Rna interferences in crop improvement
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This document discusses RNA interference (RNAi) and its applications in biotechnology. It explains that RNAi is a process where RNA molecules inhibit gene expression by targeting mRNA. It has been used as a gene knockdown technology in various organisms. Examples are given of using RNAi to increase tomato shelf life by silencing genes involved in ripening, creating male sterility in tobacco and tomato, increasing wheat amylose content, and enhancing bacterial disease resistance in plants. The document concludes by listing several references on RNAi applications for controlling insect pests, studying virus-vector interactions, and improving plant nutrition and metabolic engineering.
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RNAi – Mechanism and Its Application In Crop Improvement
This document summarizes an RNAi presentation on crop improvement using RNA interference. The 3-sentence summary is:
RNA interference (RNAi) is a process of post-transcriptional gene silencing mediated by small RNA molecules. The presentation described the RNAi pathway and various applications of RNAi technology in crop improvement, including increasing nutrient levels, developing virus and pest resistance, and reducing anti-nutritional compounds. Several case studies were provided that demonstrated how RNAi has been used to successfully modify traits in different crops like maize, cotton, coffee, and banana.
RNA interference
This document discusses RNA interference (RNAi) and its mechanisms. It can be summarized as follows:
1. RNAi is a process where double-stranded RNA causes degradation of homologous mRNA sequences. It was discovered in 1998 and is found across many organisms.
2. The RNAi pathway involves conversion of dsRNA to siRNAs by the enzyme Dicer. siRNAs are incorporated into the RISC complex containing Argonaute proteins. RISC then cleaves and destroys homologous mRNA targets.
3. miRNAs are endogenous single-stranded RNAs that regulate gene expression at the translation level by preventing ribosome binding. They are processed from hairpin precursors by the enzymes Dro
RNA Interference technology
RNA interference (RNAi) is a biological process in which RNA molecules inhibit gene expression, typically by causing the destruction of specific mRNA molecules. Historically, it was known by other names, including co-suppression, post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS), and quelling.
TALENs (Transcription Activator-like Effector Nucleases)
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RNA interference (RNAi)
RNAi is a powerful, conserved biological process through which the small, double-stranded RNAs specifically silence the expression of homologous genes, largely through degradation of their cognate mRNA.
Rna interference
RNA interference is a phenomenon where RNA molecules inhibit gene expression or translation. It was discovered in 1998 by Fire and Mello, who showed that double-stranded RNA silences or interferes with the expression of homologous genes more efficiently than single-stranded RNA. This led to the discovery of microRNAs and small interfering RNAs that are key players in RNA interference. RNA interference is now used in applications ranging from altering crop traits to exploring gene function and generating disease-resistant plants.
RNA Interference (RNAi)
RNA interference (RNAi): Cellular process by which an mRNA is targeted for degradation by a dsRNA with a strand complementary to a fragment of such mRNA.
Transcriptomics approaches
The study of the complete set of RNAs (transcriptome) encoded by the genome of a specific cell or organism at a specific time or under a specific set of conditions is called Transcriptomics.
Transcriptomics aims:
I. To catalogue all species of transcripts, including mRNAs, noncoding RNAs and small RNAs.
II. To determine the transcriptional structure of genes, in terms of their start sites, 5′ and 3′ ends, splicing patterns and other post-transcriptional modifications.
III. To quantify the changing expression levels of each transcript during development and under different conditions.
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RNAi – Mechanism and Its Application In Crop Improvement
This document summarizes an RNAi presentation on crop improvement using RNA interference. The 3-sentence summary is:
RNA interference (RNAi) is a process of post-transcriptional gene silencing mediated by small RNA molecules. The presentation described the RNAi pathway and various applications of RNAi technology in crop improvement, including increasing nutrient levels, developing virus and pest resistance, and reducing anti-nutritional compounds. Several case studies were provided that demonstrated how RNAi has been used to successfully modify traits in different crops like maize, cotton, coffee, and banana.
RNA interference
This document discusses RNA interference (RNAi) and its mechanisms. It can be summarized as follows:
1. RNAi is a process where double-stranded RNA causes degradation of homologous mRNA sequences. It was discovered in 1998 and is found across many organisms.
2. The RNAi pathway involves conversion of dsRNA to siRNAs by the enzyme Dicer. siRNAs are incorporated into the RISC complex containing Argonaute proteins. RISC then cleaves and destroys homologous mRNA targets.
3. miRNAs are endogenous single-stranded RNAs that regulate gene expression at the translation level by preventing ribosome binding. They are processed from hairpin precursors by the enzymes Dro
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RNA interference (RNAi) is a biological process in which RNA molecules inhibit gene expression, typically by causing the destruction of specific mRNA molecules. Historically, it was known by other names, including co-suppression, post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS), and quelling.
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RNA interference is a phenomenon where RNA molecules inhibit gene expression or translation. It was discovered in 1998 by Fire and Mello, who showed that double-stranded RNA silences or interferes with the expression of homologous genes more efficiently than single-stranded RNA. This led to the discovery of microRNAs and small interfering RNAs that are key players in RNA interference. RNA interference is now used in applications ranging from altering crop traits to exploring gene function and generating disease-resistant plants.
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Transcriptomics approaches
The study of the complete set of RNAs (transcriptome) encoded by the genome of a specific cell or organism at a specific time or under a specific set of conditions is called Transcriptomics.
Transcriptomics aims:
I. To catalogue all species of transcripts, including mRNAs, noncoding RNAs and small RNAs.
II. To determine the transcriptional structure of genes, in terms of their start sites, 5′ and 3′ ends, splicing patterns and other post-transcriptional modifications.
III. To quantify the changing expression levels of each transcript during development and under different conditions.
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RNA interference is a natural mechanism that inhibits gene expression. It was first discovered accidentally in 1990 when researchers trying to increase pigmentation in petunias found that introduced homologous RNA led to less pigmentation. Further work found similar mechanisms in plants and fungi termed cosuppression and quelling. Craig Mello and Andrew Fire's 1998 paper demonstrating gene silencing in C. elegans using double stranded RNA led to the coining of the term RNAi. The mechanism involves Dicer and Drosha enzymes processing trigger RNA into siRNAs which are loaded into the RISC complex containing Argonaute proteins to degrade complementary mRNA, silencing gene expression. RNAi plays roles in gene regulation, genome stability, and provides therapeutic tools for disease
RNA interference
RNA interference (RNAi) is a mechanism that inhibits gene expression through degradation of mRNA. It was discovered in 1998 when researchers found that injecting double-stranded RNA into worms caused specific gene silencing. The mechanism involves dicer enzymes cutting double-stranded RNA into small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) which are incorporated into the RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) and guide it to degrade complementary mRNA targets. siRNAs can be designed to target specific genes and various delivery methods exist to introduce siRNAs into cells and organisms. RNAi has applications in research, therapeutics, and agriculture by allowing targeted gene silencing.
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This document summarizes a seminar presentation on antisense RNA technology. The presentation covered:
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2. The mechanisms of antisense RNA technology were explained, including how antisense RNA binds to mRNA to inhibit translation and activate RNase H degradation.
3. The history of antisense technology was discussed, including its first observation in nature's HOK/SOK system and early experiments in the 1990s that helped define gene silencing.
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- miRNAs play a vital role in genetic regulation and are involved in most biological processes. Aberrant miRNA expression has been implicated in many diseases.
- miRNAs are initially transcribed as long primary transcripts that are processed in the nucleus by the Drosha enzyme into hairpin-shaped precursor miRNAs. These are then exported into the cytoplasm and further processed by the Dicer enzyme into mature miRNAs that can regulate gene expression through pairing with mRNAs.
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Gene silencing (GS) is defined as a molecular process involved in the down regulation of specific genes, the mechanisms of Gene silencing that suppress gene activity in plants has extended that control of gene expression. Currently, there are several routes of GS identified in plants, such as: transcriptional gene silencing and post transcriptional (PTGS or RNAi) gene silencing (Fire et al. 1998), microRNA silencing and virus induced gene silencing. All these pathways play an important role at the cellular level, affecting gene regulation and protection against viruses and transposons. The post-transcriptional gene silencing involves breakdown of the mRNA itself by various techniques like Ribozymes, antisense RNA, DNAzymes and RNA interference (RNAi). Among all these techniques RNA interference has emerged as most potent tool to effect targeted gene silencing and is being used to determine the function of genes which are expressed in a constitutive or cell-fate dependent manner.
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The document discusses various genome editing techniques including meganucleases, zinc fingers, TALENs, and CRISPR-Cas9. It provides details on the mechanism of action, design, advantages, and limitations of each technique. Meganucleases were among the earliest tools but were difficult to engineer for new target sites. Zinc fingers and TALENs improved targeting ability but were still complex to design. CRISPR-Cas9 is now the most widely used system due to its simple and affordable design, high efficiency, and ability to minimize off-target effects.
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Gene silencing is a technique that aims to reduce or eliminate the production of a protein from its corresponding gene. Gene silencing is the regulation of gene expression in a cell.
Gene silencing can occur during either transcription or translation.
Gene silencing is often considered as “Gene knockdown’ i.e their expression is reduced. In contrast , when genes are knocked out they are completely erased from the organism’s genome and thus have no expression.
Methods used to silence genes include RNAi, CRISPR or siRNA, these reduce the expression of the gene by 70% but do not completely eliminate it.
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This document summarizes the potential of RNA interference (RNAi) technology for crop improvement. It discusses how RNAi was discovered through early experiments in plants in the 1990s. The mechanism of RNAi involves long double-stranded RNA being cleaved by an enzyme called Dicer into small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) that are incorporated into a protein complex called RISC that targets and degrades complementary mRNAs, preventing gene expression. The document outlines several successful applications of RNAi technology for increasing biotic stress tolerance in crops against viruses, bacteria, fungi and insects by silencing key pathogen genes. It also discusses using RNAi to modify other crop traits like nutritional quality and abiotic stress resistance.
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RNAi interuption mechanism and application
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- miRNAs play a vital role in genetic regulation and are involved in most biological processes. Aberrant miRNA expression has been implicated in many diseases.
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This document provides an overview of RNA interference (RNAi) including its mechanism, applications, and methods for delivering small interfering RNA (siRNA). It discusses how dsRNA is processed by the enzyme Dicer into siRNAs which are incorporated into the RISC complex to degrade complementary mRNA. Viral vectors, liposomes, nanoparticles, and chemical modifications are described as methods used to deliver exogenous siRNAs. The document outlines both the therapeutic potential of RNAi and challenges associated with effective siRNA delivery.
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This document discusses gene silencing, which is the suppression or interruption of gene expression at the transcriptional or translational level. It regulates gene expression and prevents certain genes from being expressed. There are several types of gene silencing, including transcriptional silencing through genomic imprinting, paramutation, and transposon silencing. Post-transcriptional gene silencing occurs through RNA interference pathways using small interfering RNA, microRNA, Dicer, and RISC complex. Research methods for gene silencing include antisense oligonucleotides, ribozymes, siRNA, and microRNA. Gene silencing has applications in biotechnology and medicine, with advantages such as being cost effective and having high specificity, though it also has disadvantages like potential toxicity.
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Gene silencing is describing as epigenetic processes of gene regulation. Gene silencing is a technique used to turn down or switch off the activity of genes by a mechanism other than genetic modification. That is, a gene which would be expressed (turned on) under normal circumstances is switched off by machinery in the cell.
Gene silencing (GS) is defined as a molecular process involved in the down regulation of specific genes, the mechanisms of Gene silencing that suppress gene activity in plants has extended that control of gene expression. Currently, there are several routes of GS identified in plants, such as: transcriptional gene silencing and post transcriptional (PTGS or RNAi) gene silencing (Fire et al. 1998), microRNA silencing and virus induced gene silencing. All these pathways play an important role at the cellular level, affecting gene regulation and protection against viruses and transposons. The post-transcriptional gene silencing involves breakdown of the mRNA itself by various techniques like Ribozymes, antisense RNA, DNAzymes and RNA interference (RNAi). Among all these techniques RNA interference has emerged as most potent tool to effect targeted gene silencing and is being used to determine the function of genes which are expressed in a constitutive or cell-fate dependent manner.
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Gene silencing is a technique that aims to reduce or eliminate the production of a protein from its corresponding gene. Gene silencing is the regulation of gene expression in a cell.
Gene silencing can occur during either transcription or translation.
Gene silencing is often considered as “Gene knockdown’ i.e their expression is reduced. In contrast , when genes are knocked out they are completely erased from the organism’s genome and thus have no expression.
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Gene silencing, also known as RNA interference, is a natural process in plants that evolved as a defense mechanism against viruses. Transgene silencing occurs when introduced transgenes are not expressed due to this silencing process. The first evidence of this was discovered in 1990 by R. Jorgensen in petunia plants, where both an introduced gene and endogenous gene were silenced. Gene silencing can occur at the transcriptional or post-transcriptional level through mechanisms like siRNA and microRNA production. Virus-induced gene silencing is a technique used to study gene function and develop virus-resistant plants by suppressing viral gene expression. Applications of gene silencing include developing disease-resistant crops and modifying plant traits.
Viral induced
This document summarizes a seminar on viral-induced gene silencing presented by Sushila Choudhary. The seminar covered the definition of gene silencing, a short history of post-transcriptional gene silencing discovered in the 1990s, the mechanism of RNA interference, applications of RNAi in modulating viral replication and development, and the use of virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) in crop improvement including developing barley varieties resistant to barley yellow dwarf virus. The advantages and disadvantages of gene silencing techniques were also discussed.
Article presentation on Small RNA
This document summarizes the history and applications of RNA interference (RNAi) and microRNAs (miRNAs) in plants. It discusses how small RNAs guide regulatory processes, how dicer and argonauts are involved, and some of the early discoveries in RNAi from the 1990s onward. It then lists several applications of RNAi/miRNAs in plants, such as improving traits like biomass, yield, stress resistance, and nutrition. Specific examples are given of overexpressing miRNAs like miR156 to increase biomass and yield in maize and rice. In conclusion, RNAi/miRNAs can be powerful tools for improving important agricultural traits in plants.
1399.full
This document discusses several approaches for exploiting mobile RNA silencing to improve crops without genetic engineering. It describes how grafting transgenic rootstocks that produce silencing RNAs could induce RNA silencing in non-transgenic scions. Infiltrating leaves with bacteria or viruses engineered to produce silencing RNAs could also induce systemic silencing. Triggering heritable silencing before propagation through silencing RNAs targeting regulatory sequences may allow silencing traits to be maintained without the initial trigger. While challenges remain, these approaches could potentially transform plant breeding without transgenic crops.
Sandesh pawar master seminar
RNA interference (RNAi) is a biological process in which RNA molecules inhibit gene expression, typically by causing the destruction of specific mRNA molecules. Historically, it was known by other names, including co-suppression, post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS), and quelling. Only after these apparently unrelated processes were fully understood did it become clear that they all described the RNAi phenomenon. Andrew Fire and Craig C. Mello shared the 2006 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their work on RNA interference in the nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegans, which they published in 1998. Since the discovery of RNAi and its regulatory potentials, it has become evident that RNAi has immense potential in suppression of desired genes. RNAi is now known as precise, efficient, stable and better than antisense technology for gene suppression. Two types of small ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules – microRNA (miRNA) and small interfering RNA (siRNA) – are central to RNA interference. RNAs are the direct products of genes, and these small RNAs can bind to other specific messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules and either increase or decrease their activity, for example by preventing an mRNA from producing a protein. RNA interference has an important role in defending cells against parasitic nucleotide sequences – viruses and transposons. It also influences development.
Gene knockoff
RNA interference (RNAi) is a technique that uses double-stranded RNA to silence gene expression. It involves introducing dsRNA into a cell that is complementary to the target mRNA. This dsRNA is processed by the Dicer enzyme into siRNAs which are incorporated into the RISC complex. The RISC complex uses the siRNA to identify and cleave the target mRNA, preventing it from being translated into protein. RNAi provides a valuable tool for studying gene function and has applications in biotechnology, agriculture, and medicine by allowing researchers to knock down gene expression.
Rna interference
RNA interference (RNAi) is a biological mechanism that leads to post-transcriptional gene silencing triggered by double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) molecules. It involves small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) that are processed by Dicer nuclease and loaded into an RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) which targets and degrades messenger RNAs (mRNAs). The mechanism of RNAi involves dsRNA being cleaved by Dicer into siRNAs which are incorporated into RISC and used as a guide to degrade complementary mRNAs. RNAi has various applications in crop improvement traits like enhanced shelf life, male sterility/fertility, biofortification, aller
Rna interference in insect pest management
This document discusses RNA interference (RNAi) and its potential applications for insect pest management in agriculture. It provides background on the discovery of RNAi and how it functions as a gene silencing mechanism. The document then explores how RNAi operates in insects and various methods for delivering double-stranded RNA. Both challenges and opportunities for using RNAi to control insect pests are examined, along with prospects like targeting multiple genes simultaneously or combining RNAi with other approaches like Bt toxins.
RNA Interference (RNAi) and RNA Induced Gene Silencing
RNA interference (RNAi) is a natural process in cells that uses small RNA molecules to regulate gene expression. Craig Fire and Andrew Mello discovered RNAi in 1998 through their experiments injecting double-stranded RNA into C. elegans worms. They found this silenced or interfered with the expression of genes with complementary RNA sequences. RNAi has important roles in defending against viruses and regulating development, with the small RNAs binding to messenger RNAs to decrease their activity. It has potential applications in gene therapy, functional genomics, agriculture, and more.
RNA interference in insect pest management (RNAi in ipm)
RNA interference in insect pest management (RNAi in ipm)Indian Agricultural Research Institute, Pusa Campus, New Delhi
The document discusses RNA interference (RNAi) as a potential tool for insect pest management. It provides an overview of RNAi, including the discovery of RNAi, how small RNA molecules are central to the process, and the different RNAi pathways. It also discusses challenges to applying RNAi for insect control and examples of studies using plant-expressed RNAi to target different insect pests. The conclusion states that RNAi is a target-specific, non-toxic tool that could help with resistance management through gene silencing.Similar to Rna interferences in crop improvement (20)
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Rna interferences in crop improvement
- 1. Submitted by SACHIN ARUNRAO TAJNE 016/293 Guided BY Dr.A.S.Jadhav STATE LEVEL BIOTECHNOLOGY CENTER MPKV RAHURI
- 2. RNA interference (RNAi) is a biological process in which RNA molecules inhibit gene expression or translation, by neutralizing targeted mRNA molecules. In Plant is known as post transcriptional gene silencing, in Fungi is knows as quelling or in Animal is known as RNAi. It has been widely used as a knockdown technology to analyze gene function in various organisms. RNA interference (RNAi) is a general name given to a gene-silencing process that is induced by double-stranded RNA (dsRNA).
- 3. Biotechnologists and biochemist had work on the RNA based gene silencing last 20 year. Antisense methods, using either DNA or RNA are relatively straight forward techniques for probing gene functions. However Antisense RNA technology has setback due to the lack of specificity and incomplete efficiency. Andrew Fire and Craig C. Mello shared the 2006 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their work on RNA interference in nematode worm Caenorhabditis elegansel which they published in 1998.
- 4. RNAi is an RNA-dependent gene silencing process that is controlled by the RNA- induced silencing complex (RISC) and is initiated by short double-stranded RNA molecules in a cell's cytoplasm, where they interact with the catalytic RISC component argonaute. When the dsRNA is exogenous (coming from infection by a virus with an RNA genome or laboratory manipulations), the RNA is imported directly into the cytoplasm and cleaved to short fragments by Dicer. The initiating dsRNA can also be endogenous (originating in the cell), as in pre- microRNAs expressed from RNA-coding genes in the genome. The primary transcripts from such genes are first processed to form the characteristic stem-loop structure of pre-miRNA in the nucleus, then exported to the cytoplasm
- 6. The shelf life in tomato has been increased by silencing of genes associated with either ethylene production or ripening. Xiong et al. (2005) used RNAi technology to increase shelf life in tomato. They introduced a unit of dsRNA and blocked the expression of ACC oxidase gene in tomato. The production rate in ripened fruits and leaves of transgenic plants was found to be significantly inhibited, ensuring a prolonged shelf life of tomato.
- 7. The development of male sterility is one of the most important traits chosen to ensure purity in order to construct hybrid plant for hybrid seed production. Genetic engineering is used to produce male-sterile plant varieties like tobacco and tomato through RNA interference. Sandhu et al. (2007) used RNAi technology to disrupt the expression of Msh1 in tobacco and tomato which resulted in rearrangements in the mitochondrial DNA associated with naturally occurring cytoplasmic male sterility.
- 8. In wheat high amylose content wheat has been generated using RNAi to improve human health. RNA interference has been used to down regulate the two different is forms of starch-branching enzyme (SBE) II (SBEIIaand SBEIIb) in wheat endosperm to raise its amylose content. The suppression of both SBEIIa and SBEIIb expression resulted in starch containing more than 70 % amylose content.
- 9. Bacterial diseases are one of the biggest challenges in crop field such as tomato, soybean and banana. The bacterial diseases spread very fast and become difficult to control, hence prevention is the only way to avoid bacterial infections. Employing RNAi for enhancing bacterial resistance on experimental plant A. thaliana has shown good results. Escobar et al. (2001) showed that silencing of two bacterial genes (iaaM and ipt) could decrease the production of crown gall tumours (Agrobacterium tumefaciens) to nearly zero in Arabidopsis (Dunoyer et al. 2006).
- 10. Baum, J.A., Bogaert, T., Clinton, W., Heck, G.R., Feldmann, P., Ilagan, O., Johnson, S., Plaetinck, G., Munyikwa, T., Pleau, M., Vaughn, T. and Roberts, J. (2007). Control of coleopteran insect pests through RNA interference. Nature Biotechnol. 25: 1322-1326. Blair, C.D. and Olson, K.E. (2015). The Role of RNA Interference (RNAi) in Arbovirus-Vector Interactions . Viruses 7:820-843. Goldstein, D.A., Songstad, D., Sachs, E. and Petrick, J. (2009). RNA interference in plants, Monsanto. Tang, G., Galili, G. and Zhuang, X. (2007). RNAi and microRNA: breakthrough technologies for the improvement of plant nutritional value and metabolic engineering. Metabolomics 3: 357–369.