This document provides an overview of vaccine delivery systems. It discusses various types of delivery systems including particulate adjuvants like aluminum salts, virosomes, and cytokines. It also describes mucosal vaccine delivery systems and strategies for mucosal delivery including emulsion-type delivery, liposome-based delivery, and polymeric nano particles. The key advantages and disadvantages of different delivery approaches are highlighted.
Vaccines work by enhancing the body's immune response to disease-causing microorganisms. They contain weakened or killed forms of viruses or bacteria, or purified components, which trigger an immune response and develop antibodies without causing illness. Vaccines are formulated with antigens, fluids, preservatives and adjuvants to ensure potency over the shelf life. They are prepared from isolated microbial strains grown in culture and tested in clinical trials before use in vaccine production. The immune response triggered by vaccination mimics natural infection and prepares the body to fight the disease if exposed in the future.
This document discusses different types of controlled drug delivery systems. It classifies systems as rate preprogrammed, activation modulated, or feedback regulated. Rate preprogrammed systems are further broken down into polymer membrane permeation controlled systems, polymer matrix diffusion controlled systems, and microreservoir partition controlled systems. The key aspects and release kinetics of each system type are described through examples. Factors that influence drug release rates from these systems include membrane thickness, drug solubility, diffusivity, and partitioning coefficients.
This document provides an overview of protein and peptide drug delivery. It begins with definitions of proteins and peptides and descriptions of protein structure. It then discusses protein functions and challenges with delivering proteins and peptides. These challenges include low permeability, enzyme degradation, short half-life, and immunogenicity. The document outlines various barriers to protein delivery, including enzymatic barriers and barriers at the intestinal epithelium, capillary endothelium, and blood-brain barrier. It also discusses physicochemical properties of proteins and peptides that impact delivery. Finally, it reviews various routes of delivery such as parenteral, pulmonary, and transdermal routes and technologies used for delivery like liposomes, hydrogels, emulsions, and pumps.
PERSONALIZED MEDICINE,CUSTOMIZED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM ,3D PRINTING ,TELEPHARM...GOKULAKRISHNAN S
Personalized medicine aims to provide the right drug to the right patient at the right time and dose based on their genetic profile. It enables more effective and safer medicines by better matching patients to drugs and eliminating adverse reactions. Developments like 3D printing, telepharmacy, and bioelectronic devices can help deliver customized medicine. Pharmacogenomics and pharmacogenetics study how genetic factors affect individual drug responses and are important to personalized medicine.
Contents
IntroductionWhat are vaccine?
History of vaccineIdeal properties of vaccine.
Mechanism of vaccine
Types of vaccineUptake of antigen
Single shot vaccine
Mucosal delivery vaccine
Transdermal delivery vaccineReferences
This document discusses mucosal delivery of vaccines. It begins by introducing mucosal surfaces as the major portal of entry for many pathogens and that immunization through mucosal routes can induce protective immunity at sites of entry. It then discusses various terms related to mucosal tissues and lymphoid structures. The remainder of the document outlines different polymer systems, formulations, design strategies and advantages/limitations for mucosal vaccine delivery, including emulsions, liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, virosomes and melt-in-mouth strips. It also discusses single shot vaccines that provide protection from multiple diseases with one administration through use of vaccine adjuvants and antigen microencapsulation for delayed release.
The document discusses single-shot vaccines and their delivery systems. It defines vaccines and describes traditional types including killed, attenuated, and subunit. It explains antigen uptake, processing, and presentation by cells. Microsphere-based single-shot vaccines provide priming and boosting through delayed antigen release. Factors influencing release include polymer properties and antigen size. Future areas of research include combining pulsatile delivery with existing vaccines to mimic multiple doses through a single injection. Adverse effects are usually mild and include fever and pain, while risks involve potential illness from live vaccines or allergic reactions.
Vaccines work by enhancing the body's immune response to disease-causing microorganisms. They contain weakened or killed forms of viruses or bacteria, or purified components, which trigger an immune response and develop antibodies without causing illness. Vaccines are formulated with antigens, fluids, preservatives and adjuvants to ensure potency over the shelf life. They are prepared from isolated microbial strains grown in culture and tested in clinical trials before use in vaccine production. The immune response triggered by vaccination mimics natural infection and prepares the body to fight the disease if exposed in the future.
This document discusses different types of controlled drug delivery systems. It classifies systems as rate preprogrammed, activation modulated, or feedback regulated. Rate preprogrammed systems are further broken down into polymer membrane permeation controlled systems, polymer matrix diffusion controlled systems, and microreservoir partition controlled systems. The key aspects and release kinetics of each system type are described through examples. Factors that influence drug release rates from these systems include membrane thickness, drug solubility, diffusivity, and partitioning coefficients.
This document provides an overview of protein and peptide drug delivery. It begins with definitions of proteins and peptides and descriptions of protein structure. It then discusses protein functions and challenges with delivering proteins and peptides. These challenges include low permeability, enzyme degradation, short half-life, and immunogenicity. The document outlines various barriers to protein delivery, including enzymatic barriers and barriers at the intestinal epithelium, capillary endothelium, and blood-brain barrier. It also discusses physicochemical properties of proteins and peptides that impact delivery. Finally, it reviews various routes of delivery such as parenteral, pulmonary, and transdermal routes and technologies used for delivery like liposomes, hydrogels, emulsions, and pumps.
PERSONALIZED MEDICINE,CUSTOMIZED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM ,3D PRINTING ,TELEPHARM...GOKULAKRISHNAN S
Personalized medicine aims to provide the right drug to the right patient at the right time and dose based on their genetic profile. It enables more effective and safer medicines by better matching patients to drugs and eliminating adverse reactions. Developments like 3D printing, telepharmacy, and bioelectronic devices can help deliver customized medicine. Pharmacogenomics and pharmacogenetics study how genetic factors affect individual drug responses and are important to personalized medicine.
Contents
IntroductionWhat are vaccine?
History of vaccineIdeal properties of vaccine.
Mechanism of vaccine
Types of vaccineUptake of antigen
Single shot vaccine
Mucosal delivery vaccine
Transdermal delivery vaccineReferences
This document discusses mucosal delivery of vaccines. It begins by introducing mucosal surfaces as the major portal of entry for many pathogens and that immunization through mucosal routes can induce protective immunity at sites of entry. It then discusses various terms related to mucosal tissues and lymphoid structures. The remainder of the document outlines different polymer systems, formulations, design strategies and advantages/limitations for mucosal vaccine delivery, including emulsions, liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, virosomes and melt-in-mouth strips. It also discusses single shot vaccines that provide protection from multiple diseases with one administration through use of vaccine adjuvants and antigen microencapsulation for delayed release.
The document discusses single-shot vaccines and their delivery systems. It defines vaccines and describes traditional types including killed, attenuated, and subunit. It explains antigen uptake, processing, and presentation by cells. Microsphere-based single-shot vaccines provide priming and boosting through delayed antigen release. Factors influencing release include polymer properties and antigen size. Future areas of research include combining pulsatile delivery with existing vaccines to mimic multiple doses through a single injection. Adverse effects are usually mild and include fever and pain, while risks involve potential illness from live vaccines or allergic reactions.
A vaccine is a biological preparation that improves immunity to a particular disease. A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease causing microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins or one of its surface proteins. The agent stimulates the body's immune system to recognize foreign agents, destroy it, and keep a record of it, so that the immune system can more easily recognize and destroy any of these microorganisms that it later encounters.
This document discusses single shot vaccines that can provide protection against multiple diseases with only one injection. It describes how single shot vaccines work by combining an antigen, adjuvant, and microsphere component that encapsulates and slowly releases the antigen. Key factors in developing these vaccines include controlling particle size, optimizing encapsulation efficiency, and regulating antigen release from the biodegradable microspheres. Single shot vaccines offer advantages like improved patient compliance and lower costs compared to traditional multi-dose vaccines.
This document discusses different types of rate controlled drug delivery systems. It begins by introducing controlled release drug delivery and distinguishing it from sustained release. It then classifies controlled release systems into three main categories: rate programmed, activation modulated, and feedback regulated systems. Within each category it describes several examples of systems, identifying how drug release is controlled in each case. Key factors that can affect controlled release are also listed. The document aims to provide an overview of controlled drug delivery technologies with classifications and examples.
Dr. A. SUMATHI - Transdermal Delivery of VaccinesSumathi Arumugam
The document discusses transdermal delivery of vaccines as a needle-free method of immunization. It describes the skin as a barrier to vaccine delivery and various approaches to overcome these barriers, including needle-free injection devices, powder-based delivery, topical adjuvants, colloidal carriers, and energy-based methods. It provides examples of research demonstrating the ability of these approaches to enhance immune responses to various vaccines compared to traditional needle injection.
M.pharm (Pharmaceutics) modern pharmacy unit-5 Study of consolidation parameters; Diffusion parameters, Dissolution
parameters and Pharmacokinetic parameters, Heckel plots, Similarity factors – f2
and f1, Higuchi and Peppas plot, Linearity Concept of significance, Standard
deviation , Chi square test, students T-test , ANOVA test
This document discusses proteins and peptides. It defines proteins and peptides, noting that proteins are made of 50 or more amino acids linked by peptide bonds, while peptides are shorter polymers of amino acids. The document outlines several barriers to delivering proteins and peptides as drugs, including enzymatic barriers in the gastrointestinal tract, the intestinal epithelial barrier, the capillary endothelial barrier, and the blood-brain barrier. It also describes various mechanisms of transporting peptides and proteins across these barriers, such as passive and active transport, endocytosis, and movement through tight cell junctions.
This document discusses mechanically activated drug delivery devices, specifically metered dose inhalers, dry powder inhalers, and nebulizers. Metered dose inhalers precisely deliver medication in aerosol form via inhalation. Dry powder inhalers use breath activation to deliver dry powder medication. Nebulizers convert liquid medication into an inhalable mist using compressed air or ultrasonic power. Each device type has advantages like precision or not requiring compressed gas, but also disadvantages such as potential waste or lower efficiency.
Self Micro Emulsifying Drug Delivery SystemSagar Savale
The document provides information on self-microemulsifying drug delivery systems (SMEDDS), including their definition, components, mechanism of action, formulation, evaluation, and applications. SMEDDS consist of oils, surfactants, and cosolvents/surfactants that form fine oil-in-water microemulsions upon mild agitation followed by dilution in aqueous fluids. The small droplet size of SMEDDS enhances drug absorption by increasing surface area and promoting intestinal lymphatic transport. SMEDDS have shown improved oral absorption for several poorly soluble drugs over conventional formulations.
Mr. Swapnil Kale presented on mucosal delivery of vaccines. He discussed that mucosal delivery allows vaccines to interact with mucosal layers to induce mucosal immunity, preventing pathogens from reaching systemic circulation. Common mucosal routes include sublingual, intranasal, oral, vaginal, and rectal. Mucosal delivery provides advantages like priming primary immunity, enabling mass vaccination through needle-free and non-invasive means. However, challenges include insufficient antigen uptake due to rapid clearance and lack of effective human mucosal adjuvants. Nanotechnology approaches can help overcome these challenges by protecting antigens from degradation and facilitating penetration and sustained release with the use of polymers and adjuvants.
The document discusses strategies for effective mucosal immunization. It begins by describing the structure and function of the mucosal immune system, which lines various tracts in the body and is the site of entry for many pathogens. It then discusses the challenges of delivering vaccines mucosally, including dilution in fluids and degradation, before outlining approaches to overcome barriers like targeting antigen-presenting cells. The rest of the document details various nanoparticle delivery systems for mucosal vaccines, including liposomes, emulsions, polymeric nanoparticles, virus-like particles, and virosomes. It emphasizes the ability of these systems to protect antigens, penetrate mucosal barriers, and promote immune responses.
This document discusses mechanical and pH activated drug delivery systems. Mechanical systems include metered dose inhalers, dry powder inhalers, and nebulizers which deliver drugs through physical activation. pH activated systems target drug delivery based on pH ranges in different body regions. They are classified as hydrogels, nanoparticles, microspheres, and microgels which protect drugs from gastric conditions and release them in the intestines based on pH changes. The advantages are site-specific delivery and protection of drugs, while disadvantages include non-biodegradability of polymers and lack of specificity between similar pH regions.
This document summarizes various mathematical models used to analyze drug release kinetics from pharmaceutical dosage forms. It discusses the Higuchi, Korsmeyer-Peppas, and difference factor (f1) and similarity factor (f2) models. The Higuchi model describes drug release from a matrix based on square root of time. The Korsmeyer-Peppas model characterizes drug release mechanisms based on the release exponent n value. The f1 and f2 factors are used to compare dissolution profiles between two drug products.
This document discusses modern pharmaceutics and preformulation concepts. It begins with an introduction to preformulation, which involves investigating a drug's physical and chemical properties alone and with excipients. This information guides dosage form development. The document then discusses drug-excipient interactions and compatibility testing methods. It also covers topics like solid dispersions, emulsions, suspensions, and parenteral product formulation and testing requirements.
This document discusses protein and peptide drug delivery systems. It begins by defining proteins and peptides, and describing their structures. It then discusses various challenges in delivering protein and peptide drugs, such as stability issues like denaturation, aggregation, oxidation, and proteolysis. It also categorizes different drug delivery routes like parenteral, pulmonary, transdermal, and oral. Finally, it provides examples of marketed protein and peptide drug formulations and discusses strategies to improve stability and delivery of these drugs.
DATION OF EQUIPMENT ICH AND WHO GUIDELINES FOR CALIBRATION AND VALIDATION OF ...deepalisanap31
Introduction to equipment
Calibration
ICH guidelines for calibration of equipment
WHO guidelines for calibration of equipment
Example for calibration of UV
Validation
ICH guidelines for validation of equipment
WHO guidelines for validation of equipment
Example for validation of tablet compression machine
Self micro-emulsifying drug delivery systemArif Nadaf
Self-microemulsifying drug delivery systems (SMEDDS) are isotropic mixtures of natural or synthetic oils, solid or liquid surfactants, and hydrophilic solvents/surfactants that form fine oil-in-water microemulsions upon mild agitation followed by dilution in aqueous fluids such as gastrointestinal fluids. The key advantages of SMEDDS include improved oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs by increasing solubility and efficient drug transport, enhanced dissolution rate, protection of drugs from degradation, and reduced inter-subject and intra-subject variability. SMEDDS formulations are evaluated based on parameters such as self-emulsification time, droplet size, zeta potential, drug release, and
This document discusses bioequivalence studies. It begins with an introduction and objectives. It then defines bioequivalence according to the FDA and WHO as the rates and extents of active ingredients being available between two products. It discusses the need for bioequivalence studies for generic approval and reasons for in vivo studies. It also covers study designs, types of evidence to establish bioequivalence, statistical evaluation of data, and biowaivers. The overall purpose is to ensure generic drugs are equivalent to their brand name counterparts in performance.
Vaccines improve immunity to diseases. Single shot vaccines provide protection against 4-6 diseases with a single injection using microspheres to encapsulate antigens and provide delayed release for booster immunization. They are more economical and convenient than traditional multi-dose vaccines. However, single shot vaccines may be less effective than multi-dose vaccines and carry risks of stimulating the immune system or causing illness from live components.
This document presents theories of dispersion and mechanisms of emulsion formation. It discusses four traditional theories of dispersion: viscosity theory, film theory, wedge theory, and interfacial tension theory. It also describes limitations of these theories. The document then introduces a modern approach involving droplet formation and stabilization by emulsifying agents. Three mechanisms of emulsion stabilization are described: monomolecular adsorption, multimolecular adsorption, and solid particle adsorption.
Vaccine delivery systems can be categorized as needle-based or needle-free. Common needle-based routes include intramuscular, subcutaneous, and intradermal injection. Needle-free options include oral, intranasal, and transdermal delivery. Various technologies are being developed to enhance vaccine uptake through mucosal surfaces without needles, such as live viral/bacterial vectors, particulate systems like microparticles, and chemical or physical permeation of the skin. The design of mucosal and transdermal vaccines aims to protect antigens, deliver them across barriers, and target immune cells while avoiding tolerance.
Nishtha Singhal presented on the complications of local anesthesia. Some potential complications include soft tissue injury, sloughing of tissues from drugs/chemicals used; needle breakage, hematoma, or failure to obtain anesthesia from injection techniques; and pain, burning, trismus, or neurological symptoms that can arise from both drugs/techniques. Prevention methods and management strategies were discussed for each complication.
The document discusses various investigation methods for breast cancer including triple assessment, invasive methods like FNAC and core biopsy, and non-invasive methods like mammography, ultrasound, MRI, and sentinel lymph node biopsy. Triple assessment, using clinical, imaging and pathology findings, is 99.9% accurate for diagnosis. FNAC provides immediate results but has limitations while core biopsy analyzes tissue architecture. Mammography remains an important screening and diagnostic tool but has limitations like missed cancers in dense breasts. Ultrasound has benefits of no radiation and reproduciblity.
A vaccine is a biological preparation that improves immunity to a particular disease. A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease causing microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins or one of its surface proteins. The agent stimulates the body's immune system to recognize foreign agents, destroy it, and keep a record of it, so that the immune system can more easily recognize and destroy any of these microorganisms that it later encounters.
This document discusses single shot vaccines that can provide protection against multiple diseases with only one injection. It describes how single shot vaccines work by combining an antigen, adjuvant, and microsphere component that encapsulates and slowly releases the antigen. Key factors in developing these vaccines include controlling particle size, optimizing encapsulation efficiency, and regulating antigen release from the biodegradable microspheres. Single shot vaccines offer advantages like improved patient compliance and lower costs compared to traditional multi-dose vaccines.
This document discusses different types of rate controlled drug delivery systems. It begins by introducing controlled release drug delivery and distinguishing it from sustained release. It then classifies controlled release systems into three main categories: rate programmed, activation modulated, and feedback regulated systems. Within each category it describes several examples of systems, identifying how drug release is controlled in each case. Key factors that can affect controlled release are also listed. The document aims to provide an overview of controlled drug delivery technologies with classifications and examples.
Dr. A. SUMATHI - Transdermal Delivery of VaccinesSumathi Arumugam
The document discusses transdermal delivery of vaccines as a needle-free method of immunization. It describes the skin as a barrier to vaccine delivery and various approaches to overcome these barriers, including needle-free injection devices, powder-based delivery, topical adjuvants, colloidal carriers, and energy-based methods. It provides examples of research demonstrating the ability of these approaches to enhance immune responses to various vaccines compared to traditional needle injection.
M.pharm (Pharmaceutics) modern pharmacy unit-5 Study of consolidation parameters; Diffusion parameters, Dissolution
parameters and Pharmacokinetic parameters, Heckel plots, Similarity factors – f2
and f1, Higuchi and Peppas plot, Linearity Concept of significance, Standard
deviation , Chi square test, students T-test , ANOVA test
This document discusses proteins and peptides. It defines proteins and peptides, noting that proteins are made of 50 or more amino acids linked by peptide bonds, while peptides are shorter polymers of amino acids. The document outlines several barriers to delivering proteins and peptides as drugs, including enzymatic barriers in the gastrointestinal tract, the intestinal epithelial barrier, the capillary endothelial barrier, and the blood-brain barrier. It also describes various mechanisms of transporting peptides and proteins across these barriers, such as passive and active transport, endocytosis, and movement through tight cell junctions.
This document discusses mechanically activated drug delivery devices, specifically metered dose inhalers, dry powder inhalers, and nebulizers. Metered dose inhalers precisely deliver medication in aerosol form via inhalation. Dry powder inhalers use breath activation to deliver dry powder medication. Nebulizers convert liquid medication into an inhalable mist using compressed air or ultrasonic power. Each device type has advantages like precision or not requiring compressed gas, but also disadvantages such as potential waste or lower efficiency.
Self Micro Emulsifying Drug Delivery SystemSagar Savale
The document provides information on self-microemulsifying drug delivery systems (SMEDDS), including their definition, components, mechanism of action, formulation, evaluation, and applications. SMEDDS consist of oils, surfactants, and cosolvents/surfactants that form fine oil-in-water microemulsions upon mild agitation followed by dilution in aqueous fluids. The small droplet size of SMEDDS enhances drug absorption by increasing surface area and promoting intestinal lymphatic transport. SMEDDS have shown improved oral absorption for several poorly soluble drugs over conventional formulations.
Mr. Swapnil Kale presented on mucosal delivery of vaccines. He discussed that mucosal delivery allows vaccines to interact with mucosal layers to induce mucosal immunity, preventing pathogens from reaching systemic circulation. Common mucosal routes include sublingual, intranasal, oral, vaginal, and rectal. Mucosal delivery provides advantages like priming primary immunity, enabling mass vaccination through needle-free and non-invasive means. However, challenges include insufficient antigen uptake due to rapid clearance and lack of effective human mucosal adjuvants. Nanotechnology approaches can help overcome these challenges by protecting antigens from degradation and facilitating penetration and sustained release with the use of polymers and adjuvants.
The document discusses strategies for effective mucosal immunization. It begins by describing the structure and function of the mucosal immune system, which lines various tracts in the body and is the site of entry for many pathogens. It then discusses the challenges of delivering vaccines mucosally, including dilution in fluids and degradation, before outlining approaches to overcome barriers like targeting antigen-presenting cells. The rest of the document details various nanoparticle delivery systems for mucosal vaccines, including liposomes, emulsions, polymeric nanoparticles, virus-like particles, and virosomes. It emphasizes the ability of these systems to protect antigens, penetrate mucosal barriers, and promote immune responses.
This document discusses mechanical and pH activated drug delivery systems. Mechanical systems include metered dose inhalers, dry powder inhalers, and nebulizers which deliver drugs through physical activation. pH activated systems target drug delivery based on pH ranges in different body regions. They are classified as hydrogels, nanoparticles, microspheres, and microgels which protect drugs from gastric conditions and release them in the intestines based on pH changes. The advantages are site-specific delivery and protection of drugs, while disadvantages include non-biodegradability of polymers and lack of specificity between similar pH regions.
This document summarizes various mathematical models used to analyze drug release kinetics from pharmaceutical dosage forms. It discusses the Higuchi, Korsmeyer-Peppas, and difference factor (f1) and similarity factor (f2) models. The Higuchi model describes drug release from a matrix based on square root of time. The Korsmeyer-Peppas model characterizes drug release mechanisms based on the release exponent n value. The f1 and f2 factors are used to compare dissolution profiles between two drug products.
This document discusses modern pharmaceutics and preformulation concepts. It begins with an introduction to preformulation, which involves investigating a drug's physical and chemical properties alone and with excipients. This information guides dosage form development. The document then discusses drug-excipient interactions and compatibility testing methods. It also covers topics like solid dispersions, emulsions, suspensions, and parenteral product formulation and testing requirements.
This document discusses protein and peptide drug delivery systems. It begins by defining proteins and peptides, and describing their structures. It then discusses various challenges in delivering protein and peptide drugs, such as stability issues like denaturation, aggregation, oxidation, and proteolysis. It also categorizes different drug delivery routes like parenteral, pulmonary, transdermal, and oral. Finally, it provides examples of marketed protein and peptide drug formulations and discusses strategies to improve stability and delivery of these drugs.
DATION OF EQUIPMENT ICH AND WHO GUIDELINES FOR CALIBRATION AND VALIDATION OF ...deepalisanap31
Introduction to equipment
Calibration
ICH guidelines for calibration of equipment
WHO guidelines for calibration of equipment
Example for calibration of UV
Validation
ICH guidelines for validation of equipment
WHO guidelines for validation of equipment
Example for validation of tablet compression machine
Self micro-emulsifying drug delivery systemArif Nadaf
Self-microemulsifying drug delivery systems (SMEDDS) are isotropic mixtures of natural or synthetic oils, solid or liquid surfactants, and hydrophilic solvents/surfactants that form fine oil-in-water microemulsions upon mild agitation followed by dilution in aqueous fluids such as gastrointestinal fluids. The key advantages of SMEDDS include improved oral bioavailability of poorly water-soluble drugs by increasing solubility and efficient drug transport, enhanced dissolution rate, protection of drugs from degradation, and reduced inter-subject and intra-subject variability. SMEDDS formulations are evaluated based on parameters such as self-emulsification time, droplet size, zeta potential, drug release, and
This document discusses bioequivalence studies. It begins with an introduction and objectives. It then defines bioequivalence according to the FDA and WHO as the rates and extents of active ingredients being available between two products. It discusses the need for bioequivalence studies for generic approval and reasons for in vivo studies. It also covers study designs, types of evidence to establish bioequivalence, statistical evaluation of data, and biowaivers. The overall purpose is to ensure generic drugs are equivalent to their brand name counterparts in performance.
Vaccines improve immunity to diseases. Single shot vaccines provide protection against 4-6 diseases with a single injection using microspheres to encapsulate antigens and provide delayed release for booster immunization. They are more economical and convenient than traditional multi-dose vaccines. However, single shot vaccines may be less effective than multi-dose vaccines and carry risks of stimulating the immune system or causing illness from live components.
This document presents theories of dispersion and mechanisms of emulsion formation. It discusses four traditional theories of dispersion: viscosity theory, film theory, wedge theory, and interfacial tension theory. It also describes limitations of these theories. The document then introduces a modern approach involving droplet formation and stabilization by emulsifying agents. Three mechanisms of emulsion stabilization are described: monomolecular adsorption, multimolecular adsorption, and solid particle adsorption.
Vaccine delivery systems can be categorized as needle-based or needle-free. Common needle-based routes include intramuscular, subcutaneous, and intradermal injection. Needle-free options include oral, intranasal, and transdermal delivery. Various technologies are being developed to enhance vaccine uptake through mucosal surfaces without needles, such as live viral/bacterial vectors, particulate systems like microparticles, and chemical or physical permeation of the skin. The design of mucosal and transdermal vaccines aims to protect antigens, deliver them across barriers, and target immune cells while avoiding tolerance.
Nishtha Singhal presented on the complications of local anesthesia. Some potential complications include soft tissue injury, sloughing of tissues from drugs/chemicals used; needle breakage, hematoma, or failure to obtain anesthesia from injection techniques; and pain, burning, trismus, or neurological symptoms that can arise from both drugs/techniques. Prevention methods and management strategies were discussed for each complication.
The document discusses various investigation methods for breast cancer including triple assessment, invasive methods like FNAC and core biopsy, and non-invasive methods like mammography, ultrasound, MRI, and sentinel lymph node biopsy. Triple assessment, using clinical, imaging and pathology findings, is 99.9% accurate for diagnosis. FNAC provides immediate results but has limitations while core biopsy analyzes tissue architecture. Mammography remains an important screening and diagnostic tool but has limitations like missed cancers in dense breasts. Ultrasound has benefits of no radiation and reproduciblity.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
This document discusses the future of healthcare delivery and practice. It predicts that (1) the number of doctors will increase and patients will demand higher quality time and care; (2) patients will become more informed consumers who are less loyal to individual doctors; (3) healthcare delivery will increasingly involve telemedicine, robotic surgery, stem cell therapy, and other advanced technologies; and (4) there will be new business opportunities in medical tourism, wellness clinics, and other areas of the growing healthcare industry. The document encourages doctors to think about retirement planning, continuing education, and adapting to changes in the field.
The document provides an overview of the immune system, including:
1) It describes the immune system as a complex, tiered system that distinguishes self from non-self via major histocompatibility complexes (MHCs) and recognizes antigens through both innate and adaptive responses.
2) The adaptive immune response involves an afferent limb for antigen recognition and presentation and an efferent limb that elicits effector responses through T cells, B cells, cytokines and antibodies.
3) Organ transplant rejection can occur via direct recognition of donor MHCs or indirect recognition of donor MHC fragments, with acute rejection being the most common type of allograft response.
This document provides tips for lowering sodium intake and includes recipes for Asian noodle with peanut butter sauce and Cajun sweet potato fries. It recommends choosing foods labeled as low sodium or reduced sodium. Adults over 51, African Americans, and those with high blood pressure or other conditions should limit sodium to 1,500mg per day. It directs readers to choosemyplate.gov for additional online nutrition resources and tools.
The document discusses retroperitoneal sarcomas, which arise in the retroperitoneal space bounded by various structures. Retroperitoneal sarcomas account for 15% of soft tissue sarcomas and one third of malignant retroperitoneal tumors. They can be challenging to manage due to late presentation, nonspecific symptoms, proximity to vital structures, and large size. Common histologic subtypes include liposarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, and malignant fibrous histiocytoma. Diagnosis involves CT, MRI, biopsy. Surgical resection remains the primary treatment when possible.
Antibiotics can be classified in several ways: by their structure, which includes penicillins, fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides, monobactams, and carbapenems; by their mode of action such as inhibiting cell wall synthesis, protein synthesis, DNA synthesis, RNA synthesis, myolic acid synthesis, or folic acid synthesis; and by their spectrum of activity such as being bacteriostatic, bactericidal, broad-spectrum, or narrow-spectrum. Some of the major classes of antibiotics classified by structure are penicillins like methicillin and ampicillin, fluoroquinolones like ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin, and aminoglycosides like gent
This document discusses abdominal paracentesis, which is the removal of fluid from the abdominal cavity to relieve pressure and obtain fluid for diagnosis. It describes the procedure, including patient preparation, sterile techniques used, locations for abdominal wall entry, equipment needed, steps of the procedure, potential complications, and uses of paracentesis such as for peritoneal dialysis.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Tuberculosis of spine and its complications nishanthGopi sankar
This document discusses tuberculosis of the spine (Pott's disease). It is a tertiary lesion caused by bloodborne tuberculosis infection settling in the vertebral body, causing inflammation and granuloma formation. This can lead to caseous necrosis, abscess formation, and bone and disc destruction. Clinical features include back pain, stiffness, deformity, and potentially paraplegia. Diagnosis involves radiological exams showing vertebral body destruction and abscesses. Treatment involves anti-tubercular therapy along with spinal immobilization and surgery if needed to decompress the spinal cord in cases of paraplegia.
Fractures of middle third of facial skeleton ihitrat hussain
The document discusses fractures of the middle third of the facial skeleton. It describes the anatomy of the bones in this region, including the maxilla, palatine bones, zygomatic bones, nasal bones, and others. Common types of fractures are discussed, such as LeFort I, II, III fractures and zygomaticomaxillary fractures. Clinical features, management principles, and specific approaches to emergencies like airway compromise or hemorrhagic shock are summarized. The middle third of the face is vulnerable to fractures due to its anatomy and transmission of forces.
To my Senior CEU Pharmacy QC 2 Students. Radiopharmacy, Nuclear Pharmacy QC and cGMP protocols in handling, storage and preparation of various radiopharmaceuticals containing various radio-isotopes.
Examples and Medical Applications included.
This document lists medical supplies for an intensive care unit (ICU). It includes items like anesthesia bags and masks, oropharyngeal airways, intravenous cannulas and infusion sets, tracheostomy sets, dressing sets, catheterization sets, Foley's catheters, lubricating jelly, suction catheters, endotracheal tubes, forceps, syringes in various sizes and needles, surgical blades, distilled water, peritoneal dialysis sets, antiseptic solutions, sterile dressings, sterile gloves, chest drain tubes and bags, tracheostomy tubes, central venous pressure lines and sets, ECG electrodes, masks, and gowns.
Oral cancer is the fifth most common malignancy globally, with rates as high as 40% in Asia. The tongue is the second most common site of oral cancer after the lips. Tobacco use is implicated in 90% of tongue cancer cases, while alcohol consumption increases risk 6-fold. Premalignant conditions like leukoplakia and erythroplakia are associated with higher malignant transformation risks over time. Squamous cell carcinoma comprises 95% of tongue cancers, usually presenting as an ulcerative mass on the lateral border of the tongue in men around age 60. Early detection and cessation of tobacco and alcohol use can help prevent this potentially preventable disease.
This document provides an overview of the pathophysiology of cancer. It discusses how tumors are categorized as benign or malignant based on their biological behavior. The process of carcinogenesis and metastasis is explained in multiple steps. Cancer spreads via local invasion, lymphatic vessels, or blood vessels in patterns dependent on the primary site. Staging classifications describe the extent of disease progression. Tumors affect the host depending on location through various mechanisms. The most common causes of death from cancer are organ failure, infections, or non-cancer illnesses. Understanding the pathophysiology of cancer is important for prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.
This document discusses the approach of a pediatrician to a newborn with anorectal malformation (ARM). It describes the pediatrician's role in diagnosis, initial stabilization, and referral to a pediatric surgeon. It provides details on clinical examination findings for ARM in males and females. It also discusses associated malformations, initial management including antibiotics and fluids, and investigations like invertogram to classify the ARM.
The presentation illustrates the function of the pseudocapsula, starting with the review of 2009 until its major recent discoveries. A long history started 8 years ago and continues to progress.
Local Advanced Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex Sys...Oleg Kshivets
Overall life span (LS) was 1671.7±1721.6 days and cumulative 5YS reached 62.4%, 10 years – 50.4%, 20 years – 44.6%. 94 LCP lived more than 5 years without cancer (LS=2958.6±1723.6 days), 22 – more than 10 years (LS=5571±1841.8 days). 67 LCP died because of LC (LS=471.9±344 days). AT significantly improved 5YS (68% vs. 53.7%) (P=0.028 by log-rank test). Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: N0-N12, T3-4, blood cell circuit, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells-CC and blood cells subpopulations), LC cell dynamics, recalcification time, heparin tolerance, prothrombin index, protein, AT, procedure type (P=0.000-0.031). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and N0-12 (rank=1), thrombocytes/CC (rank=2), segmented neutrophils/CC (3), eosinophils/CC (4), erythrocytes/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), stick neutrophils/CC (8), leucocytes/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (error=0.000; area under ROC curve=1.0).
Adhd Medication Shortage Uk - trinexpharmacy.comreignlana06
The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
3. WHAT ARE VACCINES?WHAT ARE VACCINES?
AACQUIREDCQUIRED IIMMUNITYMMUNITY
WWEAKENEDEAKENED OROR KKILLEDILLED FORMSFORMS
TTOXINSOXINS
SSURFACEURFACE PROTEINSPROTEINS..
4. OVERVIEW OF HISTORY OF VACCINESOVERVIEW OF HISTORY OF VACCINES
VARIOLAE VACCINAE
--FFIIRSTRST VACCINEVACCINE WASWAS DEVELOPEDDEVELOPED ININ 19781978 FORFOR SSMALLMALL POX
BYBY EEDWARDDWARD JJENNERENNER..BYBY EEDWARDDWARD JJENNERENNER..
LLOUISOUIS PPASTEURASTEUR INVENTEDINVENTED RRABIESABIES VACCINEVACCINE 1985.1985.
10. TYPES OF VACCINES WHICH ARETYPES OF VACCINES WHICH ARE
COMMON IN USECOMMON IN USE
TYPE Live Vaccine Killed Vaccine
Bacterial Tuberculosis (BCG) Cholera
Typhoid
Whooping Cough
Viral Small Pox PolioViral Small Pox Polio
Rubella Influenza
Yellow Fever Rabies
Rickettsial Typhus
Toxoids Diphtheria
Tetanus
11. UPTAKE OF ANTIGENSUPTAKE OF ANTIGENS
--AANTIGENSNTIGENS GENERATEDGENERATED BYBY ENDOGENOUSENDOGENOUS ANDAND
EXOGENOUSEXOGENOUS ANTIGENANTIGEN PROCESSINGPROCESSING ACTIVATEACTIVATE
DIFFERENTDIFFERENT EFFECTOREFFECTOR FUNCTIONSFUNCTIONS
43. SKIN AS A SITE OF VACCINE DELIVERYSKIN AS A SITE OF VACCINE DELIVERY
1)P1)PHYSICALHYSICAL BBARRIERSARRIERS
STRATUMSTRATUM CORNEUMCORNEUM
LARGELARGE MOLECULESMOLECULES SUCHSUCH ASAS VACCINESVACCINES..