What is a Use Case
A formal way of representing how a business system interacts with its environment
Illustrates the activities that are performed by the users of the system
A scenario-based technique in the UML
A sequence of actions a system performs that yields a valuable result for a particular actor.
UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a standard language for specifying, visualizing, constructing and documenting software systems. It uses mainly graphical notations to express design of software projects. There are two main categories of UML diagrams - structural diagrams which focus on static elements regardless of time, and behavioral diagrams which focus on dynamic features and business processes. Common UML diagram types include class, sequence, use case, activity, state machine, component, deployment and interaction diagrams.
UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a standard modeling language used to specify, visualize, construct and document software systems. It uses graphical notations to express the design of object-oriented software projects. UML includes diagrams, relationships and elements that help design different perspectives of a system including design, implementation, process and deployment. The key building blocks of UML are things (like classes and use cases), relationships (like generalization and dependency), and diagrams (like class, sequence and deployment diagrams) which are used to model different aspects of a software system.
UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a standardized modeling language used in software engineering to visualize the design of a system. There are two main types of UML diagrams: structural diagrams that depict the static elements of a system, and behavioral diagrams that show the dynamic interactions between structural elements over time. Behavioral diagrams include sequence diagrams, activity diagrams, and state machine diagrams. Sequence diagrams specifically depict the sequential order of interactions between objects in a system through message passing and lifelines.
UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a diagramming language used for object-oriented programming. It can be used to describe the organization, execution, use, and deployment of a program. UML uses graphical notation to provide an overall view of a system, and is not dependent on any one programming language. There are several types of UML diagrams including class, component, deployment, object, package, and use case diagrams. Structure diagrams show objects in a system, while behavioral diagrams show how objects interact. Common diagrams include class, use case, activity, state machine, sequence, and communication diagrams.
Welcome to my series of articles on Unified Modeling Language. This is "Session 7 – Deployment Diagram" of the series. Please view my other documents where I have covered each UML diagram with examples
The document discusses software process models which define a structured set of activities for developing software systems. These activities typically include specification, design & implementation, validation, and evolution. Process models provide organization and stability to software development. They define the approach taken and include activities like communication, planning, modeling, construction, and deployment. Process models can have different flows like linear, iterative, or evolutionary and can address problems at different levels of abstraction through patterns. Process assessment methods help ensure processes meet criteria for successful software engineering.
The document discusses different types of software testing:
- Development testing includes unit, component, and system testing to discover bugs during development. Unit testing involves testing individual program units in isolation.
- Release testing is done by a separate team to test a complete version before public release.
- User testing involves potential users testing the system in their own environment.
The goals of testing are to demonstrate that software meets requirements and to discover incorrect or undesirable behavior to find defects. Different testing types include validation testing to check correct functionality and defect testing to uncover bugs. Both inspections and testing are important and complementary methods in software verification.
The document discusses UML component diagrams. It defines a component as a modular, deployable, and replaceable part of a system that encapsulates implementation and exposes interfaces. It describes how component diagrams show the various components in a system and their dependencies. It outlines the purpose of component diagrams as visualizing components, constructing executables through forward and reverse engineering, and describing component organization and relationships.
UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a standard language for specifying, visualizing, constructing and documenting software systems. It uses mainly graphical notations to express design of software projects. There are two main categories of UML diagrams - structural diagrams which focus on static elements regardless of time, and behavioral diagrams which focus on dynamic features and business processes. Common UML diagram types include class, sequence, use case, activity, state machine, component, deployment and interaction diagrams.
UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a standard modeling language used to specify, visualize, construct and document software systems. It uses graphical notations to express the design of object-oriented software projects. UML includes diagrams, relationships and elements that help design different perspectives of a system including design, implementation, process and deployment. The key building blocks of UML are things (like classes and use cases), relationships (like generalization and dependency), and diagrams (like class, sequence and deployment diagrams) which are used to model different aspects of a software system.
UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a standardized modeling language used in software engineering to visualize the design of a system. There are two main types of UML diagrams: structural diagrams that depict the static elements of a system, and behavioral diagrams that show the dynamic interactions between structural elements over time. Behavioral diagrams include sequence diagrams, activity diagrams, and state machine diagrams. Sequence diagrams specifically depict the sequential order of interactions between objects in a system through message passing and lifelines.
UML (Unified Modeling Language) is a diagramming language used for object-oriented programming. It can be used to describe the organization, execution, use, and deployment of a program. UML uses graphical notation to provide an overall view of a system, and is not dependent on any one programming language. There are several types of UML diagrams including class, component, deployment, object, package, and use case diagrams. Structure diagrams show objects in a system, while behavioral diagrams show how objects interact. Common diagrams include class, use case, activity, state machine, sequence, and communication diagrams.
Welcome to my series of articles on Unified Modeling Language. This is "Session 7 – Deployment Diagram" of the series. Please view my other documents where I have covered each UML diagram with examples
The document discusses software process models which define a structured set of activities for developing software systems. These activities typically include specification, design & implementation, validation, and evolution. Process models provide organization and stability to software development. They define the approach taken and include activities like communication, planning, modeling, construction, and deployment. Process models can have different flows like linear, iterative, or evolutionary and can address problems at different levels of abstraction through patterns. Process assessment methods help ensure processes meet criteria for successful software engineering.
The document discusses different types of software testing:
- Development testing includes unit, component, and system testing to discover bugs during development. Unit testing involves testing individual program units in isolation.
- Release testing is done by a separate team to test a complete version before public release.
- User testing involves potential users testing the system in their own environment.
The goals of testing are to demonstrate that software meets requirements and to discover incorrect or undesirable behavior to find defects. Different testing types include validation testing to check correct functionality and defect testing to uncover bugs. Both inspections and testing are important and complementary methods in software verification.
The document discusses UML component diagrams. It defines a component as a modular, deployable, and replaceable part of a system that encapsulates implementation and exposes interfaces. It describes how component diagrams show the various components in a system and their dependencies. It outlines the purpose of component diagrams as visualizing components, constructing executables through forward and reverse engineering, and describing component organization and relationships.
The document discusses use case diagrams in UML modeling. It defines key components of use case diagrams including use cases, actors, the system boundary, and relationships like include, extend, and generalization. It provides examples of how to construct a use case diagram based on system functions and user goals. Specific use case diagram examples shown include an online ordering system and a vending machine.
This document provides information on class diagrams, use case diagrams, and sequence diagrams. It defines classes as blueprints for objects with attributes and methods. A class diagram visually shows a class's name, attributes, and methods. A use case diagram depicts users and how they interact with a system through use cases. A sequence diagram illustrates the objects and messages exchanged over time for a use case through lifelines and activation boxes.
The document discusses functional modeling using activity diagrams and use cases. It provides guidelines for creating activity diagrams and use cases, including identifying activities, control flows, decisions, and parallel processes for activity diagrams. It also discusses writing use case descriptions in SVDPI form from an observer perspective and creating use case diagrams by connecting actors to use cases. The overall purpose is to understand and create functional models to document requirements and describe business processes.
This document provides an overview of use case diagrams and their components. It discusses actors, use cases, associations, generalizations, includes and extends relationships. It provides examples of use case diagrams and explains when to use certain relationships. The key points are that use case diagrams model a system's functionality from the user's perspective, show actors and their goals, and use relationships to structure common or optional behaviors between use cases.
Ian Sommerville, Software Engineering, 9th Edition Ch 4Mohammed Romi
The document discusses requirements engineering and summarizes key topics covered in Chapter 4, including:
- The importance of specifying both functional and non-functional requirements. Non-functional requirements place constraints on system functions and development process.
- The software requirements specification document defines what the system must do and includes both user and system requirements. It should not describe how the system will be implemented.
- Requirements engineering involves eliciting, analyzing, validating and managing requirements throughout the development lifecycle. Precise, complete and consistent requirements are important for development.
Static modeling represents the static elements of software such as classes, objects, and interfaces and their relationships. It includes class diagrams and object diagrams. Class diagrams show classes, attributes, and relationships between classes. Object diagrams show instances of classes and their properties. Dynamic modeling represents the behavior and interactions of static elements through interaction diagrams like sequence diagrams and communication diagrams, as well as activity diagrams.
This document discusses the key topics of software project management including project planning, scheduling, and risk management. It provides objectives for project managers to explain main tasks, introduce software project management, describe its characteristics, discuss planning processes and use of graphical schedules, and manage risks. Specific management activities are outlined, as well as commonalities with engineering project management. Project planning, scheduling, and risk identification, analysis, planning, and monitoring processes are defined.
The document discusses network models including the OSI model and TCP/IP protocol suite. The OSI model has 7 layers - physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application layers. Each layer has a specific function in communication. Similarly, the TCP/IP protocol suite has 5 layers that correspond to the OSI layers - physical, data link, network, transport, and application. The document also discusses different types of addresses used in networking including physical, logical, port, and specific addresses.
The document discusses UML deployment diagrams which visualize the physical topology of a system where software artifacts are deployed. Deployment diagrams show nodes, which can be device or execution environment nodes, and artifacts deployed on the nodes. Communication paths represent connections between deployment targets that allow exchange of signals and messages. Deployments show the allocation of artifacts to deployment targets using dependencies labeled with "deploy". An example diagram depicts the deployment of a web application across load balanced servers.
The document discusses collaboration diagrams, which capture the dynamic behavior of objects collaborating to perform tasks. Collaboration diagrams illustrate object interactions through messages in a graph format. They show objects, links between objects, and messages to model control flow and coordination. Notations are used to represent classes, instances, links, messages, return values, self-messages, conditional messages, iteration, and collections of objects. Examples of converting sequence diagrams to collaboration diagrams for making a phone call, changing flight itineraries, and making a hotel reservation are provided.
This document discusses software processes and models. It covers the following key points:
1. Software processes involve activities like specification, design, implementation, validation and evolution to develop software systems. Common process models include waterfall, incremental development and reuse-oriented development.
2. Processes need to cope with inevitable changes. This can involve prototyping to avoid rework or using incremental development and delivery to more easily accommodate changes.
3. The Rational Unified Process is a modern process model with phases for inception, elaboration, construction and transition. It advocates iterative development and managing requirements and quality.
UML stands for Unified Modelling Language.
UML is a standard language for specifying, visualizing, constructing, and documenting a system in which software represents the most significant part.
UML is different from the other common programming languages like C++, Java, COBOL etc.
UML is a pictorial language used to make software blue prints.
UML can serve as a central notation for software development process. Using UML helps project teams communicate, explore potential designs, and validate the architectural designs of software.
UML diagrams are made using notation of things and relationships.
The building blocks of UML can be defined as:
Things
Relationships
Diagrams
Things: Things are the most important building blocks of UML. Things can be:
Structural
Behavioral
Grouping
Annotational
The Structural things define the static part of the model. They represent physical and conceptual elements. Following are the brief descriptions of the structural things.
Class: Class represents set of objects having similar responsibilities.
Interface: Interface defines a set of operations which specify the responsibility of a class.
Collaboration: Collaboration defines interaction between elements.
Use case: Use case represents a set of actions performed by a system for a specific goal.
Component: Component describes physical part of a system.
Node: A node can be defined as a physical element that exists at run time.
A behavioral thing consists of the dynamic parts of UML models. Following are the behavioral things:
Interaction: Interaction is defined as a behavior that consists of a group of messages exchanged among elements to accomplish a specific task.
State machine: State machine is useful when the state of an object in its life cycle is important. It defines the sequence of states an object goes through in response to events. Events are external factors responsible for state change.
This document discusses network models and addressing in computer networks. It describes the OSI model, which defines seven layers of network functionality: physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application. It also discusses the TCP/IP protocol suite and how it maps to the OSI layers. There are four levels of addressing in TCP/IP: physical, logical, port, and specific. Physical addresses are used to deliver frames between directly connected nodes, while logical addresses are used to route packets from source to destination hosts across multiple hops. Port addresses further allow multiple processes on a host to communicate.
Entity Relationship Diagrams (ERDs) are conceptual data models used in software engineering to model information systems. ERDs represent entities as rectangles, attributes as ellipses, and relationships as diamonds connecting entities. Attributes can be single-valued, multi-valued, composite, or derived. Relationships have cardinality like one-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-one, or many-to-many. Participation constraints and Codd's 12 rules of relational databases are also discussed in the document.
This document describes a project to develop a system to centralize sales, service, and deals for automobile industries. The project aims to make management of cars and customers more efficient by reducing effort. It will allow users to login and search for vehicles by attributes like model, price, manufacture date, mileage. Administrators, sellers and buyers will be able to interact on a centralized platform for automotive transactions and services. The document outlines the scope, objectives, technologies and frameworks to be used including Java, HTML, CSS, SQL, JDBC and more. Diagrams including activity, ER, use case and DFD are proposed to design the system.
The document discusses various types of UML diagrams including use case diagrams, class diagrams, interaction diagrams (sequence and collaboration diagrams), state diagrams, and activity diagrams. It provides details on when each diagram should be used and includes examples to illustrate how to draw each type of diagram. The key points covered are that UML diagrams allow viewing a software system from different perspectives and varying degrees of abstraction, and each diagram type has a specific purpose to model different aspects of a system.
This chapter discusses use case modeling for system requirements. It defines key concepts like actors, use cases, use case diagrams and narratives. It describes the benefits of use case modeling for capturing functional requirements, communicating with stakeholders, and aiding project estimation and management. The chapter outlines the process for developing a use case model, including identifying actors and use cases, constructing diagrams, and documenting narratives. It provides examples of use case relationships like association, extension, inheritance and dependencies.
This document discusses basic path testing, which is a white box testing method based on cyclomatic complexity. It uses control flow graphs to establish path coverage criteria. The key steps are: 1) drawing a control flow graph, 2) determining cyclomatic complexity using various formulas, 3) finding a basis set of independent paths, and 4) generating test cases to cover each path. The example provided calculates the cyclomatic complexity as 3 and identifies 3 paths to test for the given code fragment.
The document discusses use case analysis in systems analysis and design. It describes what use cases are, how to write them, and how they are used. Key elements of a use case include actors, triggers, steps, inputs, outputs, alternatives, exceptions, and preconditions and postconditions. Use cases are developed through interviews and help express user requirements to guide system development.
The document discusses different types of system models used in requirements engineering, including context models, behavioral models, data models, and object models. It provides examples of each type of model, such as a data flow diagram of an order processing system and a state diagram for a microwave oven. The objectives are to explain why system context should be modeled, describe different modeling notations and perspectives, and discuss how computer-aided software engineering tools can support system modeling.
The document discusses use case diagrams in UML modeling. It defines key components of use case diagrams including use cases, actors, the system boundary, and relationships like include, extend, and generalization. It provides examples of how to construct a use case diagram based on system functions and user goals. Specific use case diagram examples shown include an online ordering system and a vending machine.
This document provides information on class diagrams, use case diagrams, and sequence diagrams. It defines classes as blueprints for objects with attributes and methods. A class diagram visually shows a class's name, attributes, and methods. A use case diagram depicts users and how they interact with a system through use cases. A sequence diagram illustrates the objects and messages exchanged over time for a use case through lifelines and activation boxes.
The document discusses functional modeling using activity diagrams and use cases. It provides guidelines for creating activity diagrams and use cases, including identifying activities, control flows, decisions, and parallel processes for activity diagrams. It also discusses writing use case descriptions in SVDPI form from an observer perspective and creating use case diagrams by connecting actors to use cases. The overall purpose is to understand and create functional models to document requirements and describe business processes.
This document provides an overview of use case diagrams and their components. It discusses actors, use cases, associations, generalizations, includes and extends relationships. It provides examples of use case diagrams and explains when to use certain relationships. The key points are that use case diagrams model a system's functionality from the user's perspective, show actors and their goals, and use relationships to structure common or optional behaviors between use cases.
Ian Sommerville, Software Engineering, 9th Edition Ch 4Mohammed Romi
The document discusses requirements engineering and summarizes key topics covered in Chapter 4, including:
- The importance of specifying both functional and non-functional requirements. Non-functional requirements place constraints on system functions and development process.
- The software requirements specification document defines what the system must do and includes both user and system requirements. It should not describe how the system will be implemented.
- Requirements engineering involves eliciting, analyzing, validating and managing requirements throughout the development lifecycle. Precise, complete and consistent requirements are important for development.
Static modeling represents the static elements of software such as classes, objects, and interfaces and their relationships. It includes class diagrams and object diagrams. Class diagrams show classes, attributes, and relationships between classes. Object diagrams show instances of classes and their properties. Dynamic modeling represents the behavior and interactions of static elements through interaction diagrams like sequence diagrams and communication diagrams, as well as activity diagrams.
This document discusses the key topics of software project management including project planning, scheduling, and risk management. It provides objectives for project managers to explain main tasks, introduce software project management, describe its characteristics, discuss planning processes and use of graphical schedules, and manage risks. Specific management activities are outlined, as well as commonalities with engineering project management. Project planning, scheduling, and risk identification, analysis, planning, and monitoring processes are defined.
The document discusses network models including the OSI model and TCP/IP protocol suite. The OSI model has 7 layers - physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application layers. Each layer has a specific function in communication. Similarly, the TCP/IP protocol suite has 5 layers that correspond to the OSI layers - physical, data link, network, transport, and application. The document also discusses different types of addresses used in networking including physical, logical, port, and specific addresses.
The document discusses UML deployment diagrams which visualize the physical topology of a system where software artifacts are deployed. Deployment diagrams show nodes, which can be device or execution environment nodes, and artifacts deployed on the nodes. Communication paths represent connections between deployment targets that allow exchange of signals and messages. Deployments show the allocation of artifacts to deployment targets using dependencies labeled with "deploy". An example diagram depicts the deployment of a web application across load balanced servers.
The document discusses collaboration diagrams, which capture the dynamic behavior of objects collaborating to perform tasks. Collaboration diagrams illustrate object interactions through messages in a graph format. They show objects, links between objects, and messages to model control flow and coordination. Notations are used to represent classes, instances, links, messages, return values, self-messages, conditional messages, iteration, and collections of objects. Examples of converting sequence diagrams to collaboration diagrams for making a phone call, changing flight itineraries, and making a hotel reservation are provided.
This document discusses software processes and models. It covers the following key points:
1. Software processes involve activities like specification, design, implementation, validation and evolution to develop software systems. Common process models include waterfall, incremental development and reuse-oriented development.
2. Processes need to cope with inevitable changes. This can involve prototyping to avoid rework or using incremental development and delivery to more easily accommodate changes.
3. The Rational Unified Process is a modern process model with phases for inception, elaboration, construction and transition. It advocates iterative development and managing requirements and quality.
UML stands for Unified Modelling Language.
UML is a standard language for specifying, visualizing, constructing, and documenting a system in which software represents the most significant part.
UML is different from the other common programming languages like C++, Java, COBOL etc.
UML is a pictorial language used to make software blue prints.
UML can serve as a central notation for software development process. Using UML helps project teams communicate, explore potential designs, and validate the architectural designs of software.
UML diagrams are made using notation of things and relationships.
The building blocks of UML can be defined as:
Things
Relationships
Diagrams
Things: Things are the most important building blocks of UML. Things can be:
Structural
Behavioral
Grouping
Annotational
The Structural things define the static part of the model. They represent physical and conceptual elements. Following are the brief descriptions of the structural things.
Class: Class represents set of objects having similar responsibilities.
Interface: Interface defines a set of operations which specify the responsibility of a class.
Collaboration: Collaboration defines interaction between elements.
Use case: Use case represents a set of actions performed by a system for a specific goal.
Component: Component describes physical part of a system.
Node: A node can be defined as a physical element that exists at run time.
A behavioral thing consists of the dynamic parts of UML models. Following are the behavioral things:
Interaction: Interaction is defined as a behavior that consists of a group of messages exchanged among elements to accomplish a specific task.
State machine: State machine is useful when the state of an object in its life cycle is important. It defines the sequence of states an object goes through in response to events. Events are external factors responsible for state change.
This document discusses network models and addressing in computer networks. It describes the OSI model, which defines seven layers of network functionality: physical, data link, network, transport, session, presentation, and application. It also discusses the TCP/IP protocol suite and how it maps to the OSI layers. There are four levels of addressing in TCP/IP: physical, logical, port, and specific. Physical addresses are used to deliver frames between directly connected nodes, while logical addresses are used to route packets from source to destination hosts across multiple hops. Port addresses further allow multiple processes on a host to communicate.
Entity Relationship Diagrams (ERDs) are conceptual data models used in software engineering to model information systems. ERDs represent entities as rectangles, attributes as ellipses, and relationships as diamonds connecting entities. Attributes can be single-valued, multi-valued, composite, or derived. Relationships have cardinality like one-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-one, or many-to-many. Participation constraints and Codd's 12 rules of relational databases are also discussed in the document.
This document describes a project to develop a system to centralize sales, service, and deals for automobile industries. The project aims to make management of cars and customers more efficient by reducing effort. It will allow users to login and search for vehicles by attributes like model, price, manufacture date, mileage. Administrators, sellers and buyers will be able to interact on a centralized platform for automotive transactions and services. The document outlines the scope, objectives, technologies and frameworks to be used including Java, HTML, CSS, SQL, JDBC and more. Diagrams including activity, ER, use case and DFD are proposed to design the system.
The document discusses various types of UML diagrams including use case diagrams, class diagrams, interaction diagrams (sequence and collaboration diagrams), state diagrams, and activity diagrams. It provides details on when each diagram should be used and includes examples to illustrate how to draw each type of diagram. The key points covered are that UML diagrams allow viewing a software system from different perspectives and varying degrees of abstraction, and each diagram type has a specific purpose to model different aspects of a system.
This chapter discusses use case modeling for system requirements. It defines key concepts like actors, use cases, use case diagrams and narratives. It describes the benefits of use case modeling for capturing functional requirements, communicating with stakeholders, and aiding project estimation and management. The chapter outlines the process for developing a use case model, including identifying actors and use cases, constructing diagrams, and documenting narratives. It provides examples of use case relationships like association, extension, inheritance and dependencies.
This document discusses basic path testing, which is a white box testing method based on cyclomatic complexity. It uses control flow graphs to establish path coverage criteria. The key steps are: 1) drawing a control flow graph, 2) determining cyclomatic complexity using various formulas, 3) finding a basis set of independent paths, and 4) generating test cases to cover each path. The example provided calculates the cyclomatic complexity as 3 and identifies 3 paths to test for the given code fragment.
The document discusses use case analysis in systems analysis and design. It describes what use cases are, how to write them, and how they are used. Key elements of a use case include actors, triggers, steps, inputs, outputs, alternatives, exceptions, and preconditions and postconditions. Use cases are developed through interviews and help express user requirements to guide system development.
The document discusses different types of system models used in requirements engineering, including context models, behavioral models, data models, and object models. It provides examples of each type of model, such as a data flow diagram of an order processing system and a state diagram for a microwave oven. The objectives are to explain why system context should be modeled, describe different modeling notations and perspectives, and discuss how computer-aided software engineering tools can support system modeling.
The document discusses different types of system models used in requirements engineering, including context models, behavioral models, data models, and object models. It provides examples of each type of model, such as a data flow diagram of an order processing system and a state diagram for a microwave oven. The objectives are to explain why system context should be modeled, describe different modeling notations and perspectives, and discuss how computer-aided software engineering tools can support system modeling.
The document discusses use case diagrams and use case descriptions for modeling system requirements. It covers drawing use case diagrams to show functional requirements and actors, common mistakes, and writing use case descriptions including basic, alternate, and exception flows of events. The document provides examples and exercises to help understand use cases for requirements modeling.
This document discusses use case modeling for software engineering. It defines use cases as interactions between users and a system and explains that use cases capture functional requirements and user benefits. Use case diagrams visually represent actors, use cases, and relationships between them. Actors are people or systems that interact with the system, and relationships like includes and extends define how use cases invoke or extend each other. The document provides examples and guidance for creating use case diagrams and descriptions.
The document discusses the key processes in requirements engineering, including feasibility studies, elicitation, analysis, validation and management. It describes common activities like elicitation techniques using interviews, scenarios and use cases. It emphasizes that requirements evolve over time in response to changing stakeholder needs and environments, and that validation and management processes are needed to handle this evolution.
The document discusses requirements elicitation for software development. It describes the typical activities in a software lifecycle including requirements elicitation, analysis, design, implementation, and testing. It discusses techniques for eliciting requirements such as questionnaires, interviews, document analysis, task analysis, and scenarios. Scenario-based design focuses on concrete examples rather than abstract ideas. Non-functional requirements like usability, performance, and security are also important to define. Eliciting requirements is challenging due to understanding large complex systems and communication between stakeholders.
This document discusses architectural design and software architectures. It describes architectural design as representing the link between specification and design processes and involving identifying major system components and their communications. It discusses different types of architectural models including client-server, layered, object-oriented, and reference architectures. It also covers different approaches to system control structures.
This chapter discusses identifying and modeling functional requirements through use cases and user stories. It describes two techniques for identifying use cases: the user goal technique which identifies user goals and tasks, and the event decomposition technique which identifies system responses to different event types. The chapter also covers modeling use cases with descriptions, diagrams, and relationships to define the system functions and actors.
The document describes the key activities in software engineering processes including software specification, design and implementation, validation, and evolution. It explains that specification involves establishing requirements, design converts the specification into an executable system, validation ensures the system meets requirements through testing, and evolution adapts the software to changing needs. Structured design methods, the role of UML, CASE tools, and classifications of tools are also summarized.
The chapter discusses system models which provide abstract descriptions of systems being analyzed. It covers context models, behavioral models such as data flow diagrams and state machine diagrams, data models, and object models. These different types of models present the system from external, behavioral, and structural perspectives. The chapter also introduces Unified Modeling Language notations and how computer-aided software engineering workbenches support system modeling.
This document discusses design and implementation in software engineering. It covers object-oriented design using the Unified Modeling Language (UML), implementation issues such as reuse and configuration management, and open source development. Specifically, it provides examples and diagrams for the design of a weather station system, including use cases, classes, interfaces, and state diagrams. It emphasizes that design is an iterative process involving modeling the system context, architecture, objects, and their interactions.
The document discusses system modeling techniques used in requirements engineering and software design. It describes different types of models like context models, behavioral models, data models, object models and how they are used to represent a system from different perspectives. Specific modeling notations like data flow diagrams, state machines, class diagrams are explained. The role of tools and modeling methods is also covered.
The document discusses elements of an analysis model for software engineering requirements, including use case diagrams. It provides information on use cases, actors, relationships between use cases and actors, and how to describe use cases using user stories, diagrams, and textual descriptions. An example use case diagram is also included to illustrate these concepts.
Requirement analysis and UML modelling in Software engineeringsnehalkulkarni74
Receptionist
Patient: Patient
Doctor: Doctor
- The vertical solid line represents the life of an
object.
- It runs from top to bottom.
Messages:-
- The arrow represents the message passing
between objects.
- The arrow head points to the receiver.
- The message name is written near arrow.
- Synchronous and asynchronous message
Receptionist
Patient
Doctor
makeAppointment()
checkAvailability()
scheduleAppointment()
confirmAppointment()
treatPatient()
billPatient()
- Sequence diagram shows the time sequence of
messages between objects.
- It emphasizes on
The document discusses object-oriented design (OOD) and describes the OOD process. It explains that OOD involves developing a system model using interacting objects that manage their own state and operations. The document outlines the OOD process, which includes defining the system context and modes of use, designing the system architecture, identifying principal system objects, developing design models, and specifying object interfaces. It provides examples from a weather mapping system to illustrate OOD concepts and models.
Presentation Use Case Diagram and Use Case Specification.pptxazida3
The use case diagram models the interactions between a Customer and an ATM machine. The Customer can perform the use cases of Logging In, Making a Withdrawal, Checking Balance, and Depositing Funds. The ATM machine facilitates these use cases.
This document discusses software requirements and their role in software engineering. It defines requirements as descriptions of system services and constraints generated during requirements engineering. Requirements can range from high-level statements to detailed specifications. The document outlines different types of requirements including functional and non-functional requirements, and describes how requirements are organized in a requirements document.
The document discusses object-oriented system development and modeling. It covers topics like:
1. The main stages of traditional system development life cycles like requirements, analysis, design, implementation, and installation. As well as common life cycle models like waterfall, V-model, spiral, and prototyping.
2. Phases of object-oriented development focus on the state of the system rather than activities, including inception, elaboration, construction, and transition.
3. Modeling techniques for object-oriented systems including the Unified Modeling Language (UML), Rational Unified Process (RUP), abstraction, decomposition, and class-responsibility-collaboration (CRC) cards.
4
Lecture 2 history of video games (Game Development)
Introduction
Video games have been an important concept in the
advancement of technology for over 40 years now.
Since 1975, they have not only become one of the most
popular sources of entertainment, they have also
played a major role in globalization, allowing people
from all over the world to communicate amongst each
other
The “First” Video Game
In 1962 Steve Russell invents SpaceWar!, a game that
was developed at the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology.
It wasn’t the first actual video game
developed, however it was the first intended to be
played on computers
Game was developed for a computer that cost over
$150,000 making it unmarketable and unknown to the
general public
Arcades
In 1971, Nolan Bushnell
along with Ted Dabney
(whom later founded Atari
together in 1975)
programmed the SpaceWars!
game to play on a television
screen
Together they created the
first Arcade
Machine, Computer
Space, which operated at 25
cents per 90 seconds
Video Games Become Popular
In 1975, Atari released
Pong as a home video
game on their first
console
Pong becomes a huge
success among a
teenage market
The sales of video game
entertainment systems
also begin to skyrocket
Arcade Games
From 1977 to the late
1980’s, video games
became extremely
popular as coin
operated machines in
arcades.
Games such as Pac
Man, Donkey
Kong, and Space
Invaders became
extremely successful.
Early Consoles
In 1972, Ralph Baer created the
Magnavox Odyssey. It was the first
video game console playable on
home televisions
Magnavox mass-produced these
consoles which featured 5 diskettes
that generated different code
already located in the machine and
2 huge controllers that used 6-C
batteries apiece
HAL (A.I.) first introduced
Atari releases 2600 in 1975, these
entertainment systems are referred
to as the 1st generation of consoles
2nd & 3rd Generation Consoles
(8-Bit)
Atari 2600
Nintendo
Entertainment
System(NES - 1985
4th Generation
(16-Bit)
Super Nintendo
(SNES)
Sega Genesis
Turbografx-16
5th Generation
(32-64 bit)
Atari Jaguar(32 Bit)
Sega CD(32 Bit)
Playstation(64 Bit)
Nintendo 64(64 Bit)
This era began what would
later be known as “the
Console Wars”. Both 64 Bit
machines ended up being
mainstream machines that
would later be the downfall
for both the Sega and Atari
companies as console
developers due to cost
efficiency and playability
With the release of the 64
Bit console, video games
became playable in 3
Dimensional worlds
Conclusion
Technology continues to grow and improve on a daily
basis
The consoles we use today (Xbox 360, PS5, etc.)contain
processors so much more powerful than as little as 5
years ago that the measurement of bits is no longer
appropriate
Video games are now in a stage of voice
recognition, motion detection, among other things
that will continue to
Lahore Resolution passed on 24th March, 1940 in Lahore at then Minto Park and now know as Minar-e-Pakistan.
Background of the passage of The Lahore Resolution
October 1940 Gandhi’s announcement of Satyagagrah ( Resistance)
Lahore Resolution passed on 24th march, 1940 in Lahore at then Minto Park and now know as Minar-e-Pakistan
Pakistan studies First Military Regime And The Second Republic 1958-69abdulrafaychaudhry
Introduction
The Ayub Martial Law opened a new era for the process of development and change in the politics of Pakistan
Failure of 1956 Constitution and advent of Martial Law by General Muhammad Ayub Khan
1956 Constitution created a parliamentary democracy but failed because of many defects which are as follows:
PM was to be appointed by the president in his own discretion
President could dismiss the PM
Pakistan became prey to legitimacy crisis
1. Graph Data Structure
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Formally, a graph is a pair of sets (V, E), where V is the set of vertices and Eis the set of edges, connecting the pairs of vertices. Take a look at the following graph
V = {a, b, c, d, e}
E = {ab, ac, bd, cd, de}
importance of resources allocation in formal method of software engineering ...abdulrafaychaudhry
This document discusses key concepts related to project management including resource allocation, software risks, differences between products and projects, discount factors, net present value, and net profit.
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Slide 2.
#Topics covered (Software process models
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Slide 3.
(The software process)
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Specification – defining what the system should do;
Design and implementation – defining the organization of the system and implementing the system;
Validation – checking that it does what the customer wants;
Evolution – changing the system in response to changing customer needs.
# A software process model is an abstract representation of a process. It presents a description of a process from some particular perspective.
Slide
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Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
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Actors
7) Does one person play several different roles?
May have an actor for each role
8) Do several people play the same role?
Only use one actor per role (no matter how many people play that role)
Identifying actors is an iterative process
Defining how an actor interacts with the system may clarify whether there are duplicate actors or not
Actors
7) Does one person play several different roles?
May have an actor for each role
8) Do several people play the same role?
Only use one actor per role (no matter how many people play that role)
Identifying actors is an iterative process
Defining how an actor interacts with the system may clarify whether there are duplicate actors or not
Actors
Are NOT a part of the system (external to the system)
A single actor may represent multiple physical users
Whether human or not, represented by stick figure
MUST label stick figure with the name of the actor
Use Case
Represent the user functionality (not system functionality)
Use Case
In reading a use case, you should not be able to tell if an activity is computerized or manual
Used to document the current system (AS-IS system) or the new system being developed (TO-BE system)
Communicates at a high level what the system needs to do
Captures the typical interaction of the system with the system’s users
Logical model
Physical details are defined during the design phase
Use case: A use case in a use case diagram is a visual representation of a distinct business functionality in a system. The key term here is "distinct business functionality." To choose a business process as a likely candidate for modeling as a use case, you need to ensure that the business process is discrete in nature. As the first step in identifying use cases, you should list the discrete business functions in your problem statement. Each of these business functions can be classified as a potential use case. Remember that identifying use cases is a discovery rather than a creation. As business functionality becomes clearer, the underlying use cases become more easily evident. A use case is shown as an ellipse in a use case diagram Depicted by an oval
MUST label the oval with the name of the use case
Actors: An actor portrays any entity (or entities) that performs certain roles in a given system. The different roles the actor represents are the actual business roles of users in a given system. An actor in a use case diagram interacts with a use case. For example, for modeling a banking application, a customer entity represents an actor in the application. Similarly, the person who provides service at the counter is also an actor. But it is up to you to consider what actors make an impact on the functionality that you want to model. If an entity does not affect a certain piece of functionality that you are modeling, it makes no sense to represent it as an actor. An actor is shown as a stick figure in a use case diagram depicted "outside" the system boundary, as shown in Make Appointment figure.
Depicted by an oval
MUST label the oval with the name of the use case
To identify an actor, search in the problem statement for business terms that portray roles in the system. For example, in the statement "patients visit the doctor in the clinic for medical tests," "doctor" and "patients" are the business roles and can be easily identified as actors in the system.
Use Case Relationship
Association relationship
May exist between actor and a use case
Often referred to as a communicate association
Navigable in both directions (actor to use case and use case to actor)
Some use just a line
Others use a double-headed arrowhead
Navigable in only one direction (actor to use case OR use case to actor)
Use a arrowhead where arrowhead denotes the direction of communication
Navigation direction of an association represents who is initiating the communication
Multiplicity
Not consistency shown on all use-case diagrams (Some do; some don’t)
System boundary: A system boundary defines the scope of what a system will be. A system cannot have infinite functionality. So, it follows that use cases also need to have definitive limits defined. A system boundary of a use case diagram defines the limits of the system. The system boundary is shown as a rectangle spanning all the use cases in the system.
Other use cases in this lecture also show the system boundary of the clinic application. The use cases of this system are enclosed in a rectangle. Note that the actors in the system are outside the system boundary.
The system boundary is potentially the entire system as defined in the problem statement. But this is not always the case. For large and complex systems, each of the modules may be the system boundary. For example, for an ERP system for an organization, each of the modules such as personnel, payroll, accounting, and so forth, can form the system boundary for use cases specific to each of these business functions. The entire system can span all of these modules depicting the overall system boundary.
Example Use Case
ACTORS
Represented by a stick figure
named
USE CASE
Represented by an oval
Named (POORLY NAMED; should be verb phrase)
RELATIONSHIP
2-way association
Inheritance
Inheritance
A use case generalization shows that one use case is simply a special kind of another.
A clinic may have a use case such as Pay Bill which would be a parent use case and Bill Insurance which is the child.
A child can be substituted for its parent whenever necessary.
Generalization appears as a line with a triangular arrow head toward the parent use case.
System Boundary
Use cases are enclosed within a system boundary
a box that represents the system and clearly delineates what parts of the diagram are external or internal to it
Name of the system can appear inside or on top of the box
Include relationship
Notice that ONLY between use cases (not between actors)
MANDATORY functional
Multiple use cases may share pieces of the same functionality
Rather than have duplicate functionality in several use cases
Put shared functionality in one use case and show relationship between it and other use cases that “uses” its functionality
Depicted by arrowhead with word “<<include>>” above it
Include relationships factor use cases into additional ones.
Includes are especially helpful when the same use case can be factored out of two different use cases.
If a clinic had a cases of Make Appointment and Request Medication.
Both might include Check Patient Record as a subtask.
Both would include a call to the use case Check Patient Record.
We don’t want to write it twice we simply want to include in as a call from both.
In the diagram,
include notation is a dotted line beginning at base use case ending with an arrows pointing to the include use case.
The dotted line is labeled <<include>>.
Use Case Relationship
Extend relationship
Used to show optional behavior (behavior that is run only under certain circumstances)
Depicted by arrowhead with word “<<extend>>” above it
An extend relationship indicates that one use case is a variation of another.
This is often used when much of the same code may be in both only one extends the functionality somewhat.
A typical example is a add record to the database and modify that record.
So an add student is similar to a modify student so I may reuse some of the code.
Extend notation is a dotted line, labeled <<extend>>, and with an arrow toward the base case.
The extension point, which determines when the extended case is appropriate, is written inside the base case.
System Boundary
Use cases are enclosed within a system boundary
a box that represents the system and clearly delineates what parts of the diagram are external or internal to it
Name of the system can appear inside or on top of the box
Mainly talking about extend, include, and generalization relationships.
95% of relationships on a use case diagram is association
Video Rental System
Actors
Customer
Video distributer
Use cases
Enroll as member
Check out video
Return video
Order new video