water wars?

1. Do Now –please
• Take out a piece of binder
paper
• Divide into 4 quadrants
1.1. top left corner –water, juice,top left corner –water, juice,
or soda?or soda?
2.2. top right corner – nap,top right corner – nap,
workout, or TV?workout, or TV?
3.3. bottom left corner – dog, cat,bottom left corner – dog, cat,
or monkey?or monkey?
4.4. bottom right corner – a.m.,bottom right corner – a.m.,
p.m., or all the timep.m., or all the time
Soda - Diet
coke
Workout -Workout -
runrun
dog a.m.

2. Vocab terms for next Friday
1. Groundwater
2. Zone of saturation
3. Water table
4. Confined aquifer
5. Unconfined aquifer
6. Subsidence
7. Overdraft
8. Recharge
9. Dam
10.Reservoir
11.Desalination
12.Distillation
13.Reverse osmosis
14.Flood irrigation
15.Drip irrigation
16.Gray water

3. Water ResourcesWater Resources
Ch. 13Ch. 13

4. War for water?War for water?
• Middle East –Middle East –
very dryvery dry
• 3 rivers provide3 rivers provide
most of themost of the
waterwater
– NileNile
– JordanJordan
– Tigris-Tigris-
EuphratesEuphrates

5. War for water?War for water?
• Nile riverNile river::
• flows through 7 countriesflows through 7 countries
– They all use it for irrigation andThey all use it for irrigation and
drinkingdrinking
– They all pollute it withThey all pollute it with
untreated sewageuntreated sewage
• Ethiopia, Sudan, Egypt useEthiopia, Sudan, Egypt use
mostmost
• Egypt gets very little rain –Egypt gets very little rain –
gets >97% of its freshwatergets >97% of its freshwater
from the riverfrom the river
• Ethiopia and Sudan plan toEthiopia and Sudan plan to
take more water, buildtake more water, build
massive dammassive dam
– Less water for EgyptLess water for Egypt

6. War for water?War for water?
• Egypt can:Egypt can:
– Go to war with them forGo to war with them for
more watermore water
– Curtail population growthCurtail population growth
so less needso less need
– Reduce water loss to dealReduce water loss to deal
with lesswith less
– Import grain rather thanImport grain rather than
grow their owngrow their own
– Develop treaty with themDevelop treaty with them
on how to share the wateron how to share the water

7. So…So…
• What will Egypt do?What will Egypt do?
• What other regional issues might factorWhat other regional issues might factor
into their decision?into their decision?

8. War for water?War for water?
• Jordan RiverJordan River::
• Fierce competition betweenFierce competition between
Jordan, Syria, Israel, andJordan, Syria, Israel, and
PalestinePalestine
– Population of Syria willPopulation of Syria will
increase by 70% by 2050increase by 70% by 2050
• Syria wants to build more damsSyria wants to build more dams
to get more waterto get more water
– This means less for Israel andThis means less for Israel and
JordanJordan
– Israel says it will blow up theIsrael says it will blow up the
largest dam if Syria goes throughlargest dam if Syria goes through
with itwith it

9. So…So…
• War for water?War for water?

10. War for water?War for water?
• Tigris-EuphratesTigris-Euphrates
RiverRiver::
• Turkey controls theTurkey controls the
water flowingwater flowing
downstream to Syriadownstream to Syria
and Iraqand Iraq
• Turkey plans to buildTurkey plans to build
24 dams for electricity24 dams for electricity
and irrigationand irrigation
– This will cut Syria andThis will cut Syria and
IraqIraq’’s water by 35% ors water by 35% or
moremore
• Syria plans to build aSyria plans to build a
dam to take waterdam to take water
from Iraqfrom Iraq
• Iraq will have muchIraq will have much
less waterless water  war?war?

11. War for Water?War for Water?
• These are incredibly complex issues withThese are incredibly complex issues with
no simple solutionsno simple solutions
• We wage war for territory and for oilWe wage war for territory and for oil
• Why is water different? ShouldWhy is water different? Should
water be something we “war” over?water be something we “war” over?
If not, what should be done?If not, what should be done?
Drink buddies: Discuss this
question, write an answer

12. Water is an issue!Water is an issue!
• Global health issue – 1.6 million people/year dieGlobal health issue – 1.6 million people/year die
due to lack of clean waterdue to lack of clean water
• Economic issue – needed to reduce poverty andEconomic issue – needed to reduce poverty and
produce food and energyproduce food and energy
• WomenWomen’’s and childrens and children’’s issue – womans issue – woman’’s works work
to fetch waterto fetch water
• National/global security issue – tensions overNational/global security issue – tensions over
sharing watersharing water
• Environmental issue – HIPPCOEnvironmental issue – HIPPCO

13. Not muchNot much
aroundaround
• Only 0.024% of waterOnly 0.024% of water
on Earth is availableon Earth is available
fresh liquid waterfresh liquid water
• Water cycle keeps itWater cycle keeps it
here buthere but
– We take out more thanWe take out more than
can be replenishedcan be replenished
naturallynaturally
– We pollute itWe pollute it
– We destroy wetlandsWe destroy wetlands
and forests that holdand forests that hold
waterwater

14. GroundwaterGroundwater
• GroundwaterGroundwater ––
water in thewater in the
spacesspaces
between rocksbetween rocks
and soiland soil
– Zone ofZone of
saturationsaturation ––
spacesspaces
completelycompletely
filled withfilled with
waterwater
• Water tableWater table ––
the top of thisthe top of this
zone – riseszone – rises
and falls withand falls with
weather andweather and
useuse

15. AquiferAquifer
• Deep undergroundDeep underground
• May have flowingMay have flowing
water but usually likewater but usually like
a sponge of porousa sponge of porous
sand or gravelsand or gravel
• Flows VERY slowly -Flows VERY slowly -
~ 3 feet/year~ 3 feet/year
• UnconfinedUnconfined – porous– porous
layer above itlayer above it
• ConfinedConfined – solid– solid
bedrock above itbedrock above it

16. Let’s drawLet’s draw
this withthis with
labelslabels

17. AquifersAquifers
• Replenished slowly by infiltration ofReplenished slowly by infiltration of
precipitation or by riversprecipitation or by rivers
– Confined aquifers not replenishedConfined aquifers not replenished
• When we pave over areas, we reduce theWhen we pave over areas, we reduce the
amount of land that water can filter throughamount of land that water can filter through

18. Surface waterSurface water
• Rivers, lakes, streams, wetlands, estuaries, etc.Rivers, lakes, streams, wetlands, estuaries, etc.
• Recharged by runoffRecharged by runoff
• That land over which precipitation runs off isThat land over which precipitation runs off is
called a watershed or drainage basincalled a watershed or drainage basin

19. Where do we get our water?Where do we get our water?
• In US - ~ ½ ourIn US - ~ ½ our
freshwater comesfreshwater comes
from groundwaterfrom groundwater
– Taking it faster than itTaking it faster than it
can replenish willcan replenish will
cause lakes and riverscause lakes and rivers
to dry upto dry up
• In US - ~ ½ ourIn US - ~ ½ our
freshwater comesfreshwater comes
from rivers, lakes,from rivers, lakes,
reservoirsreservoirs

20. The problems with our water useThe problems with our water use
that lead tothat lead to WATER SCARCITYWATER SCARCITY
1.1. DryDry
climateclimate
2.2. DroughtDrought
3.3. Too manyToo many
peoplepeople
4.4. WastefulWasteful
useuse

21. The problemsThe problems
• Water scarcity is already aWater scarcity is already a
serious problem in theserious problem in the
middle eastmiddle east
• It will become a seriousIt will become a serious
problem soon in China –problem soon in China –
already 66% of thealready 66% of the
population deals with waterpopulation deals with water
shortagesshortages
• By 2050, 40% of the worldBy 2050, 40% of the world’’ss
population will not havepopulation will not have
access to safe water (U.N. ,access to safe water (U.N. ,
2007)2007)
– Results- refugees, intenseResults- refugees, intense
conflicts, increasing poverty,conflicts, increasing poverty,
war?war?

22. DroughtDrought
• Prolonged period of dry weatherProlonged period of dry weather
OROR
• Dropping water tablesDropping water tables
• From 1979From 1979  now – area of Earth experiencingnow – area of Earth experiencing
severe drought more than tripledsevere drought more than tripled

23. Who owns the fresh water?Who owns the fresh water?
• Mostly owned by governments and managed as aMostly owned by governments and managed as a
publicly owned resource for the citizens of that areapublicly owned resource for the citizens of that area
• Some govSome gov’’ts hiring private companies tots hiring private companies to managemanage thethe
water and some arewater and some are selling the water resourcesselling the water resources toto
private companiesprivate companies
• 2 large companies – Veolia and Suez – plan to make a2 large companies – Veolia and Suez – plan to make a
lot of money this way in Europe, North America, andlot of money this way in Europe, North America, and
ChinaChina
– Within 10 years they hope to own 70% of the water supply inWithin 10 years they hope to own 70% of the water supply in
the USthe US
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gO2

24. Pros and Cons of privately ownedPros and Cons of privately owned
and managed waterand managed water
• ProsPros
– More efficient?More efficient?
– More responsive toMore responsive to
customer needs/demandscustomer needs/demands
– Incentive toIncentive to
control/conserve supply tocontrol/conserve supply to
stay in business longerstay in business longer
• ConsCons
– In itIn it for profitfor profit
– Should any person orShould any person or
group get to owngroup get to own
something like water?something like water?
– Set any price they want?Set any price they want?
We HAVE to have itWe HAVE to have it
– Foreign companiesForeign companies
controlcontrol it?it?
– Incentive for short termIncentive for short term
profit?profit?
– Poor canPoor can’’t afford itt afford it

25. What do you think?What do you think?
Pro Privatization of WaterPro Privatization of Water
• The younger personThe younger person
make the argument FORmake the argument FOR
water privatizationwater privatization
Con Privatization of WaterCon Privatization of Water
• The older person makeThe older person make
the argument AGAINSTthe argument AGAINST
water privatizationwater privatization
Free time
buddies

26. Who owns the water?Who owns the water?
• Looking back at the pros and cons ofLooking back at the pros and cons of
private companies owning water…private companies owning water…
• The younger partner write a reasonedThe younger partner write a reasoned
argument for private companies owningargument for private companies owning
waterwater
• The older partner take the opposite stanceThe older partner take the opposite stance
• With your activity buddyWith your activity buddy

27. So…what can we do to meet ourSo…what can we do to meet our
water needs?water needs?
1.1. Withdraw more groundwaterWithdraw more groundwater
2.2. Build dams and reservoirs to store runoffBuild dams and reservoirs to store runoff
3.3. Transport water from one place toTransport water from one place to
anotheranother
4.4. Covert salt water to freshwaterCovert salt water to freshwater
5.5. Use water more efficientlyUse water more efficiently

28. 1. Withdraw more groundwater1. Withdraw more groundwater
ProsPros
• A renewable resourceA renewable resource
– if managed very well– if managed very well
• Not dependent onNot dependent on
weatherweather
• None lost toNone lost to
evaporationevaporation
ConsCons
• Water tables are fallingWater tables are falling
due to overusedue to overuse
• Subsidence (sinking) ofSubsidence (sinking) of
landland
• Pollution near impossiblePollution near impossible
to cleanto clean

29. 1. Withdraw more groundwater1. Withdraw more groundwater
• India, China, USA – largest grainIndia, China, USA – largest grain
producersproducers
– Overpumping aquifers mostly to produce thisOverpumping aquifers mostly to produce this
graingrain
– UnsustainableUnsustainable

30. 1. Withdraw more groundwater1. Withdraw more groundwater
• Big problem inBig problem in USA - Using 4x faster thanUSA - Using 4x faster than
it is replenishedit is replenished
• Ogallala aquifer – largest in the world –Ogallala aquifer – largest in the world –
supplies 1/3 of all US water and makessupplies 1/3 of all US water and makes
the Great Plains productive ag landthe Great Plains productive ag land
• Central Valley, tooCentral Valley, too

31. Subsidence in
Arizona

32. 1. Withdraw more groundwater1. Withdraw more groundwater
• ProblemsProblems
– When water table drops, must drill deeperWhen water table drops, must drill deeper
wellswells
• ExpensiveExpensive, so smaller farms lose out and die out, so smaller farms lose out and die out
– Subsidence of land make rechargeSubsidence of land make recharge
impossibleimpossible
– Groundwater depletion in coastal areasGroundwater depletion in coastal areas
causes sea water to rush in and contaminatecauses sea water to rush in and contaminate
what is leftwhat is left

35. Quick ThinkQuick Think
1.1. What is a confined and an unconfinedWhat is a confined and an unconfined
aquifer?aquifer?
2.2. What type can be naturally replenished?What type can be naturally replenished?
How?How?
3.3. What are the consequences of usingWhat are the consequences of using
ground water faster than it can beground water faster than it can be
naturally replenished?naturally replenished?

36. 2. Build more dams and reservoirs2. Build more dams and reservoirs
ProsPros
– store waterstore water
– control floodscontrol floods
– generate electricitygenerate electricity
– supply irrigation watersupply irrigation water
– provide recreationprovide recreation
ConsCons
– Displaces people fromDisplaces people from
their homestheir homes
– Reduced the ability ofReduced the ability of
the river to providethe river to provide
ecological servicesecological services
– Native species extinct orNative species extinct or
endangeredendangered

37. 2. Build more dams and reservoirs2. Build more dams and reservoirs
• Causes many rivers to run dryCauses many rivers to run dry
• CausesCauses lakes and inland seaslakes and inland seas toto dry updry up
since water is diverted from them to thesince water is diverted from them to the
reservoirreservoir

38. 3. Transfer water from one place to3. Transfer water from one place to
anotheranother
• California waterCalifornia water
projectproject
– Dams, pumps,Dams, pumps,
aqueducts, canalsaqueducts, canals
– Designed to moveDesigned to move
water from northern CAwater from northern CA
to southern CA - ato southern CA - a
desertdesert

39. CA
water
project

40. 3. Transfer water from one place to3. Transfer water from one place to
anotheranother
• SouthernSouthern
– Want more water to supportWant more water to support
more ag for water thirsty cropsmore ag for water thirsty crops
like rice and alfalfalike rice and alfalfa
– Want more water to supportWant more water to support
large cities like LA, San Diegolarge cities like LA, San Diego
• NorthernNorthern
– Sending water southSending water south
degrades the Sacdegrades the Sac
RiverRiver
– threatens fisheries inthreatens fisheries in
the delta and the baythe delta and the bay
– leads to more pollutionleads to more pollution
in SF Bay since weakin SF Bay since weak
water flowwater flow
– Water sent to southWater sent to south
wasted by floodwasted by flood
irrigationirrigation

41. 3. Transfer water from one place to3. Transfer water from one place to
anotheranother
• Experts say:Experts say:
– Switch to crops that need lessSwitch to crops that need less
waterwater (you are in a desert, after(you are in a desert, after
all)all)
– Use better irrigation techniquesUse better irrigation techniques
– Raise the price of waterRaise the price of water toto
encourage conservationencourage conservation

42. Quick ThinkQuick Think
• You worked on a waterYou worked on a water
project.project.
• Tell your neighbor what youTell your neighbor what you
learned from your projectlearned from your project
and how it relates to whatand how it relates to what
we are learning today.we are learning today.
• Write about how yourWrite about how your
partner’s project affectedpartner’s project affected
ecosystemecosystem
With your dog,
cat, monkey
buddy

43. 4. Convert salt water to freshwater4. Convert salt water to freshwater
• Desalination – removingDesalination – removing
dissolved salts from waterdissolved salts from water
– DistillationDistillation – heat the– heat the
water till it evaporates, thenwater till it evaporates, then
collect the evaporated (nowcollect the evaporated (now
salt free) watersalt free) water
– Reverse osmosisReverse osmosis –– useuse
high pressure to force waterhigh pressure to force water
through a filter that saltsthrough a filter that salts
cannot pass throughcannot pass through

44. 4. Convert salt water to freshwater4. Convert salt water to freshwater
• Problems:Problems:
– CostlyCostly
– Uses lots of energyUses lots of energy
– Kills marineKills marine
organisms in theorganisms in the
waterwater
– Salty waste – where toSalty waste – where to
put it?put it?
– Not good for ag sinceNot good for ag since
you want some saltsyou want some salts
(Ca, Mg, etc)(Ca, Mg, etc)

46. https://www.youtube.co

47. 5. Use water more efficiently5. Use water more efficiently
• 65-70% of the water we use is65-70% of the water we use is wastedwasted
– Leaks, evaporation, carelessnessLeaks, evaporation, carelessness
• Why?Why?
– It doesn'tIt doesn't cost enough to make us carecost enough to make us care

48. 5. Use water more efficiently5. Use water more efficiently
• Should water be more expensive?Should water be more expensive?
• No:No:
– Low prices keep feed affordable, encourageLow prices keep feed affordable, encourage
settlement, farming, business, keep electricitysettlement, farming, business, keep electricity
affordable, helps farmers, helps pooraffordable, helps farmers, helps poor
• Yes:Yes:
– Encourages conservationEncourages conservation
• Compromise?Compromise?
– User pay approachUser pay approach
• Certain amount for free - thenCertain amount for free - then
pay after thatpay after that
– Subsidies for efficiencySubsidies for efficiency
• Reward efficiency with $$Reward efficiency with $$

49. 5. Use water more efficiently5. Use water more efficiently
• IrrigationIrrigation
– Flood irrigationFlood irrigation
• most widely usedmost widely used
method (97% ofmethod (97% of
cropland in China)cropland in China)
• Least efficientLeast efficient
• 40% of water lost to40% of water lost to
evaporation, seepage,evaporation, seepage,
runoffrunoff

50. 5. Use water more efficiently5. Use water more efficiently
• IrrigationIrrigation
– Center pivot sprinklerCenter pivot sprinkler
- 80-85% efficient- 80-85% efficient
– Drip irrigationDrip irrigation - 90-- 90-
95% efficient95% efficient
– Better but less usedBetter but less used
becausebecause expensiveexpensive
to installto install
– BUTBUT
– Long term savings inLong term savings in
waterwater

51. 5. Use water more5. Use water more
efficientlyefficiently
• Water use in USAWater use in USA
– Industry - uses lots of water butIndustry - uses lots of water but
also recycles much of it - couldalso recycles much of it - could
be betterbe better
– Homes - the toilet is the biggestHomes - the toilet is the biggest
useruser
– Gardens - xeriscaping - nativeGardens - xeriscaping - native
plants, gravity, mimic natureplants, gravity, mimic nature
– Gray water - slightly dirty waterGray water - slightly dirty water
from showers, washingfrom showers, washing
machines used for lawns,machines used for lawns,
toiletstoilets
William McDonough
- redesigning the
toilet!

53. Quick ThinkQuick Think

54. Quick ThinkQuick Think
• Should water prices be raised toShould water prices be raised to
discourage water waste?discourage water waste?
• What might be the consequences of moreWhat might be the consequences of more
expensive water in California?expensive water in California?
With your
am,pm
buddy

55. Too much waterToo much water • Floodplain - the areaFloodplain - the area
adjacent to a river oradjacent to a river or
streamstream
– They are good:They are good:
• Usually haveUsually have
wetlands on themwetlands on them
• Provide natural floodProvide natural flood
and erosion controland erosion control
• Maintain water qualityMaintain water quality
(filter)(filter)
– Remove big thingsRemove big things
– Decomposers removeDecomposers remove
chemicalschemicals
• RechargeRecharge
groundwater andgroundwater and
aquifersaquifers

56. Too much waterToo much water
• FloodplainsFloodplains are a good placeare a good place
to live:to live:
– Fertile soilFertile soil
– Plenty of water for irrigationPlenty of water for irrigation
– Flat landFlat land
• We protect ourselves fromWe protect ourselves from
the flooding river with levees,the flooding river with levees,
channelizing the rivers, andchannelizing the rivers, and
damsdams

57. Too much waterToo much water
• Floods areFloods are
good in naturegood in nature
– DepositDeposit
nutrient richnutrient rich
sediment onsediment on
the landthe land
– RechargeRecharge
groundwatergroundwater
– Refill wetlandsRefill wetlands

58. Too much waterToo much water
• Floods are badFloods are bad
forfor
developmentdevelopment
– 1000s of1000s of
people diepeople die
every yearevery year
– Billions inBillions in
propertyproperty
damagedamage

59. Too much waterToo much water
• We make the problem worse for ourselvesWe make the problem worse for ourselves
by:by:
– Removing plants and replacing with thingsRemoving plants and replacing with things
that donthat don’’t absorb watert absorb water
– Draining wetlands and building our homesDraining wetlands and building our homes
therethere
New Orleans
post-Katrina

60. The Four Principles ofThe Four Principles of
SustainabilitySustainability (aka the Law of How to Live)(aka the Law of How to Live)
1.1. Rely on solar energyRely on solar energy
2.2. Biodiversity sustains lifeBiodiversity sustains life
3.3. Population control preserves resourcesPopulation control preserves resources
4.4. Nutrient cycling - no waste in natureNutrient cycling - no waste in nature