak-
tailing, and a relatively narrow and symmetric chromatographic peak
could be achieved
40.
41. CHROMATOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS
The effect of flow rate on SN, tr , p:
The effect of mobile phase flow rate upon CL detection was
investigated. It was found that the higher the mobile phase
flow rate, the shorter the tend the higher the P.Lastly, aflow
rate of 0.8 mL/min was chosen as a compromise between the
biggest S/N value and relatively shorter tR
.
42. CHROMATOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS
The effect of NaOH :
The effect of NaOH concentration on the CL detection was examined in the
range of 0.2~1.3 mol/L. Experiments showed that the S/N value increased
with the NaOH concentration increasing, and a leveling off could be found
when the NaOH concentration was higher than 1.0 mol/L. Sequent
experiments were performed using 1.0 mol/L NaOH .
The effect of luminol concentration on CL detection :
It was found that the S/N value increased with luminol concentration
increasing
The effect of K3Fe(CN)6 concentration on CL detection :
It was found that the S/N value increased with K3Fe(CN)6 concentration
43.
44. DEVELOPMENT OF A METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION
OF VARDENAFIL IN HUMAN PLASMA BY HIGH
PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY
WITH UV DETECTION (2009)
45. ADVANTAGES
1. The method is rapid and sensitive enough for the routine
analysis
2. Efficient for the separation and quantitative determination of the
investigated substance in human plasma. There was no
interference in the samples examined, which confirms the good
selectivity of the method.
3. The method is rapid and sensitive enough for the routine
analysis
4. The liquid- liquid extraction procedure used for the sample
preparation eliminates endogenous interference which is
frequently present in a biological sample.
5. rapid, sensitive, specific and robust, and can be used for
the quantification of vardenafil in human plasma specimens
46. REAGENTS AND
CHROMATOGRAPHIC SYSTEM
Parte used
pump model 515 pump
injector Rheodyne manual injector (Rheodyne, Cotati, CA, USA) equipped with a
2.5µL loop
detector model 996 diode array detector (Waters, Milford, MA, USA)
column KR 100 C18 (5 μm particle size) column
(Eka Chemicals AB, Bohus, Sweden), protected by a 20 × 4.6 mm
i.d. (40 μm particle size) disposable Pelliguard
precolumn(Supelco,Bellefonte, PA, USA)
Phase reversed
mobile phase acetonitrile and potassium dihydrogen phosphate (70 mM; pH 4.5
with phosphoric acid) (30:70, v/v).
49. CHROMATOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS
The method employing orthophosphoric acid instead of
trifluoroacetic Acid is advantageous because of the consequent
deterioration of the stationary phase and the column lifetime
reduction The liquid-liquid extraction procedure used for the sample
preparation Eliminates endogenous interference,which is frequently
Present in a biological sample Finally the HPLC method presented
here is rapid, sensitive, specific and robust, and can be used for
the quantification of vardenafil in human plasma specimens treated
with this drug.
50. Development and validation of a high-performance liquid
chromatographic method using fluorescence detection for
the determination of vardenafil in small volumes of rat
plasma and bile
51. ADVANTAGES
1. This method requires only 50µl of plasma and 10 µl of
bile, making it suitable for studying the pharmacokinetics
of vardenafil in small animals .
2. provides wider linear range for monitoring concentration
of vardenafil.
52. REAGENTS AND
CHROMATOGRAPHIC SYSTEM
Parte used
pump Model L-7100 pump
Sampler L-7200 autosampler
detector L-7485 fluorescence detector, an L-7455 diode array detector
and a Hitachi D-7000 Chromatography Data Station
column Hypersil-100 C18 (5 m,25 cm× 4.6 mm I.D., Astmoor, Runcorn,
UK) column. A Hypersil guard column (H5 ODS, 10 mm× 3.2 mm)
was used The temperature of the columns was maintained at
35 C.
Bandwidths for excitation and emission 15 nm
mobile phase acetonitrile and 50 mM ammonium acetate aqueous solution (pH
6.8) (40/60,v/v). Flow rate 1mlmin
56. MULTI-RESPONSE OPTIMIZATION OF A CAPILLARY
ELECTROPHORETIC METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF
VARDENAFIL IN THE BULK DRUG AND IN A TABLET
FORMULATION
57. ADVANTAGES
1. Has many advantages over HPLC, including speed and greater
separation efficiency (an order of magnitude more Theoretical plates)
2. Unlike HPLC, reduction in sample pretreatment is possible in CE, in
which uncharged molecules remain at the start of the capillary
3. Consumption of reagents and sample volumes, rather than capillary
columns, is, moreover, relatively low in CE
4. relatively inexpensive
5. Simple versatile technique
58. REAGENTS AND
CHROMATOGRAPHIC SYSTEM
Parte used
Software and instrument A Beckman (Fullerton, USA) P/ACE MDQ CE system coupled
with a diode-array detector (DAD) was used throughout the
experiments
Separations fused-silica capillary tubing 31.2 cm long (21.2cm to the detector) × 50 µm ,
housed in a cartridge, with a 100 µm ×800 µm detection window.
Buffers Acetate–acetic acid, borate–boric acid, and phosphate–phosphoric
acid buffers were prepared
samples Levitra tablets , Viagra tablets
60. CHROMATOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS
In general, it can be concluded that pH had the largest effect on
sensitivity and repeatability for both PA and tm whereas EC had the
largest effect on speed. Interaction of EC and PA had a slight effect
on all CE responses except the repeatability of tm .
.