The objective of the project is to evaluate the by-product as a cement replacement for ensuring increase in compression strength.

1. Uses of lignin as replacement for
cement
Engr.Arivusudar Nagarajan
Special Concrete products

2. INTRODUCTION
• Emerging heat of hydration process has resulted in global warming emission
of carbon-di-oxide.
• The concrete industry is one of two large producers of carbon-di-oxide,
creating up to 5% of worldwide man-made emissions of this gas, of which
50% is from the chemical process and 40% is from burning of fuel. The
carbon-di-oxide produced for the manufacture of one ton of structural
concrete (using 14% cement) is estimated at 410 kg/.
• The emission from concrete production is directly proportional to the
cement content used in the concrete mix, 900 kg of are emitted for the
fabrication of every ton of cement, accounting for 88% of the emissions
associated with the average concrete mix.
• Cement manufacture contributes greenhouse gases both directly through
the production of carbon-di-oxide when calcium carbonate is thermally
decomposed, producing lime and carbon-di-oxide, and also through the use
of energy, particularly from the combustion of fossil fuels.

3. • Employing by-products in concrete would create a greater impact with respect
to cost. Conventional usage of materials in all time demand industries would
create greater opportunity towards economy.
• Workability means the concrete must enhance the execution process so as to
ensure both their structure life and comfort.
• These above criteria can be achieved with help of a natural product. Addition of
polymer called lignin would help in gaining strength in concrete. Biological by-
product being a conventional product from tissue of coir dusts, will be more
helpful in both economic and to environment. Studies and certain researchers
regarding employing of lignin in concrete have suggested that lignin helps in
reducing the foot print of carbon.

4. OBJECTIVE
• The objective of the project is to evaluate the
by-product as a cement replacement for
ensuring increase in compressive strength.
• To study and find the properties incorporated
on addition of lignin.
• Analyze the carbon foot print in the concrete.
• To evaluate the strength of concrete acquired
on varying the percentage of application of
lignin

5. SCOPE
• Lignin enhances the strength of concrete to a
considerable amount.
• Reduces the carbon foot-print.
• Helps in reducing global warming to a greater
extent.

6. Extraction of lignin using non polar
solvents

7. % Residue versus Mass of Coir Dust

8. Extraction of Coir Dust using Different
Solvent Mixtures

9. Testing of lignin
Water absorption test
• This test is carried over to determine the amount water absorbed by the
material in order determine the water content based on which mix design can
be designed.
• Procedure
• The sample should be thoroughly washed to remove finer particles and dust,
drained and then placed in the basket and immersed in distilled water at a
temperature between 22 and 32o
C.
• After immersion, the entrapped air should be removed by lifting the basket
and allowing it to drop 25 times in 25 seconds. The basket and sample should
remain immersed for a period of 24 + ½ hours afterwards

10. • The basket and sample should then be removed from the water, allowed to
drain for a few minutes, after which the sample should be gently emptied
from the basket on to one of the dry clothes and gently surface-dried with the
cloth, transferring it to a second dry cloth when the first would remove no
further moisture. The sample should be spread on the second cloth and
exposed to the atmosphere away from direct sunlight till it appears to be
completely surface-dry. The sample should be weighed (Weight ‘A’).
• The sample should then be placed in an oven at a temperature of 100 to 110o
C
for 24hrs. It should then be removed from the oven, cooled and weighed
(Weight ‘B’).

11. EFFECTS OF CONCRETE(Without
lignin)

12. EFFECTS OF CONCRETE(With 10% of
lignin)

13. EFFECTS OF CONCRETE(With 20% of
lignin)

14. EFFECTS OF CONCRETE(With 30% of
lignin)

15. Compressive strength of OPC and 10%
Lignin

21. CONCLUSION
• Concrete with various percentages of cement replacement as lignin
were produced.
• They divulged with brown appearance which was totally different
from Ordinary Portland Cement concrete.
• Compared to Ordinary Portland Cement concrete, cement replaced
concrete experienced a less impact.
• The reason behind this was that lignin consumed water in addition
to the water cement ratio derived in the design mix.
• Moreover, specific gravity of lignin was low compared to the
specific gravity of cement.
• In turn weight of the cube decreased compared to OPC resulting in
low compressive strength.
• Since there was no problem of lignin bonding with cement, there
existed a slight rise in compressive strength in lignin concrete on
ageing.

22. REMEDIES
• The expected objectives can be achieved from
the following remedies,
• The presence of cellulose content resulted in
more water absorption. In order to overcome
this defect, further extraction methods should
be carried out in such a way that the cellulose
content should be removed from the lignin.
• The stability of polypropylene can be increased
when treated which may also result in the
removal of cellulose content.

23. REFERENCES
• 1.Christopher Williams. R, Nicolaus S. Mccready - The
Utilization of Agriculturally Derieved Lignin as an
antioxidant in asphalt binder.
• 2.Cyril Heitner, Don Dimmel, John Schmidt- Lignin and
Lignans Advances in Chemistry-CRC Press (2010).
• 3.Feraidon F. Ataie, Kyle A. Riding. - Use of bio-ethanol
by-product for SCM production.
• 4.Israel A.U., Ogali R.E., Akaranta O. and Obot I.B. –
Extraction and Characterization of Coconut Coir Dust.
• 5.IS Code 10262:1982 – Recommended Guidelines for
Concrete Mix Design.

24. • 5.Joel Ogbonna F. – The Secondary Effects of
Lignosulphonate Cement Retarder on Cement Slurry
Properties.
• 6.KasthuriranganGopalakrishnan, HalilCeylan, Sunghwan
Kim - Renewable biomass - derived lignin in transportation
infrastructure strengthening applications.
• 7.Prabhu S.R. and Geroge V. Thomas – Biological
Conversions of Coir Pith into a value-added Organic
Resource and its Application in Agri-Horiculture.
• 8.Thomas Q. Hu (eds.)-Chemical Modification, Properties,
and Usage of Lignin Springer US (2002).

25. • 9.Vijeth N Kashyap ,Radhakrishna – A Study of Effect of
Bacteria on Cement Composites.
• 10.Wolfgang G. Glasser and SimoSarkanen (Eds.) -
Lignin.Properties and Materials-American Chemical Society
(1989).
• 11.Wolfgang G. Glasser, Robert A. Northey, and Tor P.
Schultz (Eds.)-Lignin_ Historical, Biological, and Materials
Perspectives-American Chemical Society (2000).
• 12.XiangweiHao,a Chenghao Liu,c Huazhen Cao,d Yuhua
Liu,e HaiyanPeng,a,*and Jing Shenb - Use of by-product
from cellulosic ethanol production as an additive for
concrete.
• 13.YapiKimyasallariSanayi A.S. - Modified Lignin Sulphonate
based water reducing plasticizer concrete admixture.

26. Thank for your valuable support
n.arivusudar@yahoo.com