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Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur
Guided by
Dr. A.L. Rathore
(Professor)
Department of Agronomy
Presented by
Himalay Sahu
(Ph.D. scholar)
Session 2022-23
Department of Agronomy
Doctoral Seminar on
Uses of Drone Technology in general and in
Agriculture
Introduction
History of drones
Types of drones
Different parts of drones
How does drone technology work ?
Uses of drone technology in different sectors
Agricultural applications of the drone
Conclusion
Contents
1
By-Himalay Sahu, Ph.D. Scholar, Deptt. Of Agronomy
A drone is a flying robot that can be remotely controlled
or fly autonomously using software-controlled flight plans
in its embedded systems.
The term drone usually refers to any unpiloted aircraft.
OR unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs).
They work in conjunction with onboard sensors and a
global positioning system (GPS).
Introduction
2
By-Himalay Sahu, Ph.D. Scholar, Deptt. Of Agronomy
 In 1898
 Nikola Tesla premieres a
small radio operated boat
at a madison Square
garden exhibition.
 In 1849 (Air Balloons)
 Austrians used balloons to
drop bombs during attack
on city of Venice.
History of Drones
3
By-Himalay Sahu, Ph.D. Scholar, Deptt. Of Agronomy
 In 1918 (Kettering Bug)
 Designed to drop bombs
on targets during world
war I.
 In 1935 (Queen Bee)
 Created in the UK.
 This drone was used by the
military for moving target
practice.
4
By-Himalay Sahu, Ph.D. Scholar, Deptt. Of Agronomy
 In 1982 (Battlefield UAV’s)
 A major milestone, Israel
changed the way world was
seeing drones.
 Destroyed many Syrian
aircrafts with minimal loss
using UAV’s
 In 1964-1969
(The lightning Bug)
 It was created for
surveillance during the
cold war by the united
states.
5
By-Himalay Sahu, Ph.D. Scholar, Deptt. Of Agronomy
 In 2001 (Present Predator)
 Designed in the US.
 This drone is used for
surveillance and targeted
warfare.
 In 2020-21(China reveals
top secret AI drone)
 Given instruction to patrol
waves
 Used sensors detect
submarine
6
By-Himalay Sahu, Ph.D. Scholar, Deptt. Of Agronomy
2. Fixed-wing drones
 Longer flight time
 Can carry a heavier payload
 Greater stability in the wind
 Higher flight speeds
1. Multi-rotor drones
 Easy to control and
maneuver
 VTOL and hover flight
 Often lower price
 Portability
Different types of Drones
 Types of drones according to wing types
7
By-Himalay Sahu, Ph.D. Scholar, Deptt. Of Agronomy
4. Fixed-wing hybrid VTOL
drones
 VTOL and hover
 Long-endurance flight
 Fast speed
 Heavier payload capability
3. Single-rotor helicopter
drones
 VTOL and hover flight
 Long endurance (with gas
power)
 Heavier payload capability
 Types of drones according to wing types
8
By-Himalay Sahu, Ph.D. Scholar, Deptt. Of Agronomy
 Types of drones according to drone range
1. Very close-range drones
 Flight distance- 5 km
 Flight time- 1hour
 Use- recreation
2.Close-range drones
 Flight distance- upto 50 km
 Flight time- 1 to 6 hour
 Use-Military surveillance and Aerial photography
9
By-Himalay Sahu, Ph.D. Scholar, Deptt. Of Agronomy
3. Short-range drones
 Flight distance- 150 km
 Flight time- 8-12 hours
 Use- Large-scale surveillance
Mapping and surveying
Utility inspection
4. Mid-range drones
 Flight distance- 644 km
 Flight time- 24 hour
 Use- Military combat and surveillance
5. Long-range drones
 Flight distance- More than 644 km
 Flight time- More than 24 hours
 Use- Military surveillance and espionage
 Weather tracking
 Geographic mapping
10
By-Himalay Sahu, Ph.D. Scholar, Deptt. Of Agronomy
Components of Drones
11
By-Himalay Sahu, Ph.D. Scholar, Deptt. Of Agronomy
Sensors used in Drone
 Visual Sensors
 Thermal Sensors
• Aerial mapping
• Imaging
• Plant counting
• Surveying
• Heat Signature
detection
• Livestock
detection
• Surveillance
• Water source
detection
• Emergency
response
• Plant health
measurement
• Water quality
assessment
• Vegetation index
• Full spectral
sensing
• Hyperspectral Sensors
• LIDAR Sensors
• Useful in 3D
digital surface
modelling
• Surface
variation
detection
• Flood mapping
• Short range
12
By-Himalay Sahu, Ph.D. Scholar, Deptt. Of Agronomy
 Crop monitoring
How does drone technology work ?
Establishing a boundary, analysis of
the area
The camera takes 1 capture per
second and
Stored into memory and sends to the
ground station through telemetry
The stored data analysed by
geographical indicator NDVI
13
By-Himalay Sahu, Ph.D. Scholar, Deptt. Of Agronomy
Normalized deviation vegetation index (NDVI)
 NDVI = (NIR - Red)/(NIR + Red)
 Using the simple equation above, which returns values
between -1 and 1, a higher value represents a healthier
plant.
14
By-Himalay Sahu, Ph.D. Scholar, Deptt. Of Agronomy
 Sprinkling system
 The sprinkling system as two modules- 1) sprinkling system
2) Controller.
 The sprinkling system contains the spraying content
(pesticides or fertilizers) and a nozzle for spraying.
 Controller used to activate the nozzle of the sprayer.
 A pressure pump is pressurizes the pesticide to flow
through the nozzle.
 A motor driver integrated circuit is used to pressure the
pump as per the requirement.
15
By-Himalay Sahu, Ph.D. Scholar, Deptt. Of Agronomy
Drone Model Sprinkling speed Nozzle type
RMAX Yamaha
motor
47 l/ha Flat fan
Quad copter 1 l/minute Flat fan
N-3 type 0.6-1 l/ha Centrifugal
DJI S-900 0.2 MPa (Pressure) Flat fan nozzle
Z-3 UAV 850 ml/sec Electrical centrifugal
N-3 UAV 850 ml/sec Rotry automizer
Table:- Analysis of different spraying system
16
By-Himalay Sahu, Ph.D. Scholar, Deptt. Of Agronomy
Fig. Centrifugal Nozzle
Fig. Flat fan Nozzle
17
By-Himalay Sahu, Ph.D. Scholar, Deptt. Of Agronomy
Application of Drones in different sectors
• Defence
18
19
 Criteria for selection of agricultural drones
 Durable
 Versatile in use
 Extended time of flight
 Easier in handling/operations
 Easier in retrieval of data
 Higher credibility of data
 Affordable cost
20
By-Himalay Sahu, Ph.D. Scholar, Deptt. Of Agronomy
21
 Terrain Mapping
 Companies like Folio 3 (AI drones) are able to do terrain
mapping for better management of the agricultural
industry.
 The advanced computer vision capabilities of drones
enable them to accurately map the terrain and offer real-
time feedback to farmers for efficient planning and
management of fields.
22
By-Himalay Sahu, Ph.D. Scholar, Deptt. Of Agronomy
 Monitoring Field Conditions
 used to monitor the health of soil and field conditions.
 Field elevation is useful in determining drainage
patterns and wet/dry spots which allow for more efficient
watering techniques.
 It offers nutrient level monitoring in soil using enhanced
sensors. This allows for precise application of fertilizers,
eliminating poor growing spots.
23
24
By-Himalay Sahu, Ph.D. Scholar, Deptt. Of Agronomy
 Spray applications
 Drone use to apply spray treatments is already
widespread in south-east Asia, with South Korea using
drones for approximately 30% of their agriculture
spraying.
 Drone sprayers are able to navigate very hard to reach
areas, such as steep tea fields at high elevations.
 Drones sprayers delivery very fine spray applications that
can be targeted to specific areas to maximize efficiency
and save on chemical costs.
25
By-Himalay Sahu, Ph.D. Scholar, Deptt. Of Agronomy
26
By-Himalay Sahu, Ph.D. Scholar, Deptt. Of Agronomy
 Scouting/monitoring plant health
 Drones equipped with special imaging equipment called
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) use
detailed colour information to indicate plant health.
 Agricultural drones fitted along with multispectral sensors
and RGB sensors also detect field areas inflicted by
weeds, infections, and pests.
 According to this data, the exact amounts of chemicals
needed to fight these infestations are known, and this
helps diminish the costs inflicted by the farmer.
27
By-Himalay Sahu, Ph.D. Scholar, Deptt. Of Agronomy
28
By-Himalay Sahu, Ph.D. Scholar, Deptt. Of Agronomy
 Irrigation monitoring
 Drones with hyper spectral, thermal, or multispectral sensors
detect areas that are too dry or require the farmer's
attention.
 Drone survey helps improve water efficiency and disclose
potential pooling/leaks in irrigation by providing Irrigation
monitoring.
 Using microwave sensing, drones are able to capture very
accurate moisture levels without the plants getting in the way.
29
 Planting and seeding
 Newer and less wide spread uses of drones in agriculture is
for planting seeds.
 Automated drone seeders are mostly being used in forestry
industries right now the very hard to reach areas can be
replanted without endangering workers.
 They are also able to plant much more efficiently with a team
of two operators and ten drones capable of planting 400,000
trees a day.
30
By-Himalay Sahu, Ph.D. Scholar, Deptt. Of Agronomy
 Drone Pollination
 Researchers in the Netherlands and Japan are developing
small drones that are capable of pollinating plants without
damaging them.
 The next step is to create autonomous pollinating drones
that will work and monitor crop health without constant
instruction from operators.
31
By-Himalay Sahu, Ph.D. Scholar, Deptt. Of Agronomy
 Livestock tracking
 Thermal sensor technology helps find lost animals and
detect an injury or sickness.
 In addition to that, We can set our drones with high-definition
thermal imagers and night-capable cameras to survey if
there are unwanted animals in their farms that are preying
on their livestock.
 Drones are currently being utilized at India’s Kaziranga
National Park to track human poachers who are
targeting the horned rhino.
32
By-Himalay Sahu, Ph.D. Scholar, Deptt. Of Agronomy
 Prepare for weather glitches
 Drones can be used to detect upcoming weather
conditions. Storm drones are already being used to make
better predictions.
 Advance notice of storms or lack of rain can be used to
plan the crop to be planted that would be best suited to the
season.
33
By-Himalay Sahu, Ph.D. Scholar, Deptt. Of Agronomy
Commercial drones available in India
 The Agras T30 (or T20 or T10)
Used for spraying purpose
40 kg capacity, a flow rate of up to 50 kg per minutes
a spreading width of up to 7 meters
ability to cover up to 40 acres per hour
Price- 22 lakh rs
34
By-Himalay Sahu, Ph.D. Scholar, Deptt. Of Agronomy
 Agras MG-1- DJI
Octocopter designed, For spraying purpose.
Carry upto 10 KG of liquid payloads
Can cover 4000-6000 meter square area in just 10 minutes
which is regarded as 70 times faster as compared to manual
spraying.
Equipped with 4 nozzles for accurate spraying of fertilizer in
the field
Price- 7.30 lakh rs of 10 litre capacity
35
By-Himalay Sahu, Ph.D. Scholar, Deptt. Of Agronomy
Conclusion
 Drones have already vastly altered the agricultural
industry and will continue to grow in the coming years.
 While drone use is becoming more useful to small
farmers, there is still a ways to go before they become
part of every farmers equipment roster, particularly in
developing nations.
 Regulations around drone use need to be made and
revised in many countries and more research needs to be
done on their effectiveness at certain tasks.
 There are many ways drones can be useful to farmers but
it is important to understand their limitations and functions
before investing in expensive equipment.
36
Conclusion
By-Himalay Sahu, Ph.D. Scholar, Deptt. Of Agronomy
“Drones overall will be more impactful than think people
recognize in positive ways to help society.”
--By Bill Gates
37

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Uses of drones in general and in agriculture.pptx

  • 1. Indira Gandhi Krishi Vishwavidyalaya, Raipur Guided by Dr. A.L. Rathore (Professor) Department of Agronomy Presented by Himalay Sahu (Ph.D. scholar) Session 2022-23 Department of Agronomy Doctoral Seminar on Uses of Drone Technology in general and in Agriculture
  • 2. Introduction History of drones Types of drones Different parts of drones How does drone technology work ? Uses of drone technology in different sectors Agricultural applications of the drone Conclusion Contents 1 By-Himalay Sahu, Ph.D. Scholar, Deptt. Of Agronomy
  • 3. A drone is a flying robot that can be remotely controlled or fly autonomously using software-controlled flight plans in its embedded systems. The term drone usually refers to any unpiloted aircraft. OR unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). They work in conjunction with onboard sensors and a global positioning system (GPS). Introduction 2 By-Himalay Sahu, Ph.D. Scholar, Deptt. Of Agronomy
  • 4.  In 1898  Nikola Tesla premieres a small radio operated boat at a madison Square garden exhibition.  In 1849 (Air Balloons)  Austrians used balloons to drop bombs during attack on city of Venice. History of Drones 3 By-Himalay Sahu, Ph.D. Scholar, Deptt. Of Agronomy
  • 5.  In 1918 (Kettering Bug)  Designed to drop bombs on targets during world war I.  In 1935 (Queen Bee)  Created in the UK.  This drone was used by the military for moving target practice. 4 By-Himalay Sahu, Ph.D. Scholar, Deptt. Of Agronomy
  • 6.  In 1982 (Battlefield UAV’s)  A major milestone, Israel changed the way world was seeing drones.  Destroyed many Syrian aircrafts with minimal loss using UAV’s  In 1964-1969 (The lightning Bug)  It was created for surveillance during the cold war by the united states. 5 By-Himalay Sahu, Ph.D. Scholar, Deptt. Of Agronomy
  • 7.  In 2001 (Present Predator)  Designed in the US.  This drone is used for surveillance and targeted warfare.  In 2020-21(China reveals top secret AI drone)  Given instruction to patrol waves  Used sensors detect submarine 6 By-Himalay Sahu, Ph.D. Scholar, Deptt. Of Agronomy
  • 8. 2. Fixed-wing drones  Longer flight time  Can carry a heavier payload  Greater stability in the wind  Higher flight speeds 1. Multi-rotor drones  Easy to control and maneuver  VTOL and hover flight  Often lower price  Portability Different types of Drones  Types of drones according to wing types 7 By-Himalay Sahu, Ph.D. Scholar, Deptt. Of Agronomy
  • 9. 4. Fixed-wing hybrid VTOL drones  VTOL and hover  Long-endurance flight  Fast speed  Heavier payload capability 3. Single-rotor helicopter drones  VTOL and hover flight  Long endurance (with gas power)  Heavier payload capability  Types of drones according to wing types 8 By-Himalay Sahu, Ph.D. Scholar, Deptt. Of Agronomy
  • 10.  Types of drones according to drone range 1. Very close-range drones  Flight distance- 5 km  Flight time- 1hour  Use- recreation 2.Close-range drones  Flight distance- upto 50 km  Flight time- 1 to 6 hour  Use-Military surveillance and Aerial photography 9 By-Himalay Sahu, Ph.D. Scholar, Deptt. Of Agronomy
  • 11. 3. Short-range drones  Flight distance- 150 km  Flight time- 8-12 hours  Use- Large-scale surveillance Mapping and surveying Utility inspection 4. Mid-range drones  Flight distance- 644 km  Flight time- 24 hour  Use- Military combat and surveillance 5. Long-range drones  Flight distance- More than 644 km  Flight time- More than 24 hours  Use- Military surveillance and espionage  Weather tracking  Geographic mapping 10 By-Himalay Sahu, Ph.D. Scholar, Deptt. Of Agronomy
  • 12. Components of Drones 11 By-Himalay Sahu, Ph.D. Scholar, Deptt. Of Agronomy
  • 13. Sensors used in Drone  Visual Sensors  Thermal Sensors • Aerial mapping • Imaging • Plant counting • Surveying • Heat Signature detection • Livestock detection • Surveillance • Water source detection • Emergency response • Plant health measurement • Water quality assessment • Vegetation index • Full spectral sensing • Hyperspectral Sensors • LIDAR Sensors • Useful in 3D digital surface modelling • Surface variation detection • Flood mapping • Short range 12 By-Himalay Sahu, Ph.D. Scholar, Deptt. Of Agronomy
  • 14.  Crop monitoring How does drone technology work ? Establishing a boundary, analysis of the area The camera takes 1 capture per second and Stored into memory and sends to the ground station through telemetry The stored data analysed by geographical indicator NDVI 13 By-Himalay Sahu, Ph.D. Scholar, Deptt. Of Agronomy
  • 15. Normalized deviation vegetation index (NDVI)  NDVI = (NIR - Red)/(NIR + Red)  Using the simple equation above, which returns values between -1 and 1, a higher value represents a healthier plant. 14 By-Himalay Sahu, Ph.D. Scholar, Deptt. Of Agronomy
  • 16.  Sprinkling system  The sprinkling system as two modules- 1) sprinkling system 2) Controller.  The sprinkling system contains the spraying content (pesticides or fertilizers) and a nozzle for spraying.  Controller used to activate the nozzle of the sprayer.  A pressure pump is pressurizes the pesticide to flow through the nozzle.  A motor driver integrated circuit is used to pressure the pump as per the requirement. 15 By-Himalay Sahu, Ph.D. Scholar, Deptt. Of Agronomy
  • 17. Drone Model Sprinkling speed Nozzle type RMAX Yamaha motor 47 l/ha Flat fan Quad copter 1 l/minute Flat fan N-3 type 0.6-1 l/ha Centrifugal DJI S-900 0.2 MPa (Pressure) Flat fan nozzle Z-3 UAV 850 ml/sec Electrical centrifugal N-3 UAV 850 ml/sec Rotry automizer Table:- Analysis of different spraying system 16 By-Himalay Sahu, Ph.D. Scholar, Deptt. Of Agronomy
  • 18. Fig. Centrifugal Nozzle Fig. Flat fan Nozzle 17 By-Himalay Sahu, Ph.D. Scholar, Deptt. Of Agronomy
  • 19. Application of Drones in different sectors • Defence 18
  • 20. 19
  • 21.  Criteria for selection of agricultural drones  Durable  Versatile in use  Extended time of flight  Easier in handling/operations  Easier in retrieval of data  Higher credibility of data  Affordable cost 20 By-Himalay Sahu, Ph.D. Scholar, Deptt. Of Agronomy
  • 22. 21
  • 23.  Terrain Mapping  Companies like Folio 3 (AI drones) are able to do terrain mapping for better management of the agricultural industry.  The advanced computer vision capabilities of drones enable them to accurately map the terrain and offer real- time feedback to farmers for efficient planning and management of fields. 22 By-Himalay Sahu, Ph.D. Scholar, Deptt. Of Agronomy
  • 24.  Monitoring Field Conditions  used to monitor the health of soil and field conditions.  Field elevation is useful in determining drainage patterns and wet/dry spots which allow for more efficient watering techniques.  It offers nutrient level monitoring in soil using enhanced sensors. This allows for precise application of fertilizers, eliminating poor growing spots. 23
  • 25. 24 By-Himalay Sahu, Ph.D. Scholar, Deptt. Of Agronomy
  • 26.  Spray applications  Drone use to apply spray treatments is already widespread in south-east Asia, with South Korea using drones for approximately 30% of their agriculture spraying.  Drone sprayers are able to navigate very hard to reach areas, such as steep tea fields at high elevations.  Drones sprayers delivery very fine spray applications that can be targeted to specific areas to maximize efficiency and save on chemical costs. 25 By-Himalay Sahu, Ph.D. Scholar, Deptt. Of Agronomy
  • 27. 26 By-Himalay Sahu, Ph.D. Scholar, Deptt. Of Agronomy
  • 28.  Scouting/monitoring plant health  Drones equipped with special imaging equipment called Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) use detailed colour information to indicate plant health.  Agricultural drones fitted along with multispectral sensors and RGB sensors also detect field areas inflicted by weeds, infections, and pests.  According to this data, the exact amounts of chemicals needed to fight these infestations are known, and this helps diminish the costs inflicted by the farmer. 27 By-Himalay Sahu, Ph.D. Scholar, Deptt. Of Agronomy
  • 29. 28 By-Himalay Sahu, Ph.D. Scholar, Deptt. Of Agronomy
  • 30.  Irrigation monitoring  Drones with hyper spectral, thermal, or multispectral sensors detect areas that are too dry or require the farmer's attention.  Drone survey helps improve water efficiency and disclose potential pooling/leaks in irrigation by providing Irrigation monitoring.  Using microwave sensing, drones are able to capture very accurate moisture levels without the plants getting in the way. 29
  • 31.  Planting and seeding  Newer and less wide spread uses of drones in agriculture is for planting seeds.  Automated drone seeders are mostly being used in forestry industries right now the very hard to reach areas can be replanted without endangering workers.  They are also able to plant much more efficiently with a team of two operators and ten drones capable of planting 400,000 trees a day. 30 By-Himalay Sahu, Ph.D. Scholar, Deptt. Of Agronomy
  • 32.  Drone Pollination  Researchers in the Netherlands and Japan are developing small drones that are capable of pollinating plants without damaging them.  The next step is to create autonomous pollinating drones that will work and monitor crop health without constant instruction from operators. 31 By-Himalay Sahu, Ph.D. Scholar, Deptt. Of Agronomy
  • 33.  Livestock tracking  Thermal sensor technology helps find lost animals and detect an injury or sickness.  In addition to that, We can set our drones with high-definition thermal imagers and night-capable cameras to survey if there are unwanted animals in their farms that are preying on their livestock.  Drones are currently being utilized at India’s Kaziranga National Park to track human poachers who are targeting the horned rhino. 32 By-Himalay Sahu, Ph.D. Scholar, Deptt. Of Agronomy
  • 34.  Prepare for weather glitches  Drones can be used to detect upcoming weather conditions. Storm drones are already being used to make better predictions.  Advance notice of storms or lack of rain can be used to plan the crop to be planted that would be best suited to the season. 33 By-Himalay Sahu, Ph.D. Scholar, Deptt. Of Agronomy
  • 35. Commercial drones available in India  The Agras T30 (or T20 or T10) Used for spraying purpose 40 kg capacity, a flow rate of up to 50 kg per minutes a spreading width of up to 7 meters ability to cover up to 40 acres per hour Price- 22 lakh rs 34 By-Himalay Sahu, Ph.D. Scholar, Deptt. Of Agronomy
  • 36.  Agras MG-1- DJI Octocopter designed, For spraying purpose. Carry upto 10 KG of liquid payloads Can cover 4000-6000 meter square area in just 10 minutes which is regarded as 70 times faster as compared to manual spraying. Equipped with 4 nozzles for accurate spraying of fertilizer in the field Price- 7.30 lakh rs of 10 litre capacity 35 By-Himalay Sahu, Ph.D. Scholar, Deptt. Of Agronomy
  • 37. Conclusion  Drones have already vastly altered the agricultural industry and will continue to grow in the coming years.  While drone use is becoming more useful to small farmers, there is still a ways to go before they become part of every farmers equipment roster, particularly in developing nations.  Regulations around drone use need to be made and revised in many countries and more research needs to be done on their effectiveness at certain tasks.  There are many ways drones can be useful to farmers but it is important to understand their limitations and functions before investing in expensive equipment. 36 Conclusion By-Himalay Sahu, Ph.D. Scholar, Deptt. Of Agronomy
  • 38. “Drones overall will be more impactful than think people recognize in positive ways to help society.” --By Bill Gates 37