The document discusses different types of valves and pumps used in pipelines. It describes plug cock valves, globe valves, gate valves, diaphragm valves, quick opening valves, and check valves. For pumps, it covers reciprocating pumps and their components. Reciprocating pumps work by using a piston inside a cylinder that moves back and forth to suck and discharge liquid. Rotary pumps are also discussed, specifically gear pumps which are a type of positive displacement rotary pump.

1. VALVES & PUMP

2. Group members
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3. • Valves are used to control the rate of flow of
liquids in a pipeline.
• Valves are placed between pipes. During
maintenance of pipes.
• Valves can be removed and repaired without
disturbing the other connected units.
• Valves are designed in such a manner that they
should withstand the following effects:
 Pressure of flow
 Temperature changes
 Strain from connected pipes.
 Distortion from the sealing surfaces
INTRODUCTION

4. CLASSIFICATION A number of valves have been designed. Some
of them are:
(1) Plug cock valve
(2) Globe valve
(3) Gate valve
(4) Diaphragm valve
(6)Quick opening valve
(5) Check valve etc.

5. PLUG COCK VALVE
 Essentially plug cock consists of a body
casting in which a conical plug is fitted.
 The plug has an opening (cylindrical bore)
through which the liquid passes.
 Some packing materials are included around
the stem to close it.
 The sides of the plug should not be parallel
or tapered too much.
 These valves are used when either complete
opening or complete closing is desirable
 Special design valves include lubricants at
the stem of the cock.

6. Advantages & Disadvantages
Advantages:
(1) Plug cock valves are used for handling compressed air.
(2) These are used for the purpose of wide opening or complete
closing conditions.
Disadvantages :
Though it is simple, it has several disadvantages.
(1) Plug cock valves are not suitable for steam or water because of the
cock material
(2) It is difficult to turn the valves when the plug gets easily wedged
in the body firmly. This problem is observed when the sides of
the plug are too nearly parallel
(3) Sometimes the plug comes out of its seat, if the plug sides are
tapered too much
(4) It is difficult to regulate the flow. In normal designs, the area of
opening changes rapidly even with slight rotation of the stem.
Similarly, now does not change appreciably when the valve is
opened fully

7. GLOBE VALVES
Globe Valves
A globe valve consists of a globular body with a horizontal
internal partition.
The passage of fluid is through a circular opening, which can be
opened or closed by inserting a disc in the opening.
The disc is positioned on the ring. which is known as seat ring.
The disc can be rotated freely on the stem.
Globe valve is installed in the high-pressure side connecting he
narrow portion of the disc.
Globe valves can be connected in horizontal lines as well as in
vertical lines.

8. Advantages & disadvantages
 Advantages
Globe valves are mainly used in pipes with sizes not
larger than 50 millimetres. In horizontal lines, these
valves prevent complete Drainage.
 Disadvantages:
Rust. scales or sludge prevent the opening of the
valve.

9. GATE VALVES Gate Valves
A wedge-shaped, inclined-seat type of gate is most commonly
used.
The pressure on the gates is controlling factor in large valves.
Two types of gate valves are available. In non-rising stem valve,
the thread of the valve stem engages the gate. The gate can be
raised and lowered without the movement of stem through the
stuffing box. The advantage is that the overall length of the stem
required is less. In the rising stem valve, the length of the stem is
more, since the stem and gate are a single piece.
Advantages:
(1). Gate valves are available in large sizes.
(2) These are available in a variety of designs to suit the
conditions.
(3) Gate valves minimize the differential pressure during
opening
and stopping the flow.

10. DIAPHRAGM VALVES
Diaphragm Valves
Diaphragm is a flexible physical barrier.
These valves are made of fabric reinforced, natural
rubber and/or synthetic rubber faced with Teflon, a
flurocarbon resin.
Use
Diaphragm valves are more suitable for fluids-containing
suspended solilds , Special types of diaphragms can be
easily sterilized so
that they can be used in the production of sterile
products.

11. ADVANTAGES &
DISADVANTAGES
Advantages
(1) Diaphragm valves can be installed in any position.
(2) Pressure drop is negligible.
(3) Complete draining in horizontal lines is possible.
(4) Simple.
(5) Replacement of diaphragm is easy, there is no
need to remove the valve from the line.
Disadvantages :
(1) Diaphragm valves are applicable to pressures of
approximately 340 kilopascals
(2) Maintenance cost increases because of
replacement of faulty
diaphragms.
(3) These valves are expensive.

12. QUICK OPENING VALVE Quick Opening Valves
In the gate valve stem is threaded therefore a number of
turns is necessary to close the valve completely.
 Water hammer
When a liquid is flowing in a pipe, it is associated
with considerable kinetic energy due to its mass and
velocity. When
şuch a flow is suddenly stopped, the velocity is suddenly
destroyed.
since liquids are incompressible. the energy appears as an
intense shock.
Sometimes, this shock can be about 60 times the velocity
of the fluid
Hence, Q2 valves are vessel only in short line. On large
lines, the valve should be closed slowly

13. Check valve
Check Valves
These valves are used when unidirectional flow is
desirable. Protective mechanism is included to prevent:
the reversal of flow. These are
automatically opened. When the low of liquid builds up
the pressure.
a) swing check
b) ball check
c) lift check vertical

14. PUMP

15. PUMP PUMP
Pump is a mechanical device to increase the
pressure energy of a
liquid. In most of the cases, pump is used for
raising fluids from a lower
level to a higher level. A number of pumps
have been developed to
meet a variety of operating conditions. Their
principles of working and
construction are widely different.

16. CLASSIFICATION
The classification of pumps are:
• Reciprocating pumps, examples are piston
pump, plunger pump and diaphragm
pump.
• Rotary pumps, examples are centrifugal
pumps and gear pumps.
• Miscellaneous pumps, example is
peristaltic pump.

17. Reciprocating pump
Reciprocating pump is a positive displacement
pump where certain volume of liquid is
collected in enclosed volume and is discharged
using pressure to the required application.
Reciprocating pumps are more suitable for low
volumes of flow at high pressures.

18. COMPONENTS Components of Reciprocating Pump
1. Suction Pipe
Suction pipe connects the source of liquid to the cylinder of the
reciprocating pump. The liquid is suck by this pipe from the source
to the cylinder.
2. Suction Valve
Suction valve is non-return valve which means only one directional
flow is possible in this type of valve. This is placed between suction
pipe inlet and cylinder. During suction of liquid it is opened and
during discharge it is closed.
3. Delivery Pipe
Delivery pipe connects cylinder of pump to the outlet source. The
liquid is delivered to desired outlet location through this pipe.
4. Delivery Valve
Delivery valve also non-return valve placed between cylinder and
delivery pipe outlet. It is in closed position during suction and in
opened position during discharging of liquid.
5. Cylinder
A hollow cylinder made of steel alloy or cast iron. Arrangement of
piston and piston rod is inside this cylinder. Suction and release of
liquid is takes place in this so, both suction and delivery pipes along
with valves are connected to this cylinder.

19. COMPONENTS
6. Piston and Piston Rod
Piston is a solid type cylinder part which moves backward and
forward inside the hollow cylinder to perform suction and
deliverance of liquid. Piston rod helps the piston to its linear
motion.
7. Crank and Connecting Rod
Crank is a solid circular disc which is connected to power source
like motor, engine etc. for its rotation. Connecting rod connects
the crank to the piston as a result the rotational motion of crank
gets converted into linear motion of the piston.
8. Strainer
Strainer is provided at the end of suction pipe to prevent the
entrance of solids from water source into the cylinder.
9. Air Vessel
Air vessels are connected to both suction and delivery pipes to
eliminate the frictional head and to give uniform discharge rate.

20. WORKING Working of Reciprocating Pump
• When the power source is connected to crank, the crank will
start rotating and connecting rod also displaced along with
crank.
• The piston connected to the connecting rod will move in
linear direction. If crank moves outwards then the piston
moves towards its right and create vacuum in the cylinder.
• This vacuum causes suction valve to open and liquid from the
source is forcibly sucked by the suction pipe into the cylinder.
• When the crank moves inwards or towards the cylinder, the
piston will move towards its left and compresses the liquid in
the cylinder.
• Now, the pressure makes the delivery valve to open and liquid
will discharge through delivery pipe.
• When piston reaches its extreme left position whole liquid
present in the cylinder is delivered through delivery valve.
• Then again the crank rotate outwards and piston moves right
to create suction and the whole process is repeated.
• Generally the above process can be observed in a single acting
reciprocating pump where there is only one delivery stroke
per one revolution of crank. But when it comes to double
acting reciprocating pump, there will be two delivery strokes
per one revolution of crank.

21. USES
• Oil drilling operations
• Pneumatic pressure systems
• Light oil pumping
• Feeding small boilers condensate return

22. Rotary pump Rotary pump is the one by which the liquid can be transported
based on the mechanism of rotation of one or more elements
within a stationary casing.
Generally rotary pumps are classified based on the nature of
force applied in pumping.
These are
1.Rotary positive displacement pump
2.Centrifugal pump

23. Rotary positive
displacement pump
Rotary positive displacement pump
In the rotary positive displacement pump the liquid is
mechanically displaced by the rotation of one or more elements
within a stationary housing.
One most common example of the rotary positive displacement
pump is “GEAR PUMPS”

24. GEAR PUMP
A gear pump is a type of positive displacement (PD) pump. It
moves a fluid by repeatedly enclosing a fixed volume using
interlocking cogs or gears, transferring it mechanically using a
cyclic pumping action. It delivers a smooth pulse-free flow
proportional to the rotational speed of its gears
THE CONSTRUCTION OF A GEAR PUMP
TWO CIRCULAR GEAR:MESH WITH EACH OTHER.THESE RUN IN
CLOSE CONTACT WITH THE CASING.THESE GEAR ARE ROTATE BY
SOME EXTERNAL AGENCY.
How does a gear pump work?
Gear pumps use the actions of rotating cogs or gears to transfer
fluids. The rotating element develops a liquid seal with the
pump casing and creates suction at the pump inlet. Fluid, drawn
into the pump, is enclosed within the cavities of its rotating
gears and transferred to the discharge. There are two basic
designs of gear pump: external and internal

25. USES
Generally used in:
• Petrochemicals: Pure or filled bitumen, pitch, diesel oil,
crude oil, lube oil etc.
• Chemicals: Sodium silicate, acids, plastics, mixed chemicals,
isocyanates etc.
• Paint and ink.
• Resins and adhesives.
• Pulp and paper: acid, soap, lye, black liquor, kaolin, lime,
latex, sludge etc.
• Food: Chocolate, cacao butter, fillers, sugar, vegetable fats
and oils, molasses, animal food etc.

26. Centrifugal Pump  Centrifugal Pump
centrifugal pump is a mechanical device designed
to move a fluid by means of the transfer of
rotational energy from one or more driven rotors,
called impellers. Fluid enters the rapidly rotating
impeller along its axis and is cast out by centrifugal
force along its circumference through the impeller’s
vane tips. The action of the impeller increases the
fluid’s velocity and pressure and also directs it
towards the pump outlet. The pump casing is
specially designed to constrict the fluid from the
pump inlet, direct it into the impeller and then slow
and control the fluid before discharge.

27. COMPONENTS Impeller. Impeller is a rotor used to increase the kinetic energy
of the flow.
Casing (Volute). The casing contains the liquid and acts as
a pressure containment vessel that directs the flow of
liquid in and out of the centrifugal pump.
Shaft (Rotor). The impeller is mounted on a shaft. Shaft is a
mechanical component for transmitting torque from the motor
to the impeller.
Shaft sealing. Centrifugal pumps are provided with packing rings or
mechanical seal which helps prevent the leakage of the pumped liquid.
Bearings. Bearings constrain relative motion of the shaft (rotor)
and reduce friction between the rotating shaft and the stator.
There are at least 5 common types of bearing
• Plain bearing
• Rolling-element bearing
• Jewel bearing
• Fluid bearing
• Magnetic bearing

28. USES • Oil & Energy- pumping crude oil, slurry, mud; used by
refineries, power generation plants
• Industrial & Fire Protection Industry - Heating and
ventilation, boiler feed applications, air conditioning,
pressure boosting, fire protection sprinkler systems.
• Waste Management, Agriculture & Manufacturing -
Wastewater processing plants, municipal industry, drainage,
gas processing, irrigation, and flood protection
• Pharmaceutical, Chemical & Food Industries - paints,
hydrocarbons, petrochemical, cellulose, sugar refining, food
and beverage production
• Various industries (Manufacturing, Industrial, Chemicals,
Pharmaceutical, Food Production, Aerospace etc.) - for the
purposes of cryogenics and refrigerants.

29. Miscellaneous Pumps Miscellaneous Pumps
A common miscellaneous pump is Peristaltic Pump
Peristaltic Pump
A peristaltic pump is a type of positive displacement pump used
for pumping a variety of fluids, they are also commonly known
as roller pumps. The fluid is contained within a flexible tube
fitted inside a circular pump casing

30. USES Peristaltic pumps are typically used to pump clean/sterile or aggressive fluids
without exposing those fluids to contamination from exposed pump
components. Some common applications include pumping IV fluids through an
infusion device, apheresis, aggressive chemicals, high solids slurries and other
materials where isolation of the product from the environment, and the
environment from the product, are critical. It is also used in heart-lung
machines to circulate blood during a bypass surgery, and
in hemodialysis systems, as the pump does not cause significant hemolysis.
Peristaltic pumps are also used in a wide variety of industrial applications,
especially agriculture as they are well suited for common agricultural
chemicals.[7] Their unique design makes roller pumps especially suited to
pumping abrasives[8] and viscous fluids.[9

31. Advantage/Disadvantages  Advantages
• No contamination. Because the only part of the pump in
contact with the fluid being pumped is the interior of the
tube, it is easy to sterilize and clean the inside surfaces of the
pump.
• Low maintenance needs and easy to clean; their lack of
valves, seals and glands makes them comparatively
inexpensive to maintain.[7]
• They are able to handle slurries, viscous, shear-sensitive and
aggressive fluids.
• Pump design prevents backflow and syphoning without
valves.
• A fixed amount of fluid is pumped per rotation, so it can be
used to roughly measure the amount of pumped fluid.
 Disadvantages
• The flexible tubing will tend to degrade with time and
require periodic replacement.
• The flow is pulsed, particularly at low rotational speeds.
Effectiveness is limited by liquid viscosity

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