1) RNAi is a mechanism for gene silencing that has been used to improve the nutritional value of crops. It works by degrading mRNA or inhibiting translation through small RNA molecules like siRNAs and miRNAs. 2) Examples of nutritional improvements include producing gluten-free rice, increasing grain amylose content in wheat, and enhancing beta-carotene levels in potato. RNAi has also been used to reduce anti-nutritional compounds like caffeine in coffee and BOAA in Lathyrus sativus. 3) Going forward, RNAi can help address malnutrition by facilitating production of crops with customized nutritional profiles, vaccines delivered through plants, and other advances to improve global food security.

1. Using RNAi to improve plant
nutritional value:-from
mechanism to application.
Presented by:-
Ajay kr.chandra

2. Why , I have selected
this topic ?
‘Science’ (Couzin 2002) named RNAi as the “Technology of the
year” ,
and
‘Fortune’ Magazine has dubbed it as Biotech’s next “Billion
Dollar Breakthrough” (Stipp 2003) in a cover story.

3. Historical aspects…
• RNAi was first discovered in Petunia hybrida L. JORGENSONJORGENSON
(1990) by the introduction of chalcone synthase gene (CHS) in
anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway.
Unexpectedly flower lost their clour and become colourless
instead of purple ,but he was unable to explain.
later it is obtained that the silencing of endogenous homologous
gene and this phenomenon was termed as “co-suppression”.
• RNAi occurrence is conserved among various organisms, also
labeled as post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) in plants,
quelling in fungi (Romano and Macino 1992) and RNA interference
in animals (Fire et al. 1998).

4. • Later on, Fire et al. (1998) elucidated the mechanism of RNAi in the
nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans, and proposed the term “RNAi “.
• In 2006, Fire and Mello shared the
Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their work on RNA i in the
nematode C. elegans.

6. Introduction
• RNA interference (RNAi) is a sequence-specific gene silencing
mechanism, triggered by the introduction of dsRNA leading to mRNA
degradation.
• It helps in switching the targeted gene on and off at transcriptional
or, post-transcriptional level.
• RNAi can inhibit expression in 3 ways:-
a) triggering destruction of mRNA in cytoplasm.
b) inhibiting translation of mRNA.
c) inducing chromatin modification within the promoter that
silence the genes.
• In plants the RNAi technology has been employed successfully in
improvement to crop productivity and quality.

7. Components of RNAi
• There are three main components , involved in RNA silencing.
• these are as ….
1) small RNAs
a) siRNAs
b) mi RNAs
2) DICER
3) RISC

8. small RNAs
• These involves mainly ….
a) small interfering RNAs (siRNAs).
= 21-25 bp dsRNA molecules.
= exogenous in origin.
= 100% complementary to target sequence.
b) micro RNAs (miRNAs).
= derived from ~70 bp ssRNA.
= endogenous in origin.
= forms a hairpin loop structure.
= not 100% complementary to target sequence.

9. DICER
• first discovered by Bernstein et al. (2001) in Drosophila .
• It is a ribonuclease III type protein.
• Commonly known as “fear of every dsRNA”.
• It has 4 conserved domains , such as..
a) amino acid terminal helicase domain.
b) duals RNase III motifs.
c) dsRNA binding domain.
d) PAZ (Piwi/Argonaute/Zwille) domain.

10. RISC
• Stands for RNA induced silencing complex.
• Large (~500kDa) ,RNA multi-protein complex ,which triggers mRNA
degradation in response to small RNAs.
• It has protein components like…
= Argonaute family protein.
= Helicase.
= Ribonuclease
• It performs…
A) unbinding of dsRNAs (helicase activity)
B) ribonuclease cleaves mRNAs (nuclease)
C) amplification of silencing signal by RNA dependent RNA
polymerases.
Finally , cleaved mRNA is degraded by exonucleases.

11. Mechanism

12. How it works?
• Based on one gene – one enzyme hypothesis.
P1 P3P2 PP4s
E4E1 E3E2 E5
RNAi
Gene-1 Gene-3 Gene-4Gene-2 Gene-5

13. Nutritional
improvements
….

14. Flavr Savr
• Transgenic for gene that slows ripening process .
• Also “Rot-Resistant Tomato”.
• It was produced by the Californian company Calgene.
• The tomato was made more resistant to rotting by adding an antisense
gene which interferes with the production of the
polygalacturonase(PG).
• The enzyme normally degrades pectin in the cell wall and results in
the softening of fruit which makes them more susceptible to being
damaged by fungal infections.
• Unmodified tomatoes are picked before fully ripened and are then
artificially ripened using ethylene gas which acts as a phytohormone.

16. Tearless onion
Dr Colin Eady, from The New Zealand Institute (CAFRI)

17. • Gluten (from Latin gluten , “glue") is a protein composite found in
foods processed from wheat and related grain species,
including barley ,rice and rye.
• Gluten gives elasticity to dough and helping to give chewy texture.
• Gluten is the composite of a gliadin and a glutenin, which is
conjoined with starch in the endosperm of grains.
• Kusuba et al. (2003), by applying RNAi to improve rice plants with
reduced level of glutenin and produced a rice variety called LGC-1
(low glutenin content 1).
• The low glutenin content was a relief to the kidney patients unable to
digest glutenin.
• Certain allergies and neuropathies are also caused by gluten
consumption.
Gluten free grains.

18. Increasing grain amylose content.
• Foods rich in carbohydrates, such as fiber, are considered to be health
promoting (Williams, 1995).
• Starch is a Homopolymer composed of D-glucoseD-glucose units held by
alpha-glycosidic bondsalpha-glycosidic bonds.
• plant-derived carbohydrates is starch, which is composed of
amylopectin and amylose as major nutritional source.
• High content of starch is found in cereals ,tubers, vegetables.
• Aiming to increase the relative content of amylose in wheat grains, a
RNAi construct designed to silence the genes within seed-specific
promoter in wheat (Regina et al., 2006).
• This resulted in increased grain amylose content to over 70% of the
total starch content (Tang et al., 2007).

20. β-Carotene content in potato.
∀ β-Carotene (pro-vitamin Apro-vitamin A) ,is necessary for vision ,proper growth of epithelial
cells.
• It is a carotenoids ,functions as AntioxidantsAntioxidants and reduce the risk of cancer initiated
by free radicle.
• Increase in the content of health-promoting carotenoids, β-carotene and lutein, in
potato which will mitigating the incidence of vitamin A deficiency in populations.
(Eck et al. 2007).
• Increased consumption of this results into decreased incidence of Heart stroke ,skinHeart stroke ,skin
and lungs cancerand lungs cancer.
• RNAi technology was used to enhance β-carotene content in potato by silencing the
β-carotene hydroxylase gene , which converts β-carotene to zeaxanthin.

21. IPP
Geranylgeranyl diphosphate
Phytoene
Lycopene
β -carotene
(vitamin A precursor)
Phytoene synthase
Phytoene desaturase
Lycopene-beta-cyclase
ξ-carotene desaturase
β-Carotene pathway.

22. low caffeine content.
• 10% of the coffee on the world market is shared by decaffeinate
coffee (DECAF).
• A standard cup of filter coffee generally contains 60-150mg of
caffeine, while concentrations in decaf coffee are generally lower i.e
2-4 mg per cup.
• Its side effects include insomnia , restlessnessinsomnia , restlessness and palpitationspalpitations.
• Caffeine is a (AlkaloidsAlkaloids) stimulant of the CNS, heart muscle and the
respiratory system, and has a diuretic effect.
• Decaf is obtained from natural coffee by several ways: by using water
or solvent extraction.
• RNAi technology has enabled the creation of varieties of Coffee that
produces natural coffee with low or very low caffeine content, thus
by-pass the need of extraction (Van Uyen, 2006).
• caffeine content in coffee plants has been markedly reduced by RNAi-
mediated suppression of the caffeine synthase gene.

23. Improving Essential Amino Acids in
Crop Plants.

24. Improving edible oil quality .
• Vegetable oils and fats constitute an important components in human
diet.
• Rich source of energy and for certain vitamins, hormones and forms
structural components of cells.
• Oil quality may be defined as the types and proportions of different
fatty acids presents in the given oils.
• The unsaturated fatty acids ,body can’t synthesize and therefore ,
must be consumed in diet (Essential fatty acidsEssential fatty acids)
e.g. linoleic acid (18:2)
Linolenic acid (18:3)
• Essential fatty acids are mostly called polyunsaturated fatty acidspolyunsaturated fatty acids
(PUFA).in fatty acid biosynthetic pathway, Acetyl CoAAcetyl CoA act as
precursor for cholesterolcholesterol as well as palmitate.palmitate.

25. fatty acid pathway.

26. Lathyrism :- a case
• In Ethiopia, Bangladesh and India, the people in the lower
socioeconomic class use a leafy vegetable known as Lathyrus
sativus.
• It is a leguminous crop and contains a neurotoxin called β-
oxalylaminoalanine-L-alanine (BOAA) .
• People consuming this vegetable suffer from a paralytic disease
called, lathyrism.
• The disease paralyses people both temporarily and permanently.
• RNAi technology can be used to silence the gene responsible for
production of BOAA, a anti-nutritional factor.
• Bringing down the levels of BOAA to a safe concentration, rather
than totally silencing the concerned genes, may overcome this
obstacle (Williams et al., 2004).

27. Edible Vaccines
• Introduction of orally active antigenic proteinorally active antigenic protein.
• Potato, banana, corn and tomato are targets.
• Transgenic Plants Serving Human Health.
• Viral proteins for infectious diseases such as
- Diarrhea
- Hepatitis B
- Measles
Advantage: Ability to efficiently vaccinate people world-wide.

29. Future with RNAi

30. Conclusions and perspective.
• The nutritional value of human vegetable foods has an increasing role
in the prevention of various human diseases associated with
malnutrition.
• RNAi triggered by dsRNA has great advantages over other
approaches, owing to its higher gene silencing efficiency and the
shorter time needed to screen the targeted plants.
• Tissue- or organ-specific RNAi vectors are needed to achieve targeted
gene silencing in particular plant tissues and organs with minimal
interference to the normal plant lifecycle.
• If judiciously used, this technology may go a long way to narrow the
gap through production of disease-, insect- and virus resistant,
nutritionally rich and toxic-free crops.
• Thus, Current agricultural technology needs more and more molecular
tools to reduce current crop loss and feed extra mouths, which will
increase by two billion over the next 30 years.

31. References…
• Huang, J. et al. (2002) Enhancing the crops to feed the poor. Nature
418, 678–684.
• Tang, G. et al. (2003) A biochemical framework for RNA silencing
in plants. Genes Dev. 17, 49–63.
• G. Tang and G. Galili :-Using RNAi to improve plant nutritional
value: from mechanism to application; TRENDS in Biotechnology;
Vol.22 ;9 September 2004.
• Brown ME, Funk CC (2008) Climate: food security under climate
change. Science 319:580–581.
• Hirschi K (2008) Nutritional improvements in plants: time to bite on
biofortified foods. Trends Plant Sci 13:459–463.
• www.researchgate.net
• Singh B.D :- plant breeding, principles and methods ; VIII th edition ;
389-639.

32. Thanks