The adoption of modern technologies in agriculture, such as the use of drones have great potential to revolutionize the Indian agriculture and ensure country's food security. The farmers face many problems like unavailability or high cost of labours , health problems by coming in contact with chemicals (fertilizers, pesticides, etc.) while applying them in the field, bite by insects or animals, etc. In this context, drones can help farmers in avoiding these troubles in conjunction with the benefits of being a green technology.

1. College of Agriculture, Raipur
Submitted To Submitted By
Dr. V. K. Dubey Parmeshwar Sahu
Principal Scientist Id no. 20220120
Dept. OfEntomology Msc.(Ag.) Entomology
IGKV - Raipur District - Dhamtari
Course Title :- Insect Anatomy, Physiology,& Nutrition
Course Code :- ENT 502
Course Credit :- 3(2+1)
Role of Drones in crop protection process

2. Contents :-
1. Introduction Of Drones
1. Objective to use of Drone
2. Role of Drones in Crop Protection
3. Statutory Provisions
4. Details, precautions and pre-requisites for Drone based pesticide
application
5. Registration requirements of pesticides for drone application
6. Working Principle Of Spraying Drones
7. Cost of drone and Govt Support
8. Advantages and Disadvantages of Drone
9. Futures Prospects
10. Conclusion
11. References

3. Introduction of Drones:-
Drones are formally known as unmanned aerial vehicle which
is essentially a flying robot.
It can be controlled by pilot from the grounder it can be
autonomous.
The drones which are used for agriculture purpose are called
as agriculture drone.
In current scenario it is also being used for Crop protection,
surveillance, traffic monitoring, weather monitoring.

4. Objective to use of Drone:-
Drones are going to be important for increasing efficiency of application of crop
protection chemicals by
Reducing manpower requirement,
Reducing time of application,
Reducing volume of water,
Quantity of chemicals and
Saving drift to environment along with reducing exposure to human being to
hazardous chemicals.
Drone-based spray requires less amount of water, as well as pesticides, due to better
application and bio-efficiency.

5. Role of Drones in Crop Protection
Drones are going to be important for increasing efficiency of application
of crop protection chemicals by reducing manpower requirement, reducing
time of application, reducing volume of water, quantity of chemicals and
saving drift to environment along with reducing exposure to human being to
hazardous chemicals.
Disease Diagnosis
Insect- pest Monitoring
Fertilizer Application
Pesticide Application
Irrigation
Security
In Pollination

6. APPLICATIONS IN INSECT PEST MANAGEMENT
 Drone mediated remote sensing:
Drone-based remote sensing technologies offer several advantages that
make them attractive for use in precision insect pest management. Sensing
drones likely allow the coverage of vast areas than handheld, ground-based
devices.
 Drone mediated aerial photography :
Drone technology can give farmers with a great aerial view of their farm
field and allow them to make crucial management decisions in problem
solving time

7.  Insect- pest Monitoring
• Checking field, landscape, forest, or other site
to identify which pests are present, how many
there are, or what damage they've caused.
Correctly identifying the pest is key to
knowing whether a pest is likely to become a
problem and determining the best
management strategy.
• In addition, the muddy fields and overlapping plants makes the conventional
system of pesticide spray difficult.
• In order to overcome the bundle of practical difficulties and acute labor
shortage, aerial spray of pesticide using Drone

8.  Drone mediated insect pest sampling
A drone-attachable apparatus is available for trapping airborne insects
either as position-fixed traps or freely movable traps can be sufficiently
well developed and utilized for insect pests sampling.
 Drone mediated precision application of insecticides
• long with precision monitoring, precision application of pesticides could
reduce the total number of sprays and thus contributing to reduced
pesticide use and decreased resistance development in insects, as well as
increased presence of natural enemies in the field.

9.  Drone mediated precision releases of natural enemies
• Now a day, drones are useful tool for augmentative biological control, which
depends on the extensive release of natural enemies for immediate control of
pests.
 Drone mediated Sterile Insect Technique (SIT) and mating disruption
Experimental programs to release sterile insects with drones have been
successful in controlling codling moth populations in Canada, New Zealand
and the USA. Furthermore, experimental programs for control of cotton pink
boll worm and Mexican fruit fly in citrus, with drone-released sterile insects
proved effective for control of these pests in the USA

10.  Spray Application :-
• Crop spraying drones can
carry large liquid storage
reservoirs, can be operated
more safely.
• It can be operated and
maintained at a fraction of
the cost compared to crop
dusters.

11. How are Drones being used in Agriculture ?
Fertilizer Application:-
 One of the most critical uses of
drones in agriculture is its flexibility
to move around in swift motions and
maneuver to the destined locations.
 This ability of drones helps spray
fertilizers to nurture crops and
provide them with the needed
nutrients.
Drone Irrigation :-
Using microwave sensing, drones are able to
capture very accurate soil health Multispectral
Sensor information.
 Water can be distributed in a field in the most
efficient way in an effort to conserve resources .

12. Security:-
 Drone are used to monitor the far
reaches of a farm and allows for more
frequent monitoring of hard to reach
areas.
Monitoring remote areas, which used
to take hours of walking can now be
completed in few minutes.
Pollination Drones :-
 Researchers in the Netherlands and
Japan are developing small drones that
are capable of pollinating plants without
damaging them.
 The next generation is to create
autonomous a pollinating drones
How are Drones being used in Agriculture ?

13. How are Drones being used in Agriculture ?
Planting And Seeding :-
 Automated drone seeders are mostly
being used in forestry industries.
 Planting with drones means very hard
to reach areas can be replanted Without
endangering workers.
Monitoring Field Condition :-
 Drones provide accurate field mapping.
 Having information on field elevation is
useful in determining drainage patterns
and wet/dry spots which allow for more
efficient watering techniques.

14. Statutory Provisions :-
As per the provisions of the Insecticides Rules1971, Under the Insecticides Act,
1968
• Marking of the area shall be the responsibility of the operators;
• The operators shall use only approved insecticides and their formulations at
approved concentration and height;
• All aerial operations shall be notified to the public not less than twenty-four
hours in advance respective Gram Panchayat & Panchayat Samiti, as well as
the concerned Agriculture Officer of the area, at least 24 hours in advance)
• Animals and persons not connected with the operations shall be prevented
from entering such areas for a specific period; and
• The pilots shall undergo specialization training including clinical effects of the
insecticides

15. Details, precautions and pre-requisites for Drone based
pesticide application
• Confirm not to fly in the drone-for bidden area (airport or electronic
station). No prior permission is required for operating an unmanned
aircraft system in a green zone
• Ensure drone is in good condition (not damaged) and fit for flying
safely
• Fly in visual line of sight (VLOS): Always be within visual range of your
drone.
• Calibrate drone spray system to ensure nozzle output and accurate
application of labelled rates.
• Check if drone is in good condition and that there is no leak in the
spraying system.
• Confirm a place for take-off, landing and tank mix operations.
Pre-
application:

16. During Application:
Read labels
carefully to
understand
safety
guidance.
Do not eat,
drink or smoke
while spraying.
Operation
team shall
always stay at
the downwind
end ofthe field
and backlight
direction.
Spray with
pure water
first to test
operation for
at least 5
minutes
wherever
feasible and
required.
Adopt proper
pressure for
optimized
droplet
spectrum
(>100um).
Ensure
appropriate
flying height
above target
crop
Ensure
appropriate
water volume.
Ensure
appropriate
flying speed.

17. Post
Application:-
• Timely evaluation and transfer to fresh air.
• Triple rinse of empty container is mandatory. Ensure
waste generated is kept to a minimum.
• The disposal of waste must conform to the local laws.
• Never burn or bury hazardous waste.
• Never leave empty containers in the field. It should be
disposed of as per the Insecticides Rule 1971.
• Follow the maintenance schedule as prescribed by the
Drone manufactures.

18. Working principle of Sprayer drone:
The basic components of any drone are Brushless Direct Current Motors (BLDC),
Electronic Speed Control (ESC), flight controller, Camera, Transmitter and Receiver. The
main parts of any spraying system are the pump and its controlling system.
In accessories: Accelerometer, gyroscope, GPS are used for controlling the drone.
To design a drone for spraying application, the first step is to estimate the payload.
Components of the drone are selected after the calculation of payload. Battery selection
depends upon the current and voltage requirements of the drone modules. Finally, the
frame of the drone is designed that depends upon the number of arms and payloads. First
UAV (unmanned helicopter) for pesticides application was developed by Yamaha Motor
Co. Ltd., Shizuoka Japan in 1983.

19. Nozzle Pump
Pump
Controller
Reciever Reciever
Micro
controller Vidio
Reciever
FPV
Camera
Propell
er
Motor
Flight
contoller
Vidio
Transmitter
Transmitter
GPS
Flow chart of Semi controlled UAVs for pesticide application.

20. Workflow diagram of Sprayer drone

21. Registration requirements of pesticides for drone
application
• The Registration requirements of pesticides for drone application and the
modalities are dynamic in nature and will be considered based upon the
safety, efficacy, statutory and legal requirements and published by the
Central insecticides Board and Registration committee(CIB&RC) from
time to time. Drone users shall use only Central Insecticides Board and
Registration Committee approved pesticides.
• For registration of insecticides/pesticides and for use with drone, the
applicant shall apply before Secretariat of CIB&RC, in the manner, as
prescribed by CIB& RC under the Insecticides Act, 1968

22. Cost of drone and Govt Support
• Financial assistance @ 100% of the cost of agriculture drone up to a
maximum of Rs. 10 lakhs per drone is provided for purchase of drones
by institutes under Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Krishi
Vigyan Kendra (KVKs), State Agriculture Universities (SAUs), State
and other Central Government Agricultural Institutions/Departments and
Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs) of Government of India engaged in
agricultural activities.
• The Farmers Producers Organizations (FPOs) are provided grants up to
75% of the cost of agriculture drone for its demonstrations on the
farmers’ fields.
• For individual purchase of drones, the Small and Marginal, Scheduled
Caste/Scheduled Tribe, Women and North Eastern State farmers are
provided financial assistance @ 50% of the cost up to a maximum of Rs.
5.00 lakhs and other farmers @ 40% up to a maximum of Rs. 4.00 lakhs.

23. Advantages of drones in agriculture pest management:
 High payload capacity
 Higher flight time
 Higher speed
 Strong and durable
 Access to remote areas
 Petrol or gasoline powered UAV (unmanned aerial vehicle)
 Vertical take-off and the ability to land vertically
 Hover, and fly forward, backward
 Less time consuming
 Low labour requirement

24. Disadvantages of Agriculture Drones
 High costs
 Requires skilled labours for operation
 Complexity in collection of data, its analysis and interpretation
 Can’t be used during adverse climatic conditions
 Applicable only for large scale spray
 Drone Crashes

25. Future Prospects :-
• The world’s population switched from being
predominantly rural to being predominantly urban and
that trend will continue..
• As younger workers leave to seek more profitable
employment in cities, an aging workforce is left in rural
areas.
• India leading to an increased demand for labor saving,
This rapidly growing area will create new opportunities.
• UAV application, if well managed, could become a key
element of Integrated Pest Management (IPM).
In Future
potential
benefits
using
UAVs

26. Conclusion
The adoption of modern technologies in agriculture, such as the use of
drones have great potential to revolutionize the Indian agriculture and
ensure country's food security.
The farmers face many problems like unavailability or high
cost of labours , health problems by coming in contact with chemicals
(fertilizers, pesticides, etc.) while applying them in the field, bite by insects
or animals, etc. In this context, drones can help farmers in avoiding these
troubles in conjunction with the benefits of being a green technology.
Drones are nowadays emerging as a component of precision agriculture
along with contributing to sustainable development of agriculture. Use of
drones in agriculture also have ample opportunities to provide
employment to people in rural areas.

27. References
 http://en .Wikipedia.org/wiki/agricultural_drone
 Giacomo, R. and David, G., Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS) in
Agriculture: Regulations and Good Practices, 2018.
https:/www.croptracker.com/blog/drone-tecchnology-in-
agriculture. Html

28. THANK YOU