we are introduce here, the history of benzene, introduction, description, structure review, key points, applications, effects on human life, bibliography
Benzene is a colorless, flammable liquid hydrocarbon with a characteristic odor that occurs naturally in fossil fuels. It has a six-carbon ring structure with alternating single and double bonds. Benzene undergoes electrophilic substitution reactions like nitration, sulfonation, and Friedel-Crafts alkylation and acylation. It also undergoes addition reactions through halogenation and hydrogenation, as well as oxidation. Benzene and its derivatives have many applications in daily products like plastics, rubbers, fibers, detergents, and pharmaceuticals.
Benzene and its derivatives- According to PCI Syllabus Ganesh Mote
Benzene history, nomenclature, orbital structure, resonance structure, kekule structure,synthetic evidences, structural and analytical evidences, Directive effect of benzene, structure and uses of DDT, BHC, saccharine
The document provides information about quinoline, isoquinoline, and indole. It discusses their structures, properties, synthesis methods, and reactions. Quinoline and isoquinoline are both heterocyclic aromatic compounds composed of a benzene ring fused to a pyridine ring. They undergo similar electrophilic and nucleophilic substitution reactions. Common synthesis routes for quinoline include the Skraup, Doebner-Miller, and Conrad-Limpach reactions. Isoquinoline synthesis methods include the Pomeranz-Fritsch and Bischler-Napieralski reactions. Indole is a bicyclic molecule with a benzene and pyrrole ring. It does not readily
Lithium aluminium hydride (LAH) is a strong reducing agent that is commonly used to reduce carbonyl groups, esters, amides, nitriles, epoxides, lactones, and haloalkanes/haloarenes. LAH is prepared through the reaction of lithium hydride with aluminum chloride. It is a white solid that reacts violently with water, producing hydrogen gas, so reactions must be performed under anhydrous conditions. The mechanism of LAH involves nucleophilic hydride attack on the carbonyl carbon to form an intermediate tetrahedral structure.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are composed of two or more fused benzene rings. Naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene are examples discussed. Naphthalene has two fused benzene rings and shows aromatic properties. It undergoes electrophilic substitution, with reactivity dependent on resonance stabilization. Anthracene and phenanthrene have three fused benzene rings and also exhibit aromatic behavior and substitution reactivity related to resonance. These compounds have medical and industrial uses including in dyes, drugs, and plastics.
Sidra Javed prepared this document on phenols. Phenols are aromatic compounds containing one or more OH groups directly attached to the carbon of a benzene ring. The simplest phenol is carbolic acid, C6H5OH. Phenols are more acidic than alcohols due to resonance stabilization of the phenoxide ion. Phenols undergo electrophilic aromatic substitution and oxidation reactions. Common preparation methods for phenols include the base hydrolysis of chlorobenzene, acidic oxidation of cumene, and preparation from aryl diazonium salts.
The document discusses several polynuclear hydrocarbons including naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene, and diphenylmethane. It provides their structures, classification, synthesis methods, chemical reactions, and uses. Naphthalene contains two fused benzene rings and can be prepared from coal tar or through Diels-Alder reactions. Anthracene and phenanthrene both contain three fused benzene rings and can undergo halogenation, nitration, oxidation, and Diels-Alder reactions. Diphenylmethane consists of a methane molecule with two phenyl groups and can be synthesized through Friedel-Crafts condensations. These compounds are used in dyes, plastics
Benzene is a colorless, flammable liquid hydrocarbon with a characteristic odor that occurs naturally in fossil fuels. It has a six-carbon ring structure with alternating single and double bonds. Benzene undergoes electrophilic substitution reactions like nitration, sulfonation, and Friedel-Crafts alkylation and acylation. It also undergoes addition reactions through halogenation and hydrogenation, as well as oxidation. Benzene and its derivatives have many applications in daily products like plastics, rubbers, fibers, detergents, and pharmaceuticals.
Benzene and its derivatives- According to PCI Syllabus Ganesh Mote
Benzene history, nomenclature, orbital structure, resonance structure, kekule structure,synthetic evidences, structural and analytical evidences, Directive effect of benzene, structure and uses of DDT, BHC, saccharine
The document provides information about quinoline, isoquinoline, and indole. It discusses their structures, properties, synthesis methods, and reactions. Quinoline and isoquinoline are both heterocyclic aromatic compounds composed of a benzene ring fused to a pyridine ring. They undergo similar electrophilic and nucleophilic substitution reactions. Common synthesis routes for quinoline include the Skraup, Doebner-Miller, and Conrad-Limpach reactions. Isoquinoline synthesis methods include the Pomeranz-Fritsch and Bischler-Napieralski reactions. Indole is a bicyclic molecule with a benzene and pyrrole ring. It does not readily
Lithium aluminium hydride (LAH) is a strong reducing agent that is commonly used to reduce carbonyl groups, esters, amides, nitriles, epoxides, lactones, and haloalkanes/haloarenes. LAH is prepared through the reaction of lithium hydride with aluminum chloride. It is a white solid that reacts violently with water, producing hydrogen gas, so reactions must be performed under anhydrous conditions. The mechanism of LAH involves nucleophilic hydride attack on the carbonyl carbon to form an intermediate tetrahedral structure.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are composed of two or more fused benzene rings. Naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene are examples discussed. Naphthalene has two fused benzene rings and shows aromatic properties. It undergoes electrophilic substitution, with reactivity dependent on resonance stabilization. Anthracene and phenanthrene have three fused benzene rings and also exhibit aromatic behavior and substitution reactivity related to resonance. These compounds have medical and industrial uses including in dyes, drugs, and plastics.
Sidra Javed prepared this document on phenols. Phenols are aromatic compounds containing one or more OH groups directly attached to the carbon of a benzene ring. The simplest phenol is carbolic acid, C6H5OH. Phenols are more acidic than alcohols due to resonance stabilization of the phenoxide ion. Phenols undergo electrophilic aromatic substitution and oxidation reactions. Common preparation methods for phenols include the base hydrolysis of chlorobenzene, acidic oxidation of cumene, and preparation from aryl diazonium salts.
The document discusses several polynuclear hydrocarbons including naphthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene, and diphenylmethane. It provides their structures, classification, synthesis methods, chemical reactions, and uses. Naphthalene contains two fused benzene rings and can be prepared from coal tar or through Diels-Alder reactions. Anthracene and phenanthrene both contain three fused benzene rings and can undergo halogenation, nitration, oxidation, and Diels-Alder reactions. Diphenylmethane consists of a methane molecule with two phenyl groups and can be synthesized through Friedel-Crafts condensations. These compounds are used in dyes, plastics
The Schmidt reaction is an organic reaction in which an azide reacts with a carbonyl derivative, usually a aldehyde, ketone, or carboxylic acid, under acidic conditions to give an amine or amide, with expulsion of nitrogen
This slide discusses about basic indole nucleus, its chemistry, synthesis, reactions and medicinal uses of Indolyl derivatives..Indole is basically fused heterocyclic compound
This document discusses the heterocyclic compound pyrrole. It begins by defining pyrrole as an unsaturated five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Pyrrole is an important compound found naturally in substances like alkaloids, hemoglobin, and chlorophyll. The document then describes several methods for synthesizing pyrrole, including the Paal-Knorr, Hantzsch, and Knorr syntheses. It also discusses some reactions pyrrole undergoes, such as electrophilic substitution and reduction. Finally, it lists several medicinal uses of pyrrole derivatives, including the amino acid proline, the stimulant nicotine, and drugs used to treat Parkinson's disease and peptic
Benzene AND ITS DERIVATIVE , AROMITICITY, RESONANCE ORGANIC CHEMISTRY{ PART-1...Shivam Kumar
Benzene is an organic chemical compound with the molecular formula C6H6. It is composed of six carbon atoms joined in a planar ring, with one hydrogen atom attached to each carbon. Benzene was first discovered in 1825 from illuminating gas. It is a colorless, sweet-smelling liquid. Benzene's structure was discovered in the 1860s to be a closed ring of six carbon atoms with alternating single and double bonds. However, its electrons are delocalized across the whole ring. This delocalization and the presence of six π electrons is what gives benzene its aromatic properties.
1. Introduction
2. History of benzene
3. Nomenclature
4. Orbital structure
5. Kekule structure
6. Resonance structure
7. Resonance energy and stability 8. Structural evidence
9. Synthetic evidence
10. Analytical evidence
11. Aromaticity and huckle rule
12. Method of preparation of benzene
13. Electrophilic substitution of benzene
14. Classification of substituent 15. Directive effect : Ortho and para director, meta director
16. Reaction of monosubstituted benzene
17. Effect of Substituents on reactivity and orientation of monosubstituted benzene towards electrophilic substitution 18. Structure and uses of BHC,DDT, Saccharine and chloramine
This document provides an overview of aromatic organic compounds. It begins with an introduction to the topic and a brief history of the discovery of benzene's structure by Kekulé. The document then covers the key concepts of aromaticity including planar cyclic molecules with conjugated pi bonds and Huckel's rule. Examples of aromatic compounds like benzene and heterocyclic aromatics are discussed. The final sections discuss the sources of aromatic compounds from coal and petroleum, methods of benzene synthesis, and the many applications of aromatic compounds in products like plastics, fibers, rubbers and fuels.
The document presents a slideshow on the topic of benzene, covering its structure, bonding properties, resonance, nomenclature, reactions, and industrial uses. It discusses benzene's molecular structure and hybridization, how resonance leads to delocalized pi bonding and aromaticity. Examples of benzene's industrial applications include use as a solvent and precursor to other aromatic compounds used in dyes, plastics, drugs, and explosives.
The document discusses the structure of benzene. It describes Kekulé's proposal in 1865 that benzene has a ring structure with alternating single and double bonds between the six carbon atoms. This resonance structure accounts for benzene's stability and its tendency to undergo substitution rather than addition reactions. The orbital model of benzene involves sp2 hybridization of the carbon atoms and delocalization of the pi electrons above and below the plane of the ring, contributing to its additional stability over cyclohexatriene.
The document discusses the electromeric effect, which is a temporary effect observed in organic compounds containing multiple bonds. It involves the movement of a shared pair of pi-electrons between atoms when attacked by a reagent. The atom receiving the electrons becomes negatively charged while the other becomes positively charged. When the reagent is removed, the compound returns to its original state. The document also explains positive electromeric effect occurs when an electrophile attacks and electrons shift toward the positively charged atom, while negative electromeric effect involves electrons shifting away from a nucleophilic attack.
1. Imidazole, oxazole, thiazole are important 5-membered aromatic heterocyclic compounds. They contain nitrogen and other heteroatoms.
2. They undergo various electrophilic substitution and other reactions. Common syntheses include Debus-Radziszewski, Robinson-Gabriel, and from α-halo ketones.
3. These heterocycles are found in many pharmaceutical drugs like metronidazole, cimetidine, sulphathiazole which are used as antifungals, antiulcers, antibiotics respectively.
Furan is a colorless, flammable and volatile liquid with a five-membered aromatic ring containing four carbon atoms and one oxygen atom. It melts at -85.6°C and boils at 31.3°C. Furan and its derivatives have a variety of medical uses, including as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and diuretic agents. Commercially, furan is prepared by acid hydrolysis of pentosans from agricultural waste into furfural, which can then be reduced to furan.
This document defines aromaticity and its key rules. Aromatic molecules have complete delocalization of pi electrons in a planar, conjugated ring system containing 4n+2 pi electrons, as defined by Huckel's rule. Examples of aromatic molecules include benzene and naphthalene. Anti-aromatic molecules have higher energy and contain a 4n pi electron system that is not fully delocalized.
The document discusses carbonyl compounds, which contain a carbonyl group (C=O). This includes aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, amides, and acid chlorides. It describes the structure of the carbonyl group and how the C=O double bond is polarized towards oxygen. This polarization allows carbonyl compounds to undergo nucleophilic addition reactions. Aldehydes are generally more reactive than ketones for electronic and steric reasons. Examples of reactions include hydration, cyanohydrin formation, imine formation, acetal formation, oxidation, reduction, and Friedel-Crafts acylation. Qualitative tests and important carbonyl compounds and their uses are also outlined.
This document provides a summary of nucleophilic substitution reactions. It discusses the mechanisms of SN1 and SN2 reactions. SN1 is a two-step, unimolecular reaction that proceeds through a carbocation intermediate. It favors tertiary halogenoalkanes due to stability of the carbocation. SN2 is a one-step, bimolecular reaction where bond breaking and formation occur simultaneously. It favors primary halogenoalkanes due to less steric hindrance allowing frontside attack. Factors like the nature of the halogen, halogenoalkane, and nucleophile affect the rate of these substitution reactions.
The Beckmann rearrangement is an acid-catalyzed reaction that converts ketoximes to amides. It was discovered by German chemist Ernst Otto Beckmann in the late 19th century. This rearrangement can occur in both cyclic and acyclic compounds, converting ketoximes to lactams or amides, respectively. Common reagents used to catalyze the Beckmann rearrangement include concentrated sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, and phosphorus pentachloride. The reaction proceeds through the formation of a nitrilium ion intermediate followed by hydrolysis to form the final amide product. The Beckmann rearrangement has applications in synthesizing drugs like paracetamol and polymers like nylon.
Aromatic hydrocarbons are unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbons that contain delocalized pi bonds. Benzene is an example of an aromatic hydrocarbon with a six-carbon ring structure. The true structure of benzene involves delocalized pi electrons that can move around the ring rather than alternating single and double bonds. Naphthalene, anthracene, and phenanthrene are examples of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons that contain fused benzene rings. Some aromatic hydrocarbons like benzanthracene, dibenzanthracene, and benzpyrene are potent carcinogens that are formed during incomplete combustion and present in substances like tobacco smoke.
This document provides an overview of aromatic hydrocarbons. It begins by defining aromatic hydrocarbons and noting that benzene is the simplest aromatic hydrocarbon. The document then discusses the structures of benzene proposed by Kekule and modern concepts of benzene's structure using atomic orbital theory. It explains that benzene has a delocalized pi electron cloud responsible for its stability compared to alternatives like cyclohexatriene. The document also provides background on the preparation, properties, reactions and naming of aromatic hydrocarbons including benzene and its derivatives.
The Schmidt reaction is an organic reaction in which an azide reacts with a carbonyl derivative, usually a aldehyde, ketone, or carboxylic acid, under acidic conditions to give an amine or amide, with expulsion of nitrogen
This slide discusses about basic indole nucleus, its chemistry, synthesis, reactions and medicinal uses of Indolyl derivatives..Indole is basically fused heterocyclic compound
This document discusses the heterocyclic compound pyrrole. It begins by defining pyrrole as an unsaturated five-membered ring containing nitrogen. Pyrrole is an important compound found naturally in substances like alkaloids, hemoglobin, and chlorophyll. The document then describes several methods for synthesizing pyrrole, including the Paal-Knorr, Hantzsch, and Knorr syntheses. It also discusses some reactions pyrrole undergoes, such as electrophilic substitution and reduction. Finally, it lists several medicinal uses of pyrrole derivatives, including the amino acid proline, the stimulant nicotine, and drugs used to treat Parkinson's disease and peptic
Benzene AND ITS DERIVATIVE , AROMITICITY, RESONANCE ORGANIC CHEMISTRY{ PART-1...Shivam Kumar
Benzene is an organic chemical compound with the molecular formula C6H6. It is composed of six carbon atoms joined in a planar ring, with one hydrogen atom attached to each carbon. Benzene was first discovered in 1825 from illuminating gas. It is a colorless, sweet-smelling liquid. Benzene's structure was discovered in the 1860s to be a closed ring of six carbon atoms with alternating single and double bonds. However, its electrons are delocalized across the whole ring. This delocalization and the presence of six π electrons is what gives benzene its aromatic properties.
1. Introduction
2. History of benzene
3. Nomenclature
4. Orbital structure
5. Kekule structure
6. Resonance structure
7. Resonance energy and stability 8. Structural evidence
9. Synthetic evidence
10. Analytical evidence
11. Aromaticity and huckle rule
12. Method of preparation of benzene
13. Electrophilic substitution of benzene
14. Classification of substituent 15. Directive effect : Ortho and para director, meta director
16. Reaction of monosubstituted benzene
17. Effect of Substituents on reactivity and orientation of monosubstituted benzene towards electrophilic substitution 18. Structure and uses of BHC,DDT, Saccharine and chloramine
This document provides an overview of aromatic organic compounds. It begins with an introduction to the topic and a brief history of the discovery of benzene's structure by Kekulé. The document then covers the key concepts of aromaticity including planar cyclic molecules with conjugated pi bonds and Huckel's rule. Examples of aromatic compounds like benzene and heterocyclic aromatics are discussed. The final sections discuss the sources of aromatic compounds from coal and petroleum, methods of benzene synthesis, and the many applications of aromatic compounds in products like plastics, fibers, rubbers and fuels.
The document presents a slideshow on the topic of benzene, covering its structure, bonding properties, resonance, nomenclature, reactions, and industrial uses. It discusses benzene's molecular structure and hybridization, how resonance leads to delocalized pi bonding and aromaticity. Examples of benzene's industrial applications include use as a solvent and precursor to other aromatic compounds used in dyes, plastics, drugs, and explosives.
The document discusses the structure of benzene. It describes Kekulé's proposal in 1865 that benzene has a ring structure with alternating single and double bonds between the six carbon atoms. This resonance structure accounts for benzene's stability and its tendency to undergo substitution rather than addition reactions. The orbital model of benzene involves sp2 hybridization of the carbon atoms and delocalization of the pi electrons above and below the plane of the ring, contributing to its additional stability over cyclohexatriene.
The document discusses the electromeric effect, which is a temporary effect observed in organic compounds containing multiple bonds. It involves the movement of a shared pair of pi-electrons between atoms when attacked by a reagent. The atom receiving the electrons becomes negatively charged while the other becomes positively charged. When the reagent is removed, the compound returns to its original state. The document also explains positive electromeric effect occurs when an electrophile attacks and electrons shift toward the positively charged atom, while negative electromeric effect involves electrons shifting away from a nucleophilic attack.
1. Imidazole, oxazole, thiazole are important 5-membered aromatic heterocyclic compounds. They contain nitrogen and other heteroatoms.
2. They undergo various electrophilic substitution and other reactions. Common syntheses include Debus-Radziszewski, Robinson-Gabriel, and from α-halo ketones.
3. These heterocycles are found in many pharmaceutical drugs like metronidazole, cimetidine, sulphathiazole which are used as antifungals, antiulcers, antibiotics respectively.
Furan is a colorless, flammable and volatile liquid with a five-membered aromatic ring containing four carbon atoms and one oxygen atom. It melts at -85.6°C and boils at 31.3°C. Furan and its derivatives have a variety of medical uses, including as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and diuretic agents. Commercially, furan is prepared by acid hydrolysis of pentosans from agricultural waste into furfural, which can then be reduced to furan.
This document defines aromaticity and its key rules. Aromatic molecules have complete delocalization of pi electrons in a planar, conjugated ring system containing 4n+2 pi electrons, as defined by Huckel's rule. Examples of aromatic molecules include benzene and naphthalene. Anti-aromatic molecules have higher energy and contain a 4n pi electron system that is not fully delocalized.
The document discusses carbonyl compounds, which contain a carbonyl group (C=O). This includes aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, amides, and acid chlorides. It describes the structure of the carbonyl group and how the C=O double bond is polarized towards oxygen. This polarization allows carbonyl compounds to undergo nucleophilic addition reactions. Aldehydes are generally more reactive than ketones for electronic and steric reasons. Examples of reactions include hydration, cyanohydrin formation, imine formation, acetal formation, oxidation, reduction, and Friedel-Crafts acylation. Qualitative tests and important carbonyl compounds and their uses are also outlined.
This document provides a summary of nucleophilic substitution reactions. It discusses the mechanisms of SN1 and SN2 reactions. SN1 is a two-step, unimolecular reaction that proceeds through a carbocation intermediate. It favors tertiary halogenoalkanes due to stability of the carbocation. SN2 is a one-step, bimolecular reaction where bond breaking and formation occur simultaneously. It favors primary halogenoalkanes due to less steric hindrance allowing frontside attack. Factors like the nature of the halogen, halogenoalkane, and nucleophile affect the rate of these substitution reactions.
The Beckmann rearrangement is an acid-catalyzed reaction that converts ketoximes to amides. It was discovered by German chemist Ernst Otto Beckmann in the late 19th century. This rearrangement can occur in both cyclic and acyclic compounds, converting ketoximes to lactams or amides, respectively. Common reagents used to catalyze the Beckmann rearrangement include concentrated sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, and phosphorus pentachloride. The reaction proceeds through the formation of a nitrilium ion intermediate followed by hydrolysis to form the final amide product. The Beckmann rearrangement has applications in synthesizing drugs like paracetamol and polymers like nylon.
Aromatic hydrocarbons are unsaturated cyclic hydrocarbons that contain delocalized pi bonds. Benzene is an example of an aromatic hydrocarbon with a six-carbon ring structure. The true structure of benzene involves delocalized pi electrons that can move around the ring rather than alternating single and double bonds. Naphthalene, anthracene, and phenanthrene are examples of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons that contain fused benzene rings. Some aromatic hydrocarbons like benzanthracene, dibenzanthracene, and benzpyrene are potent carcinogens that are formed during incomplete combustion and present in substances like tobacco smoke.
This document provides an overview of aromatic hydrocarbons. It begins by defining aromatic hydrocarbons and noting that benzene is the simplest aromatic hydrocarbon. The document then discusses the structures of benzene proposed by Kekule and modern concepts of benzene's structure using atomic orbital theory. It explains that benzene has a delocalized pi electron cloud responsible for its stability compared to alternatives like cyclohexatriene. The document also provides background on the preparation, properties, reactions and naming of aromatic hydrocarbons including benzene and its derivatives.
Benzene is an organic compound with the formula C6H6 that is a colorless, flammable liquid. It is a natural constituent of crude oil and is produced industrially from petroleum as well as through catalytic reforming, toluene hydrodealkylation, toluene disproportionation, and steam cracking. Benzene's structure involves delocalized pi bonding that contributes to its stability and defines its chemical properties. It is used mainly to produce other chemicals including styrene, phenol, cyclohexane, and naphthalene.
This document discusses aromatic compounds and benzene chemistry. It begins by introducing aromatic hydrocarbons and noting they have different properties than aliphatic hydrocarbons. Benzene, the simplest aromatic hydrocarbon, is described as having posed problems for early chemists to determine its structure. Kekulé proposed benzene has alternating single and double bonds, but this did not explain its chemical behavior. The resonance structure of benzene is able to account for its reactivity. The document continues discussing nomenclature of aromatic compounds with different numbers of substituents on the benzene ring. Characteristic reactions of benzene like halogenation and nitration are also covered. Phenols are introduced as aromatic compounds containing an -OH group
5 Production Methods of Benzene cyclic hydrocarbon first isolated by Faraday a natural component of crude oil can be produced using different methods Pyrolysis gasoline, coal tar, Catalytic Reforming, Toluene hydrodealkylation, Toluene disproportionation
Benzene is the simplest aromatic hydrocarbon, containing a six-carbon ring with alternating single and double bonds. Unlike other unsaturated hydrocarbons, benzene does not readily undergo addition reactions. The aromatic properties of benzene and related compounds were established through the work of numerous scientists in the 19th and early 20th centuries, including Hofmann, Kekulé, Thomson, Robinson, and Hückel. Friedel-Crafts reactions involve alkylating or acylating aromatic rings using a Lewis acid catalyst. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons consist of multiple fused benzene rings and are common combustion byproducts and pollutants found in cigarette smoke, styrofoam, gasoline, and other sources
Benzene is an organic chemical compound composed of six carbon atoms joined in a ring with one hydrogen atom attached to each carbon atom. It is a natural component of crude oil and one of the simplest petrochemicals. Benzene is a colorless, highly flammable liquid with a sweet smell. It is mainly used as a precursor to make chemicals such as ethylbenzene and cumene, and is an important component of gasoline comprising a few percent of its mass. Exposure to benzene can occur through inhalation of vapors during activities like fueling vehicles or using household products containing benzene. Long-term exposure is linked to increased cancer risk and damage to reproductive organs.
Benzene undergoes substitution reactions rather than addition reactions. It has a cyclic conjugated structure with six carbon atoms forming a hexagonal ring. Early theories proposed that benzene had alternating single and double bonds (Kekule structure). However, modern evidence shows that all the carbon-carbon bonds in benzene are equal in length, indicating that the structure is best represented by a resonance hybrid of different possible structures with delocalized pi-electrons throughout the ring. This resonance stabilization makes benzene unusually stable and reactive toward substitution rather than addition reactions.
Benzene is the simplest aromatic hydrocarbon, with a six carbon ring structure and alternating double bonds. It is naturally produced from volcanoes and forest fires but is also a major industrial chemical made from coal and oil. Benzene is highly toxic and carcinogenic. It has various industrial uses such as in the production of pesticides, resins, detergents, synthetic fibers, plastics, and drugs. Domestically, benzene is used in glues, adhesives, cleaning products, and tobacco smoke.
Benzene is the simplest aromatic hydrocarbon, with a six carbon ring structure and alternating double bonds. It is naturally produced from volcanoes and forest fires but is also a major industrial chemical made from coal and oil. Benzene is highly toxic and carcinogenic. It has many industrial uses such as in the production of pesticides, resins, detergents, synthetic fibers, plastics, and drugs. Domestically, benzene is used in glues, cleaners, and tobacco smoke, among other applications.
Application of organic chemistry ok1294986436Navin Joshi
Organic chemistry studies hydrocarbons like those found in crude oil. Hydrocarbons are compounds made of only carbon and hydrogen. They can have single, double, or triple bonds between carbon atoms. Crude oil is pumped from the ground as a complex mixture of hydrocarbons and then separated through distillation into usable products like gasoline and kerosene. Functional groups can be added to hydrocarbons through reactions, producing compounds like alcohols, ethers, aldehydes and ketones.
This document provides an overview of organic chemistry concepts, including:
1) Hydrocarbons are compounds made of only carbon and hydrogen, and can have single, double, or triple bonds between carbons.
2) Organic compounds derived from hydrocarbons include alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, acids, and esters which are formed by replacing hydrogen with other functional groups.
3) Macromolecules like proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids are essential to life and control cellular activities and growth.
This document provides an overview of organic chemistry concepts, including hydrocarbons, organic compounds, and their derivatives. It discusses the structure and properties of carbon-based molecules like alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatics, and polymers. It also covers the four major macromolecules that make up living organisms: proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids. Finally, it briefly mentions how petroleum and coal can be used to produce synthetic polymers.
Benzene is a colorless and highly flammable liquid with a sweet smell, and is partially responsible for the aroma around petrol (gasoline) stations.
It is used primarily as a precursor to the manufacture of chemicals with more complex structure, such as ethylbenzene and cumene, of which billions of kilograms are produced annually.
Although a major industrial chemical, benzene finds limited use in consumer items because of its toxicity
This document provides an introduction to organic chemistry, including:
- Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds, which make up living things.
- Friedrich Wöhler disproved the idea that organic compounds contained a "vital force" by creating urea in the lab from inorganic precursors.
- The four main types of hydrocarbons are aromatic hydrocarbons like benzene, and aliphatic hydrocarbons which include alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes. Nomenclature rules are used to systematically name organic compounds.
1. The document discusses the structure, properties, synthesis, and uses of various phenolic compounds including phenol, cresols, resorcinol, and naphthols.
2. Key properties of phenols discussed include their acidity due to resonance stabilization of the phenoxide ion, and their higher boiling points compared to hydrocarbons due to hydrogen bonding.
3. Common synthesis methods for phenols include the alkali fusion of sodium benzene sulphonate, oxidation of cumene, and hydrolysis of diazonium salts.
New microsoft word documentDiscuss Phenols and their derivatives as Antiseptics142311
1. Phenol is the original antiseptic used by Lister and works well but is toxic. Derivatives like trichlorophenol are less toxic and widely used as antiseptics today.
2. Phenol is weakly acidic and forms the phenoxide anion, which is stabilized by resonance in the aromatic ring, making it more acidic than alcohols.
3. Phenol is highly reactive toward electrophilic aromatic substitution due to electron donating from the oxygen. It is converted to many compounds, including plastics, drugs, detergents, and nylon.
This document summarizes information about carbon and its compounds. It discusses that carbon is a non-metal element that forms the basis of all living things. It exists in three allotropes - diamond, graphite, and buckminsterfullerene. It then describes the structures of diamond and graphite. The document further discusses that carbon can form many compounds due to its ability to form chains and bonds with four other atoms. It provides examples of organic compounds like hydrocarbons, alcohols, and carboxylic acids. In particular, it summarizes the types and properties of saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons.
This document summarizes information about carbon and its compounds. It discusses that carbon is a non-metal element that forms the basis of all living things. It exists in three allotropes - diamond, graphite, and buckminsterfullerene. It then describes the structures of diamond and graphite. The document further discusses that carbon can form many compounds due to its ability to form chains and bonds with four other atoms. It provides examples of organic compounds like hydrocarbons, alcohols, and carboxylic acids. In particular, it summarizes the types and properties of saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons.
This document summarizes information about carbon and its compounds. It discusses that carbon is a non-metal element that forms the basis of all living things. It exists in three allotropes - diamond, graphite, and buckminsterfullerene. It then describes the structures of diamond and graphite. The document further discusses that carbon can form many compounds due to its ability to form chains and bonds with four other atoms. It provides examples of organic compounds like hydrocarbons, alcohols, and carboxylic acids. In particular, it summarizes the types and properties of saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons.
The document summarizes the human digestive system process. It begins with an introduction on how food is broken down to provide energy. It then outlines the 7 steps of digestion: 1) chewing and saliva breakdown in the mouth, 2) swallowing through the esophagus, 3) stomach acid and enzyme breakdown, 4) pancreatic enzyme breakdown in the small intestine, 5) nutrient absorption in the small intestine, 6) water absorption in the large intestine, 7) waste excretion from the rectum. It also discusses the importance of digestion and common digestive disorders like diarrhea.
this slide is introduce the postulates of quantum mechanics in which has all important definable objects is defined. so that presentation is helpful for the undergraduate students
The document defines pH and describes how it is measured. It begins by explaining that pH was introduced in 1909 by Sorensen to express the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution. It then defines pH mathematically as the negative logarithm of the H+ concentration. The rest of the document discusses:
- How pH is measured using indicators and pH meters
- How the pH scale was developed based on experimental measurements of H+ concentrations
- Examples of calculating pH from H+ concentration and calculating H- concentration from pH
- Applications of pH including in nature, soil, and acid rain
The document discusses the classification of composite materials based on the geometry of reinforcement. It defines composites as materials made from two or more constituent materials that produce different properties than the individual components. Composites are classified based on the matrix material, such as polymer, metal, ceramic, or carbon/carbon, and also based on the geometry of reinforcement, including particulate, whisker/flake, or fiber reinforcement. Fiber reinforced composites use fibers as the reinforcement to enhance the strength and properties of the matrix material. Different types of reinforced composites are then discussed, such as filled, whiskers, flakes, and particulate reinforced composites.
(1) The document introduces benzene and its structure as proposed by Kekulé, which involves alternating single and double bonds in a ring of 6 carbon atoms. (2) It discusses benzene's unusual stability arising from resonance between different Lewis structures. (3) The main reactions of benzene are electrophilic aromatic substitutions, such as bromination, which proceeds through formation of an arenium ion intermediate.
The document summarizes the manufacturing of ammonia. It describes Haber's process which uses nitrogen from air and hydrogen from natural gas to produce ammonia through a catalytic reaction. Key conditions for the reaction include temperatures of 400-450°C, pressures of around 200 atmospheres, and an iron catalyst. The modern process involves desulphurization of hydrocarbons, steam reforming to produce hydrogen and carbon monoxide, shift conversion to increase hydrogen, and purification before the synthesis reaction and separation of ammonia. The main uses of ammonia include production of fertilizers, nitric acid, explosives, fibers, refrigeration and pharmaceuticals.
The document lists 6 characteristics of prophets:
1. They are sinless and chosen by God.
2. They receive divine revelation from God.
3. They are responsible for explaining the divine message.
4. They set an example for mankind to follow.
5. People are worthy to obey them as they are following God's commands.
6. Their selection as prophets is done by God alone, it is a gift not something that can be acquired.
The document summarizes the history and structure of the United Nations. It describes how the UN was formed after the failure of the League of Nations following World War II. It outlines the UN's goals of maintaining peace, developing friendly relations between countries, and promoting human rights. It details the six main organs of the UN including the General Assembly, Security Council, and others. It also lists many of the agencies and programs run by the UN related to issues like health, refugees, children, and more.
The document provides an overview of computers, including their history and components. It discusses how Charles Babbage designed the Analytical Engine in the 19th century, laying the foundations for modern computers. It defines a computer as an electronic device that accepts, stores, processes, and outputs data. Computers have hardware and software components - hardware includes input/output devices and storage, while software includes operating systems and application programs. The document also outlines the main types of computers - supercomputers, mainframes, and personal computers - and describes their relative processing power, size, and cost.
Level 3 NCEA - NZ: A Nation In the Making 1872 - 1900 SML.pptHenry Hollis
The History of NZ 1870-1900.
Making of a Nation.
From the NZ Wars to Liberals,
Richard Seddon, George Grey,
Social Laboratory, New Zealand,
Confiscations, Kotahitanga, Kingitanga, Parliament, Suffrage, Repudiation, Economic Change, Agriculture, Gold Mining, Timber, Flax, Sheep, Dairying,
Elevate Your Nonprofit's Online Presence_ A Guide to Effective SEO Strategies...TechSoup
Whether you're new to SEO or looking to refine your existing strategies, this webinar will provide you with actionable insights and practical tips to elevate your nonprofit's online presence.
Brand Guideline of Bashundhara A4 Paper - 2024khabri85
It outlines the basic identity elements such as symbol, logotype, colors, and typefaces. It provides examples of applying the identity to materials like letterhead, business cards, reports, folders, and websites.
Creative Restart 2024: Mike Martin - Finding a way around “no”Taste
Ideas that are good for business and good for the world that we live in, are what I’m passionate about.
Some ideas take a year to make, some take 8 years. I want to share two projects that best illustrate this and why it is never good to stop at “no”.
Andreas Schleicher presents PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Thinking - 18 Jun...EduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher, Director of Education and Skills at the OECD presents at the launch of PISA 2022 Volume III - Creative Minds, Creative Schools on 18 June 2024.
4. The hydrocarbon that we now
call benzene was first isolated in 1825 by
Michael Faraday from an oily film that
deposited from the gas used for lighting.
Faraday did some experiments, and discovered
that the new compound had equal numbers of
carbons and hydrogens, and so named it
'carbureted hydrogen
4
5. Nine years after its discovery, another
chemist, Mitscherlich, found he could
produce the same substance by heating a
chemical that had been isolated from gum
benzoin - so he decided to call the
compound benzin. Another suggestion was
the German name, benzol, from the German
öl, meaning oil. But in France and England the
name benzene was used instead, to avoid
the -ol ending confusing it with an alcohol.
5
7. Benzene is an important organic chemical
compound with the chemical formula C6H6.
The benzene molecule is composed of six
carbon atoms joined in a ring with one
hydrogen atom attached to each carbon.
benzene is classed as a hydrocarbon,
Because it contains only carbon and hydrogen
atoms.
7
8. An introductory organic chemistry
definition of an aromatic compound is one
that has a planar ring with 4n + 2 pi-
electrons where n is a non-negative integer
(Hückel's Rule.
8
9. Molecular formula = C6H6
Empirical formula = C,H
Molecular mass = 78
Percentage of carbon = 93.6%
Percentage of hydrogen = 6.4%
Structural formula =
It is an aromatic hydrocarbon.
Physical state = liquid at room temperature.
Melting point = 5.5oC
Boiling point = 80oC
It is highly inflammable.
9
10. Benzene burns with smoke due to high percentage of carbon.
It is insoluble in water.
It is soluble in organic solvents.
Nature of reactions:
(a) Substitution reactions
(b)Addition reactions (under special conditions)
10
11. Benzene is a natural constituent of crude
oil and is one of the
elementary petrochemicals . Because of the
cyclic continuous pi bond between the carbon
atoms, benzene is classed as an aromatic
hydrocarbon, the second [n]-annulene ([6]-
annulene).
Benzene is a colorless and highly flammable
liquid with a sweet smell, and is responsible
for the aroma around petrol stations.
11
13. The Kekulé structure for benzene, C6H6
What is the Kekulé structure?
Kekulé was the first to suggest a sensible structure for
benzene. The carbons are arranged in a hexagon, and
he suggested alternating double and single bonds
between them. Each carbon atom has a hydrogen
attached to it.
13
15. The defect of having two ortho positions was explained
by proposing that the positions of the double bonds in
benzene are not fixed. Instead, the double bonds in the
benzene molecule keep changing their positions and
thus all positions in benzene molecule become
identical.
15
16. Chemists generally used the Kekule's structure as late
as 1945. Many ring structures for benzene have been
proposed after Kekule's structure.
16
17. Based upon observable facts given above and the
tetravalency of carbon, the following open chain
structures were proposed for benzene.
17
18. The open chain structure for benzene was rejected due to the
following reasons:
Addition reactions usually given by alkenes and alkynes are
not given by benzene.
Benzene forms only one kind of mono- substituted product.
An open chain structure however, can form more than one
kind of monosubstituted product as shown below:
18
19. After taking into account the above observed facts, Kekule
(1865) suggested a ring structure for benzene. According to
him, six carbon atoms occupied six corners of a regular
hexagon in benzene and each carbon carried one hydrogen
atom. To satisfy the tetravalency of carbon, the system
consisted of alternate single and double bonds. Kekule's
formula is shown below.
19
20. Benzene is a colorless liquid.
Benzene is soluble in organic solvents but immiscible in water.
It is an aromatic compound so it has a typical aromatic odor.
(Aroma in Greek means pleasant smelling).
Benzene is highly inflammable and burns with sooty flame.
Benzene also shows resonance that is it can exist in different
forms based on the positioning of double bond and this
property of benzene makes it stable. That is why Benzene does
not undergo addition reactions readily but it undergoes
substitution reactions.
20
21. Benzene has high melting and moderate boiling
point. (Melting point 5.5°C, boiling point 80.5°C).
For homologous series it increases with the
increasing molecular mass because of the increase in
magnitude of Vander Waal’s forces of attraction.
All the Carbon- carbon bonds in benzene are of same
length which is equal to 140pm. And bond angle is of
120° with all Carbons having sp2 hybridization
21
22. It is mainly used in the manufacture of nylon fibers,
which are processed into engineering and textiles
plastics. Furthermore, smaller amounts of benzene are
used in order to make certain types of drugs, pesticides,
dyes, rubbers, explosives, detergents, and lubricants.
Three years ago, the biggest consumer country of
benzene was China, followed by the United States of
America. Today, the production of benzene is expanded
in Africa and the Middle East.
22
23. Breathing
Benzene vapors are present in exhaust from many industries
and automobiles. People who live near highways or
industries can be exposed to benzene.
Drinking/Eating
People whose drinking water wells are located within half a
mile of a leaking underground storage tank, may be exposed
by drinking contaminated water.
Touching
Benzene can pass through the skin. Benzene exposure
through skin contact with gasoline or other solvents is
possible. People can also absorb benzene as they bathe or
shower in contaminated water
23