Presented by Berhanu Gebremedhin, Mengistu Woldehanna, Fiona Flintan, Barbara Wieland and Jane Poole at the Validation Workshop, Addis Ababa, 28 February 2019
Informing sustainable and resilient development of pastoral and agro-pastoral...ILRI
Presented by Berhanu Gebremedhin, Mengistu Woldehanna, Fiona Flintan, Barbara Wieland and Jane Poole at the Workshop on Developing Dryland Areas in Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, 7-8 March 2019
Gendered selection trait preferences for farmed fish in EgyptCGIAR
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Read more: http://gender.cgiar.org/gender_events/annual-conference-2018/
This document discusses the practice of hybridizing yak with cattle in Arunachal Pradesh, India. It finds that yak-cattle hybrids have benefits like higher milk yield, meat production, and adaptability. However, encouraging widespread hybridization could endanger the yak species in the long run as yak populations decline. While hybridization is currently profitable for herders, conservationists argue every response to climate change is not beneficial and the yak is a threatened species that could disappear from the Himalayan region if hybridization replaces yak herds. The document debates the risks and benefits of proliferating yak-cattle hybridization practices.
Culture, choice and action in legume seeds systems in East and North UgandaCGIAR
This presentation was given by Dr. Esther Njuguna-Mungai (ICRISAT) and Catherine Mesianto Lengewa (CBCC-Africa) on May 10, 2019, as part of the webinar ‘Culture, choice and action in legume seeds systems in East and North Uganda'. The webinar was co-organized by the CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research and the CGIAR Research Program on Grain Legumes and Dryland Cereals.
Read more about this webinar at: https://gender.cgiar.org/webinar-nonhybrid-seeds-uganda/
Find out about other webinars hosted by the CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research: http://gender.cgiar.org/gender_events/webinars/
Developing the butter value chain in Ethiopia ILRI
Presented by Berhanu Gebremedhin, Azage Tegegne, Dirk Hoekstra, Samson Jemaneh, Kaleb Shiferaw and Aklilu Bogale at the 22 Annual Conference of the Ethiopian Society of Animal Production (ESAP), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 28-30 August 2014
This document discusses key gender issues related to livestock production, management, and marketing. It finds that livestock are an important asset for both male- and female-headed households. However, women typically own fewer animals than men and have less control over decisions regarding livestock. The document also examines differences in men and women's roles in livestock keeping and participation in livestock markets and services. Finally, it discusses links between gender, livestock, and outcomes like nutrition, food security, and health.
Presentation on worldwide AWI patents for Caviar production from living sturgeon at the International Sturgeon Meeting, 1rst to 5th of June in Krasnodar, Russia.
An Illustrated Guide to Sheep and Goat Production (Hmong language version)Gardening
This document provides an illustrated guide to sheep and goat production. It covers selection of stock, feeding and pasture management, breeding, young stock care, health issues, equipment needs, handling techniques, and marketing options. The guide emphasizes the importance of starting with healthy animals, providing a diverse, high-quality diet and rotational grazing, maintaining animal health, and determining the best market outlets.
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Presented by Berhanu Gebremedhin, Mengistu Woldehanna, Fiona Flintan, Barbara Wieland and Jane Poole at the Workshop on Developing Dryland Areas in Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, 7-8 March 2019
Gendered selection trait preferences for farmed fish in EgyptCGIAR
This presentation was given by Seamus Murphy (WorldFish), as part of the Annual Gender Scientific Conference hosted by the CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research. The event took place on 25-27 September 2018 in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, hosted by the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) and co-organized with KIT Royal Tropical Institute.
Read more: http://gender.cgiar.org/gender_events/annual-conference-2018/
This document discusses the practice of hybridizing yak with cattle in Arunachal Pradesh, India. It finds that yak-cattle hybrids have benefits like higher milk yield, meat production, and adaptability. However, encouraging widespread hybridization could endanger the yak species in the long run as yak populations decline. While hybridization is currently profitable for herders, conservationists argue every response to climate change is not beneficial and the yak is a threatened species that could disappear from the Himalayan region if hybridization replaces yak herds. The document debates the risks and benefits of proliferating yak-cattle hybridization practices.
Culture, choice and action in legume seeds systems in East and North UgandaCGIAR
This presentation was given by Dr. Esther Njuguna-Mungai (ICRISAT) and Catherine Mesianto Lengewa (CBCC-Africa) on May 10, 2019, as part of the webinar ‘Culture, choice and action in legume seeds systems in East and North Uganda'. The webinar was co-organized by the CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research and the CGIAR Research Program on Grain Legumes and Dryland Cereals.
Read more about this webinar at: https://gender.cgiar.org/webinar-nonhybrid-seeds-uganda/
Find out about other webinars hosted by the CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research: http://gender.cgiar.org/gender_events/webinars/
Developing the butter value chain in Ethiopia ILRI
Presented by Berhanu Gebremedhin, Azage Tegegne, Dirk Hoekstra, Samson Jemaneh, Kaleb Shiferaw and Aklilu Bogale at the 22 Annual Conference of the Ethiopian Society of Animal Production (ESAP), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 28-30 August 2014
This document discusses key gender issues related to livestock production, management, and marketing. It finds that livestock are an important asset for both male- and female-headed households. However, women typically own fewer animals than men and have less control over decisions regarding livestock. The document also examines differences in men and women's roles in livestock keeping and participation in livestock markets and services. Finally, it discusses links between gender, livestock, and outcomes like nutrition, food security, and health.
Presentation on worldwide AWI patents for Caviar production from living sturgeon at the International Sturgeon Meeting, 1rst to 5th of June in Krasnodar, Russia.
An Illustrated Guide to Sheep and Goat Production (Hmong language version)Gardening
This document provides an illustrated guide to sheep and goat production. It covers selection of stock, feeding and pasture management, breeding, young stock care, health issues, equipment needs, handling techniques, and marketing options. The guide emphasizes the importance of starting with healthy animals, providing a diverse, high-quality diet and rotational grazing, maintaining animal health, and determining the best market outlets.
Factors Influencing Beef Cattle Sales in the Pastoral Communities of Western ...ESAP
Presentation by Ruhangawebare Godfrey, Mpairwe Denis, Bashaasha Bernard, Mutetikka David and Jorgen Madsen at the 5th All Africa conference on animal production, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 25-28 October 2010.
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Sustainable Use of Animal Genetic Resources - Examples from Uganda & RwandaSIANI
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Production challenges and socio economic impact of dairy goat farming amongst...Alexander Decker
The document discusses the production challenges and socio-economic impact of dairy goat farming amongst smallholder farmers in Kenya. It finds that most smallholder dairy goat farmers are women, many of whom are widows, and they depend entirely on family labor. Milk production levels range from half a liter to ten liters per day on average. Access to land, water, and feed are major challenges. While dairy goats provide income and food, small land sizes limit fodder production. Water sources are also limited and seasonal. There is a need for farmer training in areas like feeding, breeding, and record keeping to improve productivity and support livelihoods.
A broiler management course is a program designed to educate farmers, poultry producers, and other interested individuals on the best practices for managing broiler chickens. Broiler chickens are raised for meat production and require specialized care to ensure their growth, health, and well-being. The course typically covers various aspects of broiler management, including housing, feeding, health management, and disease prevention. It may also cover topics such as breeding, hatching, and marketing of broiler chickens. Participants in a broiler management course will learn about the different types of broiler housing and the best practices for managing temperature, ventilation, and lighting to ensure optimal growth and production. They will also learn about the various types of broiler feed and how to formulate a balanced diet that meets the nutritional requirements of broiler chickens. Health management is a critical aspect of broiler management, and the course will cover topics such as biosecurity measures, vaccination programs, and disease diagnosis and treatment. Participants will learn how to recognize common health problems in broiler chickens and how to implement preventative measures to keep their flocks healthy. Marketing is also an important aspect of broiler management, and the course may cover topics such as market analysis, pricing strategies, and distribution channels. Overall, a broiler management course provides participants with the knowledge and skills needed to raise healthy, productive broiler chickens, and to operate a successful broiler farming business.
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This presentation was given by Rachel Gitundu (International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics / ICRISAT), as part of the Annual Scientific Conference hosted by the University of Canberra and co-sponsored by the University of Canberra, the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) and CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research. The event took place on April 2-4, 2019 in Canberra, Australia.
Read more: https://www.canberra.edu.au/research/faculty-research-centres/aisc/seeds-of-change and https://gender.cgiar.org/annual-conference-2019/
This document summarizes information collected from a village called Gund Brath in Baramulla district, Jammu and Kashmir. It provides details about the village population, literacy rates, main occupations, agriculture and horticulture practices, livestock, and recommendations provided to farmers. The village adopted has a population of around 1,000 people with the majority engaged in agriculture, horticulture, and livestock rearing. Apple and rice cultivation are the main agricultural activities. Issues and suggestions related to improving crop yields are also discussed.
Saudi arabia's food security policy and nutritionExternalEvents
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This study examined the prevalence of tick infestation on livestock in Pothwar, Pakistan. A total of 1804 animals were examined from October 2008 to August 2009, of which 814 (45.1%) were infested with ticks. Cattle had the highest rate of infestation at 58.8% while goats were the lowest at 38.8%. Six tick genera were identified with Haemaphysalis being the most prevalent. Tick infestation rates and burdens were highest in summer months like July and August when humidity and temperatures are higher, and lowest in winter months.
This document provides information on raising ducks and quails for profit in India. It discusses popular duck breeds like Khaki Campbell, Indian Runner, and White Pekin. It also discusses popular quail breeds like Japanese quail and important quail lines developed in India. The document then provides a tentative financial plan for a 1000 bird Khaki Campbell duck farm for egg production, outlining the capital costs, production costs, expected sales and profits. It also provides information on the economics of a 2000 bird quail farm for meat production.
The document summarizes details from various villages in Koraput district of Odisha, India that have implemented drinking water projects. Key points:
- Over 1495 households across 14 villages benefited from drinking water infrastructure projects providing 692 acres of command area. Crop yields increased, especially for vegetables, though millet yields declined.
- A post-project study found per capita gross cropping area increased on average by 1.3 acres indicating lands are now cropped more than once per year.
- Recent agriculture promotion activities included sharecropping, horticulture plantings, land development and vegetable demonstrations across 7 villages benefiting over 300 households.
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Assessment of productive and reproductive performances of crossAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that assessed the productive and reproductive performances of crossbreed dairy cows in Debre Tabor town, Ethiopia. Data was collected through interviews with owners of 5 smallholder farms with crossbreed dairy cows. Key findings include:
1) The average milk production was 9.91 liters per day, with 12 liters, 9.75 liters and 8 liters for the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd stages of lactation respectively. The average lactation length was 9 months.
2) The average age at first calving was 29.52 months. 60% of cows had a calving interval between 1-1.3 years.
3) Housing
Assessment of productive and reproductive performances of crossAlexander Decker
1) The study assessed the productive and reproductive performances of crossbreed dairy cows in five smallholder farms in Debre Tabor town, Ethiopia.
2) Productive performances were analyzed based on milk yield at different lactation stages. On average, cows produced 12 liters in the first stage, 9.75 liters in the second stage, and 8 liters in the third stage, with an overall average of 9.91 liters per day.
3) Reproductive performances like age at first calving, calving interval, and age at first service were also assessed. On average, age at first calving was 29.52 months, calving interval was 391.8 days, and
Goat breeds of india history, development and classificationMahadevappa Gouri
This document provides information on goat breeds in India, including their history, development, domestication, characteristics, and classification. It discusses several important Indian goat breeds such as Sirohi, Marwari, Beetal, and Jhakrana. For each breed, it describes their distribution, conformation/appearance, flock structure, reproduction rates, mortality rates, breeding practices, and milk production performance. The document also covers the scientific classification of goats and notes that goats were among the earliest domesticated animals beginning around 6000-7000 BC in western Asia.
Aggregate risk, saving and malnutrition in agricultural householdsIFMR
- The document summarizes a study examining the link between agricultural savings, price volatility, and malnutrition in India.
- It finds that despite rising farm incomes, malnutrition remains high, as diets rely heavily on cereals like wheat.
- The study hypothesizes that households save in the form of wheat stocks as insurance against price volatility, though wheat prices are stable.
- Analysis of Indian household data shows that higher variability in pulse (tur) prices leads households to increase wheat stock savings, even controlling for total savings. This suggests wheat stocks provide portfolio benefits beyond consumption smoothing.
Small ruminant keepers’ knowledge, attitudes and practices towards peste des ...ILRI
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This presentation was given by Rachel Gitundu (International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics / ICRISAT), as part of the Annual Scientific Conference hosted by the University of Canberra and co-sponsored by the University of Canberra, the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) and CGIAR Collaborative Platform for Gender Research. The event took place on April 2-4, 2019 in Canberra, Australia.
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- The study hypothesizes that households save in the form of wheat stocks as insurance against price volatility, though wheat prices are stable.
- Analysis of Indian household data shows that higher variability in pulse (tur) prices leads households to increase wheat stock savings, even controlling for total savings. This suggests wheat stocks provide portfolio benefits beyond consumption smoothing.
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Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...Leonel Morgado
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
hematic appreciation test is a psychological assessment tool used to measure an individual's appreciation and understanding of specific themes or topics. This test helps to evaluate an individual's ability to connect different ideas and concepts within a given theme, as well as their overall comprehension and interpretation skills. The results of the test can provide valuable insights into an individual's cognitive abilities, creativity, and critical thinking skills
The technology uses reclaimed CO₂ as the dyeing medium in a closed loop process. When pressurized, CO₂ becomes supercritical (SC-CO₂). In this state CO₂ has a very high solvent power, allowing the dye to dissolve easily.
Livestock ownership, market participation and household cash income
1. Livestock Ownership, Market Participation and
Household Cash Income
Berhanu Gebremedhin, Mengistu Woldehanna, Fiona Flintan, Barbara
Wieland and Jane Poole
ILRI
Validation Workshop, Addis Ababa, 28 February 2019
2. Presentation Outline
• Livestock Ownership
• Cow and camel milk productivity
• Livestock market participation
• Livestock market access and market information
service
• Household cash income and savings
3. • Overall, about 83% of households own
cattle, 85% own sheep, 92% own goats,
50% own camels and 31% own donkeys.
• The proportion owning sheep ranged
from about 73% in Amibara to about 93%
in Telalak, while the proportion who
owned goats ranged from about 83% in
Amibara to 100% in Chifera.
• Camel ownership is highest in Telalak
(70% of households owning), followed by
Amibara and Aura.
• Proportion of households who own
donkeys ranged from just 10% in Amibara
to about 42% in Chifera.
Cattle sheep goats Camel donkey
Amib
ara
81.7 73.3 83.3 48.3 10.0
Chifer
a
83.3 90.0 100.0 46.7 41.7
Dawe 78.3 80.0 86.7 43.3 40.0
Telala
k
75.0 93.3 95.0 70.0 36.7
Aura 86.7 86.7 96.7 48.3 28.3
Gewa
ne
90.0 85.0 91.7 43.3 26.7
Total 82.5 84.7 92.2 50.0 30.6
Proportion who owned livestock
4. • Overall, the proportion of households
who own livestock seems to be higher
in the pastoral than the agropastoral
areas.
• Interestingly, proportion who own
sheep in the pastoral areas is higher
by about 17.5% than the proportion
in the agropastoral areas.
• Similarly, the proportion who owned
goats in the pastoral areas was higher
in pastoral by about 13% than in the
agropastoral areas.
• While more than half of the
households in the pastoral areas own
camels, just about a third own camel
in the agropastoral areas.
• There does not seem to be significant
numerical difference in the
proportion of households who own
livestock by sex of household head, or
by youth versus adult heads
Pastoral Agropastoral
Cattl
e
shee
p
goat
s
Cam
el
don
key
Catt
le
she
ep
goat
s
Cam
el
donk
ey
Amib
ara
82.6 76.1 78.3 43.5 8.7 78.6 64.3 100.
0
64.3 14.3
Chife
ra
83.3 90.0 100.
0
46.7 41.7 na na na na na
Daw
e
78.3 82.6 95.7 50.0 37.0 78.6 71.4 57.1 21.4 50.0
Telal
ak
74.6 94.9 94.9 71.2 37.3 na na na na na
Aura 92.0 88.0 98.0 50.0 26.0 60.0 80.0 90.0 40.0 40.0
Gew
ane
89.1 89.1 95.7 54.3 28.3 92.9 71.4 78.6 7.1 21.4
Total 83.1 87.3 94.1 53.1 30.6 79.2 69.8 81.1 32.1 30.2
Proportion who owned livestock by livelihood zone
5. • The average holdings were 8.1, 18.2, 22.2,
5.6 and 2.2 per household for cattle,
sheep, goats, camels and donkeys,
respectively.
• Mean cattle ownership ranged from 5.1 in
Telalak to 11.6 in Gewane.
• Mean sheep ownership ranged from 12.1
in Telalak to 28.1 in Gewane.
• Mean camel ownership had narrower
range, ranging from 3.6 in Chifera to 8.6 in
Gewane.
• Interestingly, the average donkey holding
fluctuates around two across the districts.
• Average holding slightly higher in male
headed households than in female headed
households
district Cattle sheep goats Camel donkey
Amibar
a
6.7 15.1 16.6 5.3 2.2
Chifera 6.9 18.9 22.1 3.6 2.2
Dawe 6.2 14.8 24.2 6.7 2.6
Telalak 5.1 12.1 22.6 5.1 2.0
Aura 11.0 20.2 17.8 4.7 1.5
Gewan
e
11.6 28.1 29.7 8.6 2.8
Total 8.1 18.2 22.2 5.6 2.2
Size of livestock holding (among those who owned)
6. • Average
holdings among
owners seem to
be numerically
higher among
pastoral
households
than agro-
pastoral
households,
except cattle
Pastoral Agropastoral
Cattl
e
shee
p
goat
s
Came
l
donk
ey
Cattl
e
shee
p
goat
s
Came
l
do
nk
ey
Amiba
ra
6.4 16.0 16.9 6.0 2.3 7.7 11.6 15.7 3.5 2.0
Chifer
a
6.9 18.9 22.1 3.6 2.2 na na na na na
Dawe 6.1 15.5 25.8 6.9 2.6 6.6 12.3 15.1 5.3 2.6
Telala
k
5.0 12.1 22.4 5.1 2.0 na na na na na
Aura 11.4 20.8 17.9 5.2 1.4 7.7 16.8 17.2 1.5 1.8
Gewa
ne
11.4 31.0 31.7 8.6 2.9 12.5 16.1 21.9 8.0 2.0
Total 7.9 18.8 22.8 5.8 2.3 9.0 14.1 17.9 3.6 2.2
Livestock ownership by livelihood zone
7. • The average livestock holding in TLU
was 17.5.
• As expected, the highest contribution
to TLU comes from cattle and camels
• The holding in TLU ranged from 14.2
in Telalak to 25.2 in Gewane,
indicating a wide difference in
livestock holding.
• The overall average livestock holding
in TLU is slightly higher in the
pastoral (16.5) than in the
agropastoral (14.2) areas.
• Overall, livestock holding seems to be
higher in adult headed than in youth
headed households.
District Cattl
e
shee
p
goat
s
Came
l
donke
y
Total
TLU
Amiba
ra
4.7 1.5 1.7 5.3 2.2 15.3
Chifera 4.8 1.9 2.2 3.6 2.2 14.8
Dawe 4.2 1.5 2.4 6.7 2.6 17.5
Telalak 3.6 1.2 2.3 5.1 2.0 14.2
Aura 7.7 2.0 1.8 4.7 1.5 17.6
Gewan
e
8.1 2.8 3.0 8.6 2.8 25.2
Total 5.6 1.8 2.2 5.6 2.2 17.5
Average livestock holding in TLU
8. • The overall mean per capita livestock
holding was about 1.94 TLU.
• The per capita TLU in pastoral
households is higher by 0.5 TLU than
in the agropastoral households.
• There is no difference in per capital
TLU between male headed and
female headed households.
• TLU per capita in youth headed
households is higher by 0.53 perhaps
because of the smaller family size in
youth headed households.
• Per capita TLU lower than the
minimum per capita TLU required for
above poverty line (3-4 TLU per
capita, Cornelis de Haan, 2016,
World Bank)
Distr
ict
Livelihood Sex of
household
head
Age of
household
head
Total
Pastor
al
Agrop
astora
l
Male
heade
d
Femal
e
heade
d
Youth
head
ed
Adult
head
ed
Ami
bara
1.83 1.60 1.83 1.65 1.52 1.81 1.78
Chife
ra
1.84 na 1.92 1.54 2.25 1.71 1.84
Daw
e
1.81 1.27 1.71 1.71 2.27 1.60 1.71
Telal
ak
2.23 na 2.05 2.96 3.64 1.52 2.20
Aura 2.00 .84 1.81 1.80 1.16 1.90 1.81
Gew
ane
2.34 2.17 2.26 2.50 2.37 2.29 2.30
Total 2.01 1.51 1.93 1.98 2.49 1.82 1.94
Per capita TLU
9. • The average milk yield per lactation
period was 1.5 liters.
• Cow milk yield ranged from 1.4 (Amibara
and Dawe) to 1.9 liter (in Aura).
• The average lactation length in the
pastoral areas was 173 days,
• The average lactation length in the
agropastoral areas was about 182 days.
District Lactation length
(days)
Average
total
yield
(lt/day)
Pastoral Agropas
toral
Amibara 177 176.7 1.4
Chifera 176 na 1.5
Dawe 175 181.4 1.4
Telalak 161 na 1.6
Aura 167 192.5 1.9
Gewane 182 187.5 1.5
Total 173 181.8 1.5
Cow milk productivity
10. • The overall average milk yield
over a lactation period was 2.8
liters.
• Lactation length in the pastoral
areas ranged from 156 days (in
Aura) to 250 days in Dawe).
• A maximum of 300 days
lactation length was observed in
the agropastoral areas in
Gewane.
District Lactation length average
yield
Pastoral Agropastoral
Amibara 217 190 2.6
Chifera 216 na 3.3
Dawe 250 240 2.9
Telalak 216 na 3.1
Aura 156 210 2.8
Gewane 230 300 3.4
Total 217 213 2.8
Camel milk productivity
11. • Overall, about 61%, 83%, 85% and 53%
of households participated as sellers
for cattle, sheep, goats and camels,
respectively.
• The proportion of households who sold
cattle ranged from about 44% in Telalak
to 72% in Chifera.
• The highest proportion of households
who participated in livestock market as
sellers was reported for sheep and
goats, followed by cattle.
• The proportion of sellers in the pastoral
areas seems to be slightly higher than
those in the agropastoral areas.
• There is no marked difference in the
proportion of sellers by sex of
household head.
Livestock market participation a seller
(Proportion of households)
District
Total
Cattle Sheep Goats Camels
Amibara 55.1 63.6 76.0 42.9
Chifera 72.0 92.6 90.0 57.1
Dawe 61.7 87.5 94.2 57.7
Telalak 44.4 87.5 86.0 54.8
Aura 71.2 88.5 91.4 55.2
Gewane 57.4 74.5 70.9 50.0
Total 60.6 83.0 84.9 53.1
12. • Overall, gross commercial off-take rate of
8.5%, 11.1%, 12.6% and 10.5% were
observed for cattle, sheep, goats and
camels, respectively.
• No marked difference in the off-take
rates were observed between pastoral
and agro-pastoral households.
• There seem to be differences in the off-
take rates by district.
• As by livelihood zones, no marked
difference in the off-take rates was
observed by sex of heads or by age of
household head.
district Total
Cattle Sheep Goats Camels
Amibara 6.3 8.8 11.2 7.4
Chifera 9.0 13.5 14.9 16.6
Dawe 8.7 10.3 11.1 10.7
Telalak 8.7 12.5 13.5 10.1
Aura 8.3 12.4 16.6 15.8
Gewane 9.6 9.3 9.1 6.9
Total 8.5 11.1 12.6 10.5
Gross Commercial Off-take rate of livestock
13. • About 40% of households reported
having access to livestock market
within 3 hours of waking distance.
• About 19% reported having access
to the market within 5-8 hours of
walking distance.
• About a third of the households
reported that they had to walk for
more than a day to the nearest
livestock market, suggesting the
dire need to invest in market
development in these areas.
• Access to livestock market seems to
be better in the pastoral than in the
agropastoral areas.
< 1
hour
1-3
hours
> 3 –
5
hours
>5 –
8
hours
1 day 2
days
>2
days
Amib
ara
23.9 28.2 12.7 9.9 19.7 5.6 0.0
Chife
ra
17.6 51.5 22.1 1.5 1.5 2.9 2.9
Dawe 12.8 32.6 32.6 8.1 5.8 4.7 3.5
Telala
k
3.6 33.7 22.9 16.9 12.0 4.8 6.0
Aura 3.7 16.5 9.2 9.2 18.3 30.3 12.8
Gewa
ne
12.5 18.3 16.3 5.8 1.0 5.8 40.4
Total 11.5 28.4 18.8 8.6 9.8 10.2 12.7
Proportion of households who reported access to market within certain
distance
14. • More than half of the households
used the livestock markets within
two weeks.
• More than a third reported using
the market one a month, and
about 9% reported using the
markets once a year.
• There is also a small fraction of
households (0.4%) who never used
the market in the year.
• Livestock market use frequency is
slightly more in the pastoral than
in the agropastoral areas, as
expected, since pastoralists rely
more heavily on livestock sales for
cash income
Every
day
once a
week
Every
two
weeks
once a
month
once a
year
Never
Amiba
ra
0.0 49.3 18.3 26.8 5.6 0.0
Chifer
a
0.0 45.6 17.6 36.8 0.0 0.0
Dawe 2.3 32.6 20.9 38.4 4.7 1.2
Telalak 1.2 42.2 24.1 25.3 7.2 0.0
Aura 0.9 19.3 19.3 49.5 11.0 0.0
Gewa
ne
10.6 25.0 11.5 31.7 20.2 1.0
Total 2.9 33.8 18.4 35.5 9.0 0.4
Market use frequency of households
15. Marketing fees
• Marketing fees are paid in all the study districts. An overall
average of Birr 9 was paid per cattle as marketing fee. Marketing
fees per cattle seem to be slightly numerically higher in the
agropastoral than in the pastoral areas.
• An average of about Birr 5 was paid as marketing fee per shoat.
Shoats marketing fees are paid in all the study districts and range
from Birr 2 in Telalak to Birr 5.
• An overall average of Birr 10 was paid per camel. The fees ranged
from Birr 10 to Birr 15.
16. • About 62% of households reported
having access to livestock price
information, primarily from
informal sources.
• Similar proportion of households
reported having access to livestock
price information across the
districts.
• About half of the households said
that access to price information
would influence their marketing
decision.
• This suggests the important role of
developing market information
system in supporting livestock
marketing decision of households.
District Pastoral Agropastoral Total
Amibara 58.7 64.3 60.0
Chifera 61.7 na 61.7
Dawe 58.7 57.1 58.3
Telalak 64.4 na 65.0
Aura 72.0 30.0 65.0
Gewane 60.9 64.3 61.7
Total 62.9 56.6 61.9
Proportion of households who reported access to
livestock price information
17. • The overall average cash income of
the surveyed households was about
Birr 11, 975.
• The large standard deviation
indicates that there is a wide
variation in cash income among
households.
• The mean cash income ranges from
about Birr 14, 638 (in Amibara) to
Birr 19, 583 (in Aura).
• The mean cash income seems to be
numerically higher in the pastoral
than the agropastoral areas,
perhaps because of differences in
come from the sale of livestock.
• However, there is no significant
statistical difference in cash income
between pastoral and agropastoral
areas in any of the districts.
Pastoral
(mean)
Agropast
oral
(Mean)
Whole sample
Mean Standard
Deviation
Amibara 14363 15540 14638 11297
Chifera 18250 na 18250 11479
Dawe 16784 13696 16064 12387
Telalak 16538 na 16636 11816
Aura 20412 15433 19582 11896
Gewane 18400 16025 17846 12764
Total 17493 15290 17169 11974
Household cash income
18. • livestock sales accounts for more
than two-third of household cash
income.
• The second most important
contributor to cash income seems
to be PSNP, followed by wage
income.
• Gifts, remittances and aid stands
as the fourth important
contributor.
• Interestingly, livestock product
sales, crop production and
business activities contribute very
small.
live
animal
sale
livest
ock
produ
cts
Crop
sales
Wage
empl
oyme
nt
Busin
ess
activi
ties
Gifts
remitt
ance
and
aid
PSNP
Amib
ara
9138 121. 178 1704 717 970 1809
Chifer
a
12850 137 25 1197 850 623 2569
Dawe 10369 156 743 1036 83 1072 2603
Telala
k
11217 50 316 1408 42 1066 2538
Aura 14479 292 305 1614 67 723 2102
Gewa
ne
12963 295 1050 848 425 848 1417
Total 11836 175 436 1301 364 883 2173
Cash income structure of households
19. • Overall, about 7.5% of
households reported savings.
• The proportion of households
who saved money in the
agropastoral areas was more
than twice the proportion in
the pastoral areas.
• Similarly, the proportion of
male headed households who
saved money was almost
twice as much as in the female
headed households.
• Almost equal proportion of
households saved money in
the youth-headed and adult-
headed households.
Past
oral
Agropa
storal
Male
headed
Female
headed
Youth
headed
Adult
head
ed
Total
Ami
bara
4.3 14.3 4.8 11.1 14.3 5.7 6.7
Chife
ra
1.7 0.0 2.1 0.0 0.0 2.2 1.7
Daw
e
2.2 7.1 3.9 0.0 0.0 3.9 3.3
Telal
ak
3.4 0.0 4.0 0.0 5.3 2.4 3.3
Aura 12.0 10.0 13.2 0.0 14.3 11.3 11.7
Gew
ane
15.2 28.6 20.0 10.0 33.3 16.7 18.3
Total 6.2 15.1 8.2 4.5 8.1 7.4 7.5
Proportion of households who saved money
20. • The overall mean
annual saving among
those who saved was
Birr 8143.
• The mean annual
saving ranged from
Birr 3000 in Dawe to
Birr 10, 418 in
Gewane.
District Mean Min Max Mode
Amibara 4000.0 1000 6000 6000
Chifera 10000.0 10000 10000 10000
Dawe 3000.0 1000 5000 1000
Telalak 3750.0 3000 4500 3000
Aura 9396.7 1777 20000 15000
Gewane 10418.2 500 30000 30000
Total 8143.6 500 30000 3000
Savings of households (Birr)
21. • The only saving institutions used by
savers are the home and banks.
• About 90% of savers saved their
money at home, while about 11% of
savers saved money in banks.
• No saving was reported in saving and
credit groups, SACCOS or microfinance
institutions.
• About 90% of savers saved their
money at home, while about 11% of
savers saved money in banks.
• Agropastoralists did not use banks to
save money.
District Pastoral Agropastoral Total
Amibara 100.0 100.0 100.0
Chifera 100.0 na 100.0
Dawe 100.0 100.0 100.0
Telalak 100.0 na 100.0
Aura 66.7 100.0 71.4
Gewane 85.7 100.0 90.9
Total 84.2 100.0 88.9
Proportion of households who saved at home
22. Conclusions and implications
• Ownership of livestock indicates that improving livestock
productivity could benefit more than 80% of households
• Per capita livestock holding in the pastoral areas lower than the
minimum requirement to stay above poverty line need to
develop alternative sources of livelihoods or build asset base
• Low milk productivity (1.5 lt/cow and 2.8 lt/camel) indicate that
doubling milk yield could improve household income and food
security
• High market participation but low commercial offtake rate implies
the need to promote intensity of market participation
•
23. Conclusions and Implications
• Market access (as measured by distance) remains a challenge
implying the need to develop market infrastructure
• Access to livestock price information influences marketing decisions
suggesting importance of developing market information system
• Per capita cash income vey low at birr 2452 implying the dire need
to develop alternative income generating activities
• Livestock product sales contribute very little to household cash
income.
25. This presentation is licensed for use under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Licence.
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