Benzene is a colorless liquid that is used to make other chemicals and is found in gasoline. It evaporates quickly and long-term exposure can increase the risk of leukemia and damage bone marrow and the immune system. Most exposure comes from gasoline and tobacco smoke. Benzene is used as a building block chemical to make other materials and plastics and is found in products like glues, paints and detergents.
Episode 3 : Production of Synthesis Gas by Steam Methane ReformingSAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Episode 3 : Production of Synthesis Gas by Steam Methane Reforming
History of Synthesis Gas
In 1780, Felice Fontana discovered that combustible gas develops if water vapor is passed over carbon at temperatures over 500 °C. This CO and H2 containing gas was called water gas and mainly used for lighting purposes in the19th century.
As of the beginning of the 20th century, H2/CO-mixtures were used for syntheses of hydrocarbons and then, as a consequence, also called synthesis gas.
Haber and Bosch discovered the synthesis of ammonia from H2 and N2 in 1910 and the first industrial ammonia synthesis plant was commissioned in 1913.
The production of liquid hydrocarbons and oxygenates from syngas conversion over iron catalysts was discovered in 1923 by Fischer and Tropsch.
Much of the syngas conversion processes were being developed in Germany during the first and second world wars at a time when natural resources were becoming scare and alternative routes for hydrogen production, ammonia synthesis, and transportation fuels were a necessity.
In 1943/44, this was applied for large-scale production of artificial fuels from synthesis gas in Germany.
COURSE LINK:
https://www.chemicalengineeringguy.com/courses/petrochemicals-an-overview/
Introduction:
The course is mainly about the petrochemical industry. Talks about several chemicals and their chemical routes in order to produce in mass scale the demands of the market.
Learn about:
Petorchemical Industry
Difference between Petroleum Refining vs. Petrochemical Industry
Paraffins, Olefins, Napthenes & Aromatics
Market insight (production, consumption, prices)
Two main Petrochemical Processes: Naphtha Steam Cracking and Fluid Catalytic Cracking
The most important grouping in petrochemical products
Petrochemical physical & chemical properties. Chemical structure, naming, uses, production, etc.
Basic Gases in the industry: Ammonia, Syngas, etc…
C1 Cuts: Methane, Formaldehyde, Methanol, Formic Acid, Urea, Chloromethanes etc…
C2 Cuts: Ethane, Acetylene, Ethylene, Ethylene Dichloride, Vinyl Chloride, Ethylene Oxide, Ethanolamines, Ethanol, Acetaldehyde, Acetic Acid, Ethylene Glycols (MEG, DEG, TEG)
C3 Cuts: Propane, Propylene, Propylene Oxide, Isopropanol, Acetone, Acrylonitrile, Propediene, Allyl chloride, Acrylic acid, Propionic Acid, Propionaldehyde, Propylene Glycol
C4 Cuts: Butanes, Butylenes, Butadiene, Butanols, MTBE (Methyl Tert Butyl Ethers)
C5 cuts: Isoprene, Pentanes, Piperylene, Cyclopentadiene, Dicyclopentadiene, Isoamyl, etc…
Aromatics: Benzene, Toluene, Xylenes (BTX), Cumene, Phenol, Ethyl Benzene, Styrene, Pthalic Anhydride, Nitrobenzene, Aniline, Benzoic Acid, Chlorobenzene, etc…
At the end of the course you will feel confident in how the petrochemical industry is established. You will know the most common petrochemicals as well as their distribution, production and importance in daily life. It will help in your future process simulations by knowing the common and economical chemical pathways.
Episode 3 : Production of Synthesis Gas by Steam Methane ReformingSAJJAD KHUDHUR ABBAS
Episode 3 : Production of Synthesis Gas by Steam Methane Reforming
History of Synthesis Gas
In 1780, Felice Fontana discovered that combustible gas develops if water vapor is passed over carbon at temperatures over 500 °C. This CO and H2 containing gas was called water gas and mainly used for lighting purposes in the19th century.
As of the beginning of the 20th century, H2/CO-mixtures were used for syntheses of hydrocarbons and then, as a consequence, also called synthesis gas.
Haber and Bosch discovered the synthesis of ammonia from H2 and N2 in 1910 and the first industrial ammonia synthesis plant was commissioned in 1913.
The production of liquid hydrocarbons and oxygenates from syngas conversion over iron catalysts was discovered in 1923 by Fischer and Tropsch.
Much of the syngas conversion processes were being developed in Germany during the first and second world wars at a time when natural resources were becoming scare and alternative routes for hydrogen production, ammonia synthesis, and transportation fuels were a necessity.
In 1943/44, this was applied for large-scale production of artificial fuels from synthesis gas in Germany.
COURSE LINK:
https://www.chemicalengineeringguy.com/courses/petrochemicals-an-overview/
Introduction:
The course is mainly about the petrochemical industry. Talks about several chemicals and their chemical routes in order to produce in mass scale the demands of the market.
Learn about:
Petorchemical Industry
Difference between Petroleum Refining vs. Petrochemical Industry
Paraffins, Olefins, Napthenes & Aromatics
Market insight (production, consumption, prices)
Two main Petrochemical Processes: Naphtha Steam Cracking and Fluid Catalytic Cracking
The most important grouping in petrochemical products
Petrochemical physical & chemical properties. Chemical structure, naming, uses, production, etc.
Basic Gases in the industry: Ammonia, Syngas, etc…
C1 Cuts: Methane, Formaldehyde, Methanol, Formic Acid, Urea, Chloromethanes etc…
C2 Cuts: Ethane, Acetylene, Ethylene, Ethylene Dichloride, Vinyl Chloride, Ethylene Oxide, Ethanolamines, Ethanol, Acetaldehyde, Acetic Acid, Ethylene Glycols (MEG, DEG, TEG)
C3 Cuts: Propane, Propylene, Propylene Oxide, Isopropanol, Acetone, Acrylonitrile, Propediene, Allyl chloride, Acrylic acid, Propionic Acid, Propionaldehyde, Propylene Glycol
C4 Cuts: Butanes, Butylenes, Butadiene, Butanols, MTBE (Methyl Tert Butyl Ethers)
C5 cuts: Isoprene, Pentanes, Piperylene, Cyclopentadiene, Dicyclopentadiene, Isoamyl, etc…
Aromatics: Benzene, Toluene, Xylenes (BTX), Cumene, Phenol, Ethyl Benzene, Styrene, Pthalic Anhydride, Nitrobenzene, Aniline, Benzoic Acid, Chlorobenzene, etc…
At the end of the course you will feel confident in how the petrochemical industry is established. You will know the most common petrochemicals as well as their distribution, production and importance in daily life. It will help in your future process simulations by knowing the common and economical chemical pathways.
5 Production Methods of Benzene cyclic hydrocarbon first isolated by Faraday a natural component of crude oil can be produced using different methods Pyrolysis gasoline, coal tar, Catalytic Reforming, Toluene hydrodealkylation, Toluene disproportionation
Project of Introduction to Petroleum and Gas Engineering and Explanation of the cracking process and types.Cracking, as the name suggests, is a process in which large hydrocarbon molecules are broken down into smaller and more useful ones,The cracking products, such as ethene, propene, buta-1,3-diene and C4 alkenes, are used to make many important chemicals. Others such as branched and cyclic alkanes are added to the gasoline fraction obtained from the distillation of crude oil to enhance the octane rating.
we are introduce here, the history of benzene, introduction, description, structure review, key points, applications, effects on human life, bibliography
Glycerol is a chemical compound that is generally non-toxic, sweet tasting, vicious liquid. Glycerol is completely soluble in water and alcohol.Glycerol was first obtained as a bi-product of soap manufacture through saponification of fats. Glycerine is used in the cosmetics and medicinal industries.
Solvents & their impact on environmentWishal Butt
A solvent is a substance that dissolves a solute resulting in a solution.
most of the solvents are combustible, often highly volatile and extremely flammable and they should always be handled with care.
An organic solvent containing oxygen as part of the molecular structure.
EXAMPLE:-
alcohols, glycol ethers, ketones, esters, and glycol ether.
USES
These solvents are widely used in paints, inks, pharmaceuticals, perfumes, adhesives, cosmetics, detergents, and food processing.During the synthesis of such solvents like alcohol, the residue of molasses is disposed off out of the industry containing microbes, may contaminate the soil & water.
Alcohol poisoning
Respiratory depressions
Low rate of metabolism by abnormal liver.
5 Production Methods of Benzene cyclic hydrocarbon first isolated by Faraday a natural component of crude oil can be produced using different methods Pyrolysis gasoline, coal tar, Catalytic Reforming, Toluene hydrodealkylation, Toluene disproportionation
Project of Introduction to Petroleum and Gas Engineering and Explanation of the cracking process and types.Cracking, as the name suggests, is a process in which large hydrocarbon molecules are broken down into smaller and more useful ones,The cracking products, such as ethene, propene, buta-1,3-diene and C4 alkenes, are used to make many important chemicals. Others such as branched and cyclic alkanes are added to the gasoline fraction obtained from the distillation of crude oil to enhance the octane rating.
we are introduce here, the history of benzene, introduction, description, structure review, key points, applications, effects on human life, bibliography
Glycerol is a chemical compound that is generally non-toxic, sweet tasting, vicious liquid. Glycerol is completely soluble in water and alcohol.Glycerol was first obtained as a bi-product of soap manufacture through saponification of fats. Glycerine is used in the cosmetics and medicinal industries.
Solvents & their impact on environmentWishal Butt
A solvent is a substance that dissolves a solute resulting in a solution.
most of the solvents are combustible, often highly volatile and extremely flammable and they should always be handled with care.
An organic solvent containing oxygen as part of the molecular structure.
EXAMPLE:-
alcohols, glycol ethers, ketones, esters, and glycol ether.
USES
These solvents are widely used in paints, inks, pharmaceuticals, perfumes, adhesives, cosmetics, detergents, and food processing.During the synthesis of such solvents like alcohol, the residue of molasses is disposed off out of the industry containing microbes, may contaminate the soil & water.
Alcohol poisoning
Respiratory depressions
Low rate of metabolism by abnormal liver.
Protect Yourself from VOCs in Water with HomePure QNET Ltd
Learn about the Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) found in water and how QNET's HomePure 7-Stage Water Filtration System and HomePure Eaze can protect you against them.
Know more about QNET by visiting these sites:
http://www.qnet.net
http://www.qnetlife.net
https://twitter.com/QNetOfficial
https://www.youtube.com/user/QNETofficial
https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.qnet.estore.android&hl=en
https://www.facebook.com/QNETIndiaOfficial
1Running head A toxicant that can be classified as an air, w.docxfelicidaddinwoodie
1
Running head: A toxicant that can be classified as an air, water or soil pollutant, or an organic solvent
5
A toxicant that can be classified as an air, water or soil pollutant, or an organic solvent
Unit VIII Final Project-Benzene toxicant
Advanced Toxicology
Eric Lupasa
Columbia Southern University
One of natural composite is Benzene which is the result of oil coal, cigarette smoke, glues, fires, automobile exhaust and vapors from gasoline (Environmental protection Agency, 2009). Household smoke is also adding considerable amount of this in air. It is categorized as a recognized carcinogen. Benzene has major contact with people in form of immune system and hematopoietic. This paper is will explain the exposure limits of benzene , how we are exposed to this substance and what are the toxic effects of this.Additionally, I will discuss the fact that benzene is a carcinogen, and the risk assessment involved with benzene exposure.
Exposure Limits
No express govern has been set up for air however for unspecific direction, the powers of ethereal benzene related with a danger of leukemia (WHO, Benzene, n.d.).
Thinks about have demonstrated that a presentation to Benzene at a level of 3,000 sections for each moment (ppm) is middle of the road for thirty minutes to 60 minutes, yet, an introduction to Benzene at nineteen to twenty thousand ppm for five to ten minutes is deadly (CDC, n.d.). An introduction of seven thousand five hundred ppm for thirty minutes is unsafe. 1500 ppm for one hour can incites serious side effects; and contact of five hundred ppm for one hour can bring about ailment. As meager as a presentation of fifty to one hundred fifty ppm for five hours produces migraine, exhaustion, and loss of quality; and contact at a quarter century for eight hours has no result (CDC, n.d.).
Exposure Media
Benzene is a standard air contaminant following from smoking, flames, and local things which incorporate petrol based substances, for example, superglues, wax, and oils (Environmental assurance Agency, 2009). Homes situated above sullied groundwater, benzene vapor can move through soil and establishments. Likewise, polluted groundwater because of showering, dishwashing, and clothing can make benzene volatilize inside (Environmental security Agency, 2009). Moreover, outside air contamination incorporate fumes, and releases from assembling methods and administration places (Environmental security Agency, 2009). In addition, groundwater contamination can happen from cracked stowage loads and from lethal waste areas where benzene is regularly within reach as a component of fossil fuel merchandise. This can likewise bring about drinking water pollution. Benzene is an unsteady blend that does not encounter important isolating or development in soil. Besides, little assimilations of benzene in the earth could be quantifiable at locales where fossil fuel spills happened.
Toxic Effects
Serious poisonous outcomes from business related ...
Benzene - monitoring, managing and reducing the riskRetired
Slides from a presentation at Health and Wellbeing at Work. 6-7 March 2012, Birmingham.
Improving the health and wellbeing of work-aged people.
www.healthatwork2012.co.uk
The North Texas Commission and the Clean Air Texas Initiative presented the first in a series of Topic: North Texas Webinars about our region's air quality with Dr. Tonya McDonald of Children's Medical Center. Currently, ozone levels in North Texas are too high to pass standards set in the Clean Air Act, placing the region at risk of increased government regulation and the loss of federal highway funding. Throughout the spring and summer, we will host a series of webinars about various air quality topics.
Dr. McDonald, a Harvard Medical School graduate, will present on the relationship between ozone pollution and public health, including ozone's impact on asthma. Her interest in the environment’s impact on asthmatics was born after observing the effects of air quality on patients exposed to both cement plant pollution and seasonal pollens from area farms while caring for the children of services members in Heidelberg, Germany. Her presentation will shed light on how ozone pollution impacts the health of our region's residents.
Here is a tobacco awareness ppt on detailed powerpoint presentation slides (ppt on tobacco and its effects) on smoking.
View here smoking ppt. This smoking ppt presentation free download helps you in getting about Tobacco awareness.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Safalta Digital marketing institute in Noida, provide complete applications that encompass a huge range of virtual advertising and marketing additives, which includes search engine optimization, virtual communication advertising, pay-per-click on marketing, content material advertising, internet analytics, and greater. These university courses are designed for students who possess a comprehensive understanding of virtual marketing strategies and attributes.Safalta Digital Marketing Institute in Noida is a first choice for young individuals or students who are looking to start their careers in the field of digital advertising. The institute gives specialized courses designed and certification.
for beginners, providing thorough training in areas such as SEO, digital communication marketing, and PPC training in Noida. After finishing the program, students receive the certifications recognised by top different universitie, setting a strong foundation for a successful career in digital marketing.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Normal Labour/ Stages of Labour/ Mechanism of LabourWasim Ak
Normal labor is also termed spontaneous labor, defined as the natural physiological process through which the fetus, placenta, and membranes are expelled from the uterus through the birth canal at term (37 to 42 weeks
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
2. Learning Targets:
• I can define benzene
• 2. I can give 3 advantages of benzene
• 3. I can give 3 disadvantages of benzene
• 4. I can explain the uses of benzene
3. BENZENE
• In the early days of organic chemistry, the word
aromatic was used to describe fragrant substances such
as benzene (from coal distillate), benzaldehyde (from
cherries, peaches, and almonds), and toluene (from tolu
balsam). It was soon realized, however, that substances
classed as aromatic differed from most other organic
compounds in their chemical behavior.
•
4. BENZENE
• Today, the association of aromaticity with fragrance has
long been lost, and we now use the word aromatic to refer
to the class of compounds that contain six-membered
benzene-like rings with
• three double bonds. Many valuable compounds are
aromatic in part, such as the steroidal hormone estrone
and the cholesterol lowering drug atorvastatin, marketed
as Lipitor. Benzene itself causes a depressed white blood
cell count (leukopenia) on prolonged exposure and should
not be used as a laboratory solvent.
5. BENZENE
• Benzene is a colorless, sweet-smelling chemical that can
be derived from natural gas, crude oil, or coal.
• Benzene is primarily used as a feedstock, or raw material,
to make other industrial chemicals, such as ethylbenzene,
cumene and cyclohexane. Benzene is also used as a
solvent in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries.
6. BENZENE
• Most benzene exposure comes from the air from a
number of sources, including forest fires, auto exhaust
and gasoline from fueling stations. Benzene in cigarette
smoke is a major source of exposure. Very low levels of
benzene have been detected in fruits, vegetables, nuts,
dairy products, eggs and fish. Most people are exposed to
only very tiny amounts of benzene from water and food.
7. WHAT IS BENZENE?
• Benzene is a chemical that is a colorless or light yellow
liquid at room temperature. It has a sweet odor and is
highly flammable.
• Benzene evaporates into the air very quickly. Its vapor is
heavier than air and may sink into low-lying areas.
• Benzene dissolves only slightly in water and will float on
top of water.
8. Where benzene is found and how it is used?
• Benzene is formed from both natural processes and human
activities.
• Natural sources of benzene include volcanoes and forest fires.
Benzene is also a natural part of crude oil, gasoline, and cigarette
smoke.
• Benzene is widely used in the United States. It ranks in the top 20
chemicals for production volume.
• Some industries use benzene to make other chemicals that are
used to make plastics, resins, and nylon and synthetic fibers.
Benzene is also used to make some types of lubricants, rubbers,
dyes, detergents, drugs, and pesticides.
9. • As a building block chemical, benzene is reacted with other
chemicals to produce a variety of other chemistries, materials
and, ultimately, consumer goods.
• Benzene is used to make other chemicals like ethylbenzene,
cumene and cyclohexane, which are then reacted and used in the
manufacture of a variety of materials and plastics such as
polystyrene, ABS, and nylon. There can be many steps in the
process that starts with the benzene molecule and ends with a
completed material or consumer product. For example, benzene
is a building block used to make ethylbenzene, which is then used
to make styrene, which is used to make polystyrene. The end
material, polystyrene, is a completely different material chemically
11. HEALTH EFFECT OF BENZENE
• Drowsiness, headaches, and dizziness have been
reported when people breathed air with benzene levels of
more than 10 ppm (10,000 ppbv) for a short time.
• Long-term exposure to benzene can increase the risk of
developing leukemia.
• Exposure to benzene can cause anemia and weaken
the immune system.
12. HEALTH EFFECT OF BENZENE
• Animal studies show that inhaling benzene vapors can damage
reproductive organs and cause infertility. Exposure to benzene in
workplaces has caused menstrual variations.
• Benzene breaks down in the body to several other compounds.
Those compounds can be found in the blood or urine of people
who have been exposed to high levels of benzene within the past
two days. Tests will prove an exposure to benzene occurred but
will not predict the kind of illness that could result. We do not know
what level of benzene break-down products are common in most
people, since most people are regularly exposed to some amount
of benzene.
13. EXPOSURE to BENZENE
• The most common way people are exposed to benzene
is when they fill their car with gasoline. People are also
exposed to benzene when they use household products
that contain benzene.
• Benzene evaporates quickly from contaminated water.
People can be exposed to benzene if they use
contaminated water to bathe, shower, wash dishes or do
laundry.
14. • Outdoor air contains low levels of benzene from tobacco
smoke, gas stations, motor vehicle exhaust, and industrial
emissions.
• Indoor air generally contains levels of benzene higher
than those in outdoor air. The benzene in indoor air
comes from products that contain benzene such as glues,
paints, furniture wax, and detergents.
How you could be exposed to benzene
15. How you could be exposed to benzene
• The air around hazardous waste sites or gas stations can
contain higher levels of benzene than in other areas.
• Benzene leaks from underground storage tanks or from
hazardous waste sites containing benzene can
contaminate well water.
• People working in industries that make or use benzene
may be exposed to the highest levels of it.
• A major source of benzene exposure is tobacco smoke.
16. How benzene works
• Benzene works by causing cells not to work correctly. For
example, it can cause bone marrow not to produce
enough red blood cells, which can lead to anemia. Also, it
can damage the immune system by changing blood levels
of antibodies and causing the loss of white blood cells.
• The seriousness of poisoning caused by benzene
depends on the amount, route, and length of time of
exposure, as well as the age and preexisting medical
condition of the exposed person.
17. Immediate signs and symptoms of exposure to
benzene
• People who breathe in high levels of benzene may develop the
following signs and symptoms within minutes to several hours:
• Drowsiness
• Dizziness
• Rapid or irregular heartbeat
• Headaches
• Tremors
• Confusion
• Unconsciousness
• Death (at very high levels)
18. Immediate signs and symptoms of exposure to
benzene
• Eating foods or drinking beverages containing high levels
of benzene can cause the following symptoms within
minutes to several hours:
• Vomiting
• Irritation of the stomach
• Dizziness
• Sleepiness
• Convulsions
• Rapid or irregular heartbeat
• Death (at very high levels)
19. Long-term health effects of exposure to benzene
• he major effect of benzene from long-term exposure is on
the blood. (Long-term exposure means exposure of a
year or more.) Benzene causes harmful effects on the
bone marrow and can cause a decrease in red blood
cells, leading to anemia. It can also cause excessive
bleeding and can affect the immune system, increasing
the chance for infection.
20. Long-term health effects of exposure to benzene
• Some women who breathed high levels of benzene for
many months had irregular menstrual periods and a
decrease in the size of their ovaries. It is not known
whether benzene exposure affects the developing fetus in
pregnant women or fertility in men.
• Animal studies have shown low birth weights, delayed
bone formation, and bone marrow damage when
pregnant animals breathed benzene.