The document discusses the key processes in requirements engineering, including feasibility studies, elicitation, analysis, validation and management. It describes common activities like elicitation techniques using interviews, scenarios and use cases. It emphasizes that requirements evolve over time in response to changing stakeholder needs and environments, and that validation and management processes are needed to handle this evolution.
The software development process heavily relies on requirement engineering as it forms the base for entire process. Although software engineering is full of methods for requirement analysis, the problem we face is which method to select and how to apply it. It is expected that we should be able to get clear and complete idea about what is expected by the user from the proposed system. This puts emphasis on requirement analysis process. The method we need to adopt should enable us to get clear and complete set of requirements. The requirement engineering process dependent on abilities of the persons carrying out the process also the nature of system puts certain constraints on the process. . This paper is an attempt to look at certain problems posed by the requirement engineering process and possible corrective measures against it to help improve overall software quality.
This document discusses requirements engineering and its key processes. It describes how requirements engineering involves eliciting requirements through activities like interviews and prototyping. It also involves analyzing requirements by documenting them, resolving conflicts between stakeholder needs, and validating requirements. The document stresses the importance of requirements engineering in defining a system's functionality and ensuring project success.
The document provides an overview of software requirements and the requirements engineering process. It defines functional and non-functional requirements, explains how to elicit requirements, and describes how prototypes can be used to validate requirements. The key stages of requirements engineering are identified as feasibility study, requirements gathering, specification documentation, and validation. User requirements are defined at a high level while system requirements provide more technical details. Non-functional requirements relate to properties like performance, security, and availability.
Software Development Process - REQUIREMENTS ANALYSIS / ANALYSIS OF TECHNICAL...Mark John Lado, MIT
The document discusses requirements analysis, which is the first stage of the software development process. It involves eliciting requirements from stakeholders, analyzing the requirements for clarity and consistency, and documenting them. Common techniques for requirements analysis include stakeholder interviews, prototypes, use cases, and software requirements specifications. The goals are to determine what functionality and constraints the system needs to meet business needs.
An introduction to requirements engineering for students with no previous background in this area. Part of critical systems engineering course, CS 5032.
An overview of software requirements engineeringIan Sommerville
Requirements engineering involves discovering, documenting, and maintaining requirements for computer systems. Requirements specify what should be implemented or constrain the system. Getting requirements wrong can lead to late delivery, unhappy customers, unreliable systems, and high maintenance costs. Requirements engineering is difficult because stakeholder needs change rapidly, stakeholders have different goals, and political factors influence requirements.
A Business Analyst (BA) analyzes organizations and systems to improve business processes and integration with technology. There are four tiers of business analysis from strategic planning to technical analysis. BAs document requirements, assess current processes, define new processes, and ensure technical systems meet business needs. Deliverables include requirements, specifications, models, and documentation to bridge business and technical stakeholders.
The software development process heavily relies on requirement engineering as it forms the base for entire process. Although software engineering is full of methods for requirement analysis, the problem we face is which method to select and how to apply it. It is expected that we should be able to get clear and complete idea about what is expected by the user from the proposed system. This puts emphasis on requirement analysis process. The method we need to adopt should enable us to get clear and complete set of requirements. The requirement engineering process dependent on abilities of the persons carrying out the process also the nature of system puts certain constraints on the process. . This paper is an attempt to look at certain problems posed by the requirement engineering process and possible corrective measures against it to help improve overall software quality.
This document discusses requirements engineering and its key processes. It describes how requirements engineering involves eliciting requirements through activities like interviews and prototyping. It also involves analyzing requirements by documenting them, resolving conflicts between stakeholder needs, and validating requirements. The document stresses the importance of requirements engineering in defining a system's functionality and ensuring project success.
The document provides an overview of software requirements and the requirements engineering process. It defines functional and non-functional requirements, explains how to elicit requirements, and describes how prototypes can be used to validate requirements. The key stages of requirements engineering are identified as feasibility study, requirements gathering, specification documentation, and validation. User requirements are defined at a high level while system requirements provide more technical details. Non-functional requirements relate to properties like performance, security, and availability.
Software Development Process - REQUIREMENTS ANALYSIS / ANALYSIS OF TECHNICAL...Mark John Lado, MIT
The document discusses requirements analysis, which is the first stage of the software development process. It involves eliciting requirements from stakeholders, analyzing the requirements for clarity and consistency, and documenting them. Common techniques for requirements analysis include stakeholder interviews, prototypes, use cases, and software requirements specifications. The goals are to determine what functionality and constraints the system needs to meet business needs.
An introduction to requirements engineering for students with no previous background in this area. Part of critical systems engineering course, CS 5032.
An overview of software requirements engineeringIan Sommerville
Requirements engineering involves discovering, documenting, and maintaining requirements for computer systems. Requirements specify what should be implemented or constrain the system. Getting requirements wrong can lead to late delivery, unhappy customers, unreliable systems, and high maintenance costs. Requirements engineering is difficult because stakeholder needs change rapidly, stakeholders have different goals, and political factors influence requirements.
A Business Analyst (BA) analyzes organizations and systems to improve business processes and integration with technology. There are four tiers of business analysis from strategic planning to technical analysis. BAs document requirements, assess current processes, define new processes, and ensure technical systems meet business needs. Deliverables include requirements, specifications, models, and documentation to bridge business and technical stakeholders.
This document covers key topics in requirements engineering including functional and non-functional requirements, the software requirements document, requirements processes, and more. It defines requirements engineering as establishing customer services and constraints. Requirements can range from abstract to detailed and serve both bidding and contracting purposes. User requirements describe high-level services while system requirements provide detailed function descriptions. Non-functional requirements constrain the system and development process. Domain requirements impose additional constraints from the system's operational domain.
Good Practices For Developing User Requirementsnkaur
This document provides guidance on developing user requirements for software projects. It discusses the importance of requirements modeling and describes various models that can be used, including use cases, actor maps, data models, and state diagrams. The models are categorized based on the type of information they represent and relate to each other. Following good practices for requirements modeling, such as defining project scope and engaging stakeholders, helps ensure requirements are correct, complete, clear and consistent.
The document discusses requirements gathering and analysis. It describes how requirements elicitation is difficult due to problems of scope, understanding, and volatility. It emphasizes the importance of requirement gathering and states that requirement analysis may be error-prone. Various techniques for requirements elicitation and analysis are discussed, including interviews, prototypes, quality function deployment, and system modeling. The goals of requirements specification and characteristics of a good SRS are also outlined.
Software requirements engineering problems and challenges erp implementation as a case study:
Requirements Engineering
Why are Requirements so important?
Purpose of Requirements Engineering
RE process inputs and outputs
Requirements Engineering Activities
Requirements Quality
Requirements quality indicators
Systems RE Standards
Requirements problems and challenges
Research Strategies in RE
RE Research directions
Conclusion
The document discusses requirements determination in systems analysis and design. It describes how requirements determination transforms high-level business needs into detailed system requirements through techniques like interviews, questionnaires, and joint application development sessions. Requirements elicitation aims to understand the current system and desired improvements, while requirements analysis strategies like root cause analysis and activity analysis help identify high-impact changes.
The document discusses requirement gathering and analysis. It emphasizes the importance of requirements in project success and describes key tasks in requirements engineering including inception, elicitation, and elaboration. During inception, questions are asked to understand the problem, stakeholders, and desired solution. Elicitation involves discovering requirements through collaboration and techniques like use cases. Elaboration refines information through analysis modeling with elements like use cases, classes, and behaviors. The goal is a model that defines the functional, informational, and behavioral domains of the problem.
IRJET- Identifying the Conflicts in the Software Requirement Engineering:...IRJET Journal
1) The document discusses conflicts that can arise during the software requirement engineering process. It focuses on conflicts between requirement analysts and stakeholders.
2) Some common causes of conflicts are misunderstandings, changing requirements, complex systems, and different interests among stakeholders. Conflicts can increase costs and lead to unsatisfactory software.
3) The author reviews literature on identifying and resolving conflicts. Various techniques are discussed like using tools, formal frameworks, and strategies to remove or prioritize conflicting requirements.
The document discusses systems analysis and design and the software development life cycle (SDLC). It defines key terms like system, analysis, and design. It then describes the various phases of the SDLC in detail, including definition, development, and maintenance phases. It also discusses different SDLC methodologies like waterfall, spiral, incremental, and agile models. Finally, it explains the V-model for testing in the SDLC and mapping testing phases to development phases.
The document discusses requirements analysis for software engineering projects. It describes requirements analysis as bridging system requirements and software design by providing models of system information, functions, and behavior. The objectives of analysis are identified as identifying customer needs, evaluating feasibility, allocating functions, and establishing schedules and constraints. Common analysis techniques discussed include interviews, use cases, prototyping, and specification documentation.
The document discusses the role of a business analyst and key aspects of requirements gathering and software development processes. It defines what a business analyst does, including interacting with stakeholders to understand requirements and communicating them to technical teams. It also outlines different types of requirements, requirement elicitation techniques, stakeholders, and common software development lifecycles models like waterfall, RUP, agile scrum.
The document discusses system acquisition strategies for designing a new system. There are three primary strategies: custom development by building a system in-house, using a packaged software system, or outsourcing development to an external vendor. The design phase develops a system specification and considers issues like business needs, in-house expertise, and project risks to determine which strategy best fits a given project. An alternative matrix tool compares options across various criteria to help evaluate tradeoffs and select the optimal acquisition approach.
The document discusses software requirements analysis and engineering. It describes the requirement engineering process, which includes feasibility study, requirement gathering, software requirement specification, and validation. It discusses analyzing requirements, modeling them, and documenting them in a specification. The analysis process aims to understand customer needs and translate them into a requirements specification. Various analysis techniques are covered like use case diagrams, classes, behaviors, and flows.
This document discusses various methods for determining system requirements, including traditional and modern approaches. It covers interviewing users using open-ended and closed-ended questions, observing workers, analyzing documents, joint application design (JAD), and prototyping. JAD brings together key stakeholders to gather requirements simultaneously while prototyping involves building an early version of the system to refine requirements. The document also discusses business process reengineering to identify processes for radical change through new technologies. The goal is to understand what a system should do through gathering information from different sources.
This document contains a quiz for an INFO 415 systems analysis course. It includes 25 true/false questions, 40 multiple choice questions, and a short answer section with 8 questions about the analyst's problem solving approach, required analyst skills, and activities in the design phase. The quiz covers key concepts in systems analysis and design like the system development life cycle, roles of systems analysts, techniques and tools used, and different approaches to system development.
The document discusses different types of requirements for software systems including:
- User requirements written from the user's perspective
- System requirements that expand on user requirements for system design
- Software design specification requirements that provide an implementation-oriented description for developers
- Functional requirements that describe system services/functions, and non-functional requirements (NFRs) that define overall system qualities
Some examples of NFRs discussed are performance, reliability, usability, efficiency, maintainability, portability, scalability, and security. The document also describes problems with natural language requirements and different classifications of NFRs.
This document discusses requirements validation and techniques for validating requirements. It defines requirements validation as checking that requirements define the system the customer wants. Validation is important because fixing requirements errors later is very costly. The document describes various checks that can be performed on requirements like validity, consistency, completeness, and verifiability. It also outlines techniques for validation like requirements reviews, prototyping, and test-case generation. Finally, it notes that validating requirements is difficult and some problems may still be found after validation.
Requirements engineering faces inherent challenges due to changing requirements, differing stakeholder perspectives, lack of standardization, and political influences. Key issues include requirements constantly changing as the external environment evolves, stakeholders having conflicting views that must be reconciled, high variability between domains and organizations making process standardization difficult, and requirements sometimes being driven by internal politics rather than objective needs. Effective requirements engineering requires understanding and managing these challenges.
This document discusses the benefits of IT business consulting and business analysis. It notes that only a small percentage of software projects are completed on time and on budget due to issues like incomplete requirements. Business analysis helps address this by clarifying requirements upfront and specifying solutions to minimize costs and maximize returns. The company Turizon offers business analysis services to help plan projects, elicit and analyze stakeholder needs, specify detailed requirements, and verify requirements. Hiring Turizon provides benefits like lower costs, higher quality outputs, and clearer project guidance for customers, managers, and developers.
The document summarizes key concepts from a lecture on requirement engineering. It defines requirements as descriptions of the services and constraints needed for a system. Requirement engineering is the process of discovering, analyzing, documenting, and validating system requirements through tasks like stakeholder interviews, document analysis, and specification. It explains that requirements come from users and stakeholders, and are documented in various forms like user requirements, system requirements, and software design specifications to communicate needs to different audiences like clients, engineers, and developers.
This document discusses requirement analysis and determination methods. It describes the objectives of requirement analysis, which includes problem definition, system investigation, and fact finding. It also outlines the key phases and stages of requirement analysis - requirement determination and requirement structuring. Some traditional methods for requirement determination are then discussed in detail, including interviewing techniques like one-on-one interviews and group interviews, as well as observing users and analyzing documentation. Guidelines for conducting effective interviews and documenting requirements are also provided.
This document discusses wireless security and protocols such as WEP, WPA, and 802.11i. It describes weaknesses in WEP such as vulnerabilities in the RC4 encryption algorithm that allow attacks like dictionary attacks. It introduces WPA as an improvement over WEP that uses stronger encryption keys, protocols like TKIP that change keys dynamically, and AES encryption in 802.11i as stronger alternatives. It also discusses authentication methods like 802.1X that distribute unique keys to each user to address issues with shared keys in WEP.
Learning spark ch01 - Introduction to Data Analysis with Sparkphanleson
Learning spark ch01 - Introduction to Data Analysis with Spark
References to Spark Course
Course : Introduction to Big Data with Apache Spark : http://ouo.io/Mqc8L5
Course : Spark Fundamentals I : http://ouo.io/eiuoV
Course : Functional Programming Principles in Scala : http://ouo.io/rh4vv
This document covers key topics in requirements engineering including functional and non-functional requirements, the software requirements document, requirements processes, and more. It defines requirements engineering as establishing customer services and constraints. Requirements can range from abstract to detailed and serve both bidding and contracting purposes. User requirements describe high-level services while system requirements provide detailed function descriptions. Non-functional requirements constrain the system and development process. Domain requirements impose additional constraints from the system's operational domain.
Good Practices For Developing User Requirementsnkaur
This document provides guidance on developing user requirements for software projects. It discusses the importance of requirements modeling and describes various models that can be used, including use cases, actor maps, data models, and state diagrams. The models are categorized based on the type of information they represent and relate to each other. Following good practices for requirements modeling, such as defining project scope and engaging stakeholders, helps ensure requirements are correct, complete, clear and consistent.
The document discusses requirements gathering and analysis. It describes how requirements elicitation is difficult due to problems of scope, understanding, and volatility. It emphasizes the importance of requirement gathering and states that requirement analysis may be error-prone. Various techniques for requirements elicitation and analysis are discussed, including interviews, prototypes, quality function deployment, and system modeling. The goals of requirements specification and characteristics of a good SRS are also outlined.
Software requirements engineering problems and challenges erp implementation as a case study:
Requirements Engineering
Why are Requirements so important?
Purpose of Requirements Engineering
RE process inputs and outputs
Requirements Engineering Activities
Requirements Quality
Requirements quality indicators
Systems RE Standards
Requirements problems and challenges
Research Strategies in RE
RE Research directions
Conclusion
The document discusses requirements determination in systems analysis and design. It describes how requirements determination transforms high-level business needs into detailed system requirements through techniques like interviews, questionnaires, and joint application development sessions. Requirements elicitation aims to understand the current system and desired improvements, while requirements analysis strategies like root cause analysis and activity analysis help identify high-impact changes.
The document discusses requirement gathering and analysis. It emphasizes the importance of requirements in project success and describes key tasks in requirements engineering including inception, elicitation, and elaboration. During inception, questions are asked to understand the problem, stakeholders, and desired solution. Elicitation involves discovering requirements through collaboration and techniques like use cases. Elaboration refines information through analysis modeling with elements like use cases, classes, and behaviors. The goal is a model that defines the functional, informational, and behavioral domains of the problem.
IRJET- Identifying the Conflicts in the Software Requirement Engineering:...IRJET Journal
1) The document discusses conflicts that can arise during the software requirement engineering process. It focuses on conflicts between requirement analysts and stakeholders.
2) Some common causes of conflicts are misunderstandings, changing requirements, complex systems, and different interests among stakeholders. Conflicts can increase costs and lead to unsatisfactory software.
3) The author reviews literature on identifying and resolving conflicts. Various techniques are discussed like using tools, formal frameworks, and strategies to remove or prioritize conflicting requirements.
The document discusses systems analysis and design and the software development life cycle (SDLC). It defines key terms like system, analysis, and design. It then describes the various phases of the SDLC in detail, including definition, development, and maintenance phases. It also discusses different SDLC methodologies like waterfall, spiral, incremental, and agile models. Finally, it explains the V-model for testing in the SDLC and mapping testing phases to development phases.
The document discusses requirements analysis for software engineering projects. It describes requirements analysis as bridging system requirements and software design by providing models of system information, functions, and behavior. The objectives of analysis are identified as identifying customer needs, evaluating feasibility, allocating functions, and establishing schedules and constraints. Common analysis techniques discussed include interviews, use cases, prototyping, and specification documentation.
The document discusses the role of a business analyst and key aspects of requirements gathering and software development processes. It defines what a business analyst does, including interacting with stakeholders to understand requirements and communicating them to technical teams. It also outlines different types of requirements, requirement elicitation techniques, stakeholders, and common software development lifecycles models like waterfall, RUP, agile scrum.
The document discusses system acquisition strategies for designing a new system. There are three primary strategies: custom development by building a system in-house, using a packaged software system, or outsourcing development to an external vendor. The design phase develops a system specification and considers issues like business needs, in-house expertise, and project risks to determine which strategy best fits a given project. An alternative matrix tool compares options across various criteria to help evaluate tradeoffs and select the optimal acquisition approach.
The document discusses software requirements analysis and engineering. It describes the requirement engineering process, which includes feasibility study, requirement gathering, software requirement specification, and validation. It discusses analyzing requirements, modeling them, and documenting them in a specification. The analysis process aims to understand customer needs and translate them into a requirements specification. Various analysis techniques are covered like use case diagrams, classes, behaviors, and flows.
This document discusses various methods for determining system requirements, including traditional and modern approaches. It covers interviewing users using open-ended and closed-ended questions, observing workers, analyzing documents, joint application design (JAD), and prototyping. JAD brings together key stakeholders to gather requirements simultaneously while prototyping involves building an early version of the system to refine requirements. The document also discusses business process reengineering to identify processes for radical change through new technologies. The goal is to understand what a system should do through gathering information from different sources.
This document contains a quiz for an INFO 415 systems analysis course. It includes 25 true/false questions, 40 multiple choice questions, and a short answer section with 8 questions about the analyst's problem solving approach, required analyst skills, and activities in the design phase. The quiz covers key concepts in systems analysis and design like the system development life cycle, roles of systems analysts, techniques and tools used, and different approaches to system development.
The document discusses different types of requirements for software systems including:
- User requirements written from the user's perspective
- System requirements that expand on user requirements for system design
- Software design specification requirements that provide an implementation-oriented description for developers
- Functional requirements that describe system services/functions, and non-functional requirements (NFRs) that define overall system qualities
Some examples of NFRs discussed are performance, reliability, usability, efficiency, maintainability, portability, scalability, and security. The document also describes problems with natural language requirements and different classifications of NFRs.
This document discusses requirements validation and techniques for validating requirements. It defines requirements validation as checking that requirements define the system the customer wants. Validation is important because fixing requirements errors later is very costly. The document describes various checks that can be performed on requirements like validity, consistency, completeness, and verifiability. It also outlines techniques for validation like requirements reviews, prototyping, and test-case generation. Finally, it notes that validating requirements is difficult and some problems may still be found after validation.
Requirements engineering faces inherent challenges due to changing requirements, differing stakeholder perspectives, lack of standardization, and political influences. Key issues include requirements constantly changing as the external environment evolves, stakeholders having conflicting views that must be reconciled, high variability between domains and organizations making process standardization difficult, and requirements sometimes being driven by internal politics rather than objective needs. Effective requirements engineering requires understanding and managing these challenges.
This document discusses the benefits of IT business consulting and business analysis. It notes that only a small percentage of software projects are completed on time and on budget due to issues like incomplete requirements. Business analysis helps address this by clarifying requirements upfront and specifying solutions to minimize costs and maximize returns. The company Turizon offers business analysis services to help plan projects, elicit and analyze stakeholder needs, specify detailed requirements, and verify requirements. Hiring Turizon provides benefits like lower costs, higher quality outputs, and clearer project guidance for customers, managers, and developers.
The document summarizes key concepts from a lecture on requirement engineering. It defines requirements as descriptions of the services and constraints needed for a system. Requirement engineering is the process of discovering, analyzing, documenting, and validating system requirements through tasks like stakeholder interviews, document analysis, and specification. It explains that requirements come from users and stakeholders, and are documented in various forms like user requirements, system requirements, and software design specifications to communicate needs to different audiences like clients, engineers, and developers.
This document discusses requirement analysis and determination methods. It describes the objectives of requirement analysis, which includes problem definition, system investigation, and fact finding. It also outlines the key phases and stages of requirement analysis - requirement determination and requirement structuring. Some traditional methods for requirement determination are then discussed in detail, including interviewing techniques like one-on-one interviews and group interviews, as well as observing users and analyzing documentation. Guidelines for conducting effective interviews and documenting requirements are also provided.
This document discusses wireless security and protocols such as WEP, WPA, and 802.11i. It describes weaknesses in WEP such as vulnerabilities in the RC4 encryption algorithm that allow attacks like dictionary attacks. It introduces WPA as an improvement over WEP that uses stronger encryption keys, protocols like TKIP that change keys dynamically, and AES encryption in 802.11i as stronger alternatives. It also discusses authentication methods like 802.1X that distribute unique keys to each user to address issues with shared keys in WEP.
Learning spark ch01 - Introduction to Data Analysis with Sparkphanleson
Learning spark ch01 - Introduction to Data Analysis with Spark
References to Spark Course
Course : Introduction to Big Data with Apache Spark : http://ouo.io/Mqc8L5
Course : Spark Fundamentals I : http://ouo.io/eiuoV
Course : Functional Programming Principles in Scala : http://ouo.io/rh4vv
Learning spark ch05 - Loading and Saving Your Dataphanleson
The document discusses various file formats and methods for loading and saving data in Spark, including text files, JSON, CSV, SequenceFiles, object files, and Hadoop input/output formats. It provides examples of loading and saving each of these file types in Python, Scala, and Java code. The examples demonstrate how to read data from files into RDDs and DataFrames and how to write RDD data out to files in the various formats.
Firewall - Network Defense in Depth Firewallsphanleson
This document discusses key concepts related to network defense in depth. It defines common terms like firewalls, DMZs, IDS, and VPNs. It also covers techniques for packet filtering, application inspection, network address translation, and virtual private networks. The goal of defense in depth is to implement multiple layers of security and not rely on any single mechanism.
Authentication in wireless - Security in Wireless Protocolsphanleson
The document discusses authentication protocols for wireless devices. It begins by describing the authentication problem and some basic client-server protocols. It then introduces the challenge-response protocol which aims to prevent replay attacks by including a random number in the response. However, this protocol is still vulnerable to man-in-the-middle and reflection attacks. The document proposes improvements like including an identifier in the hashed response to prevent message manipulation attacks. Overall, the document provides an overview of authentication challenges for wireless devices and the development of challenge-response protocols to address these issues.
This document discusses requirements engineering processes and activities. It describes the key activities in requirements engineering as requirements elicitation, analysis, validation, and management. These activities involve discovering requirements through interviews and scenarios, analyzing requirements from different stakeholder viewpoints, validating requirements, and managing an evolving set of requirements. The document provides examples and details of each activity, such as how to conduct interviews, define viewpoints and scenarios, and iterate on requirements through a spiral process.
This document discusses requirements engineering processes and techniques. It introduces common activities in requirements engineering like elicitation, analysis, validation and management. Specific techniques covered include feasibility studies, interviews, scenarios and viewpoints to understand requirements from different stakeholders. The overall goal is to gather, analyze and specify system requirements through an iterative process.
This document discusses software requirements and their role in software engineering. It defines requirements as descriptions of system services and constraints generated during requirements engineering. Requirements can range from high-level statements to detailed specifications. The document outlines different types of requirements including functional and non-functional requirements, and describes how requirements are organized in a requirements document.
This document discusses software requirements and their role in software engineering. It covers the key topics of functional and non-functional requirements, user requirements, and system requirements. Some main points:
- Requirements can range from high-level abstract statements to detailed specifications and serve both as a basis for bidding on contracts and as part of the system contract.
- Functional requirements describe system services while non-functional requirements constrain the system, such as performance or reliability. Both types of requirements are important.
- User requirements are expressed in natural language for users, while system requirements provide more detailed specifications for designers.
- Requirements engineering establishes customer needs and system constraints. Writing requirements well is challenging due to potential ambiguity,
The document discusses requirements analysis and specifications. It provides examples of different types of requirements like functional, non-functional, user, and system requirements. It also describes various requirement elicitation techniques like interviews, brainstorming sessions, FAST, quality function deployment, and use case approach. Context and data flow diagrams are discussed as models for representing requirements. Data dictionaries are described as repositories for defining data items. Finally, entity-relationship modeling is introduced as a way to visually represent entities, attributes, and relationships in a database.
The document discusses software requirements and requirements engineering. It covers topics like functional and non-functional requirements, user requirements, system requirements, and how requirements can be organized in a requirements document. It describes different types of requirements like functional, non-functional, and domain requirements. It also discusses issues with natural language requirements specifications and alternatives like structured natural language, graphical notations, and mathematical specifications.
This document discusses software requirements and their role in software engineering. It covers the key topics of functional and non-functional requirements, user requirements, system requirements, and how requirements are organized in a software requirements document. Functional requirements describe what a system should do, while non-functional requirements constrain aspects like performance, reliability and usability. User requirements are high-level and system requirements provide more detailed specifications. Together, requirements form the basis for designing, developing and testing a software system.
This document discusses software requirements and their role in software engineering. It covers the key topics of functional and non-functional requirements, user requirements, system requirements, and how requirements are organized in a software requirements document. Functional requirements describe what a system should do, while non-functional requirements constrain aspects like performance, reliability and usability. User requirements are high-level and system requirements provide more detailed specifications. Together, requirements form the basis for designing and developing a software system.
Here are the answers to your guiding questions:
1a). Requirements analysis is the process of examining, refining and documenting stakeholder needs to establish agreed upon requirements that can serve as a basis for further system development.
b). The requirements analysis phase is important because it helps establish an agreed upon set of requirements that are complete, consistent and unambiguous. This helps avoid project failures that occur when developers start implementing without fully understanding customer needs. It also helps manage stakeholder expectations.
c). Eight guidelines for requirements analysis are:
1. Define system boundaries
2. Use checklists for requirements analysis
3. Provide software to support negotiations
4. Plan for conflicts and conflict resolution
5. Prioritize requirements
SE - Lecture 5 - Requirements Engineering.pptxTangZhiSiang
The document discusses requirements engineering processes and object diagrams. It covers topics like requirements elicitation, specification, validation, and change. Requirements engineering involves discovering customer needs and defining system constraints. Requirements can range from high-level descriptions of services to detailed specifications. Elicitation techniques include interviews, scenarios, and working with stakeholders. The goal is to completely and consistently define what the system should do.
This document discusses requirements engineering for software projects. It begins by defining what requirements are, noting that they can range from abstract statements to detailed specifications. There are three types of requirements documents: requirements definition for customers, requirements specification for contracts, and software specifications for developers. The document outlines the sources of requirements, key tasks in requirements engineering like elicitation and validation, and challenges in getting requirements right. It also discusses techniques for gathering requirements like inception, collaborative meetings, use cases, and elaboration of requirements into an analysis model.
Requirements engineering is the process of establishing the services a system should provide and the constraints under which it should operate. It involves several key tasks: inception to understand the problem domain; elicitation to gather requirements; elaboration to refine and model requirements; negotiation to prioritize requirements; specification to document requirements; validation to verify requirements; and management to track requirements throughout the project. The goal is to clearly define what the customer wants in order to establish a solid foundation for software development.
Requirement engineering involves several key tasks: inception to establish project scope, elicitation to determine user needs, elaboration to refine requirements, negotiation to resolve conflicts, validation to verify requirements, and management of changing requirements. Effective elicitation uses techniques like interviews, scenarios, and ethnography to understand stakeholders and identify general, expected, and unexpected requirements while addressing problems of scope, understanding, volatility, and communication barriers. Requirements are further developed through analysis, modeling, prioritization, and specification documentation. Regular reviews validate that requirements define the desired system.
This document discusses software requirements and their role in software engineering. It covers topics such as functional and non-functional requirements, user requirements, system requirements, and how requirements are organized in a requirements document. Functional requirements describe system services, while non-functional requirements constrain aspects like performance, reliability and usability. User requirements are high-level and written for customers, while system requirements provide more detail for contractors. Precise, complete and consistent requirements are important for developing a system that meets stakeholder needs.
The document discusses requirements elicitation, which involves determining what a system or product needs to do from users and stakeholders. It notes that requirements elicitation is difficult because stakeholders may not know their needs, have conflicting needs, or changing needs. The document then describes different types of requirements like functional requirements, which define what a system does, and non-functional requirements, also called quality attributes, which define how the system achieves its functions. Examples of different types of requirements are also provided.
Requirements engineering is the process of establishing customer requirements and constraints for a system. It involves tasks such as inception, elicitation, elaboration, negotiation, specification, validation, and requirements management. The goal is to define what the customer wants in a structured, organized manner through techniques like collaborative gathering, use case development, and quality function deployment. This establishes a solid foundation for design and construction of the software system.
Perspective-based reading (PBR) focuses on reviewing requirements documents from different stakeholder perspectives. PBR identifies key perspectives like tester, developer, and user. Reviewers follow procedures tailored to each perspective to systematically identify defects. PBR benefits include being systematic, focused, goal-oriented, and the procedures can be transferred through training. Requirements engineering involves social and cultural issues as it requires interaction between clients, engineers, and other stakeholders who may have different backgrounds. Key social issues include managing relationships and communication between different teams and organizations involved in requirements development.
The document discusses the requirements engineering process, which includes establishing the services required of a system and the constraints on its operation. It involves tasks like requirements elicitation, analysis, specification, validation and management. These help understand what users want from the software and its business impact. The document outlines the various stages of requirements engineering like feasibility studies, elicitation, analysis, specification and validation. It also describes different types of requirements like functional, non-functional and their characteristics.
The document discusses the process of requirements engineering. It begins by defining requirements engineering as the process of defining, documenting, and maintaining requirements. It then outlines the key tasks in requirements engineering: inception, elicitation, elaboration, negotiation, specification, validation, and management. For each task, it provides details on the goals and steps involved. Overall, the document provides a comprehensive overview of requirements engineering and the various activities that comprise the process.
HBase In Action - Chapter 04: HBase table designphanleson
HBase In Action - Chapter 04: HBase table design
Learning HBase, Real-time Access to Your Big Data, Data Manipulation at Scale, Big Data, Text Mining, HBase, Deploying HBase
HBase In Action - Chapter 10 - Operationsphanleson
HBase In Action - Chapter 10: Operations
Learning HBase, Real-time Access to Your Big Data, Data Manipulation at Scale, Big Data, Text Mining, HBase, Deploying HBase
Hbase in action - Chapter 09: Deploying HBasephanleson
Hbase in action - Chapter 09: Deploying HBase
Learning HBase, Real-time Access to Your Big Data, Data Manipulation at Scale, Big Data, Text Mining, HBase, Deploying HBase
This chapter discusses Spark Streaming and provides an overview of its key concepts. It describes the architecture and abstractions in Spark Streaming including transformations on data streams. It also covers input sources, output operations, fault tolerance mechanisms, and performance considerations for Spark Streaming applications. The chapter concludes by noting how knowledge from Spark can be applied to streaming and real-time applications.
This chapter discusses Spark SQL, which allows querying Spark data with SQL. It covers initializing Spark SQL, loading data from sources like Hive, Parquet, JSON and RDDs, caching data, writing UDFs, and performance tuning. The JDBC server allows sharing cached tables and queries between programs. SchemaRDDs returned by queries or loaded from data represent the data structure that SQL queries operate on.
Learning spark ch07 - Running on a Clusterphanleson
This chapter discusses running Spark applications on a cluster. It describes Spark's runtime architecture with a driver program and executor processes. It also covers options for deploying Spark, including the standalone cluster manager, Hadoop YARN, Apache Mesos, and Amazon EC2. The chapter provides guidance on configuring resources, packaging code, and choosing a cluster manager based on needs.
This chapter introduces advanced Spark programming features such as accumulators, broadcast variables, working on a per-partition basis, piping to external programs, and numeric RDD operations. It discusses how accumulators aggregate information across partitions, broadcast variables efficiently distribute large read-only values, and how to optimize these processes. It also covers running custom code on each partition, interfacing with other programs, and built-in numeric RDD functionality. The chapter aims to expand on core Spark concepts and functionality.
Learning spark ch04 - Working with Key/Value Pairsphanleson
Learning spark ch04 - Working with Key/Value Pairs
Course : Introduction to Big Data with Apache Spark : http://ouo.io/Mqc8L5
Course : Spark Fundamentals I : http://ouo.io/eiuoV
Course : Functional Programming Principles in Scala : http://ouo.io/rh4vv
Learning spark ch01 - Introduction to Data Analysis with Sparkphanleson
Learning spark ch01 - Introduction to Data Analysis with Spark
References to Spark Course
Course : Introduction to Big Data with Apache Spark : http://ouo.io/Mqc8L5
Course : Spark Fundamentals I : http://ouo.io/eiuoV
Course : Functional Programming Principles in Scala : http://ouo.io/rh4vv
XML FOR DUMMIES
The document is a chapter from the book "XML for Dummies" that introduces XML. It discusses what XML is, including that it is a markup language and is flexible for exchanging data. It also examines common uses of XML such as classifying information, enforcing rules on data, and outputting information in different ways. Additionally, it clarifies what XML is not, namely that it is not just for web pages, not a database, and not a programming language. The chapter concludes by discussing how to build an XML document using editors that facilitate markup and enforce document rules.
This document discusses the differences between HTML, XML, and XHTML. It covers how XHTML combines the structure of XML with the familiar tags of HTML. Key points include:
- HTML was designed for displaying web pages, XML for data exchange, and XHTML uses HTML tags with XML syntax.
- XML allows custom tags, separates content from presentation, and is self-describing, while HTML focuses on display.
- Converting to XHTML requires following XML syntax rules like closing all tags, using empty element syntax, proper nesting, and lowercase tags and attribute quotes.
The document discusses various uses of XML including moving legacy data like spreadsheets and databases into XML format, using XML for web pages and print publishing, creating business forms with XML, and incorporating XML into business processes. It also provides an overview of related XML technologies such as XSLT, XPath, XForms, SOAP, and others.
The document discusses establishing a service-oriented architecture (SOA) through a step-by-step process. It recommends starting with a pilot project to test technical and architectural decisions on a small scale before growing SOA into a general strategy. Governance is important to guide the process and avoid issues, led by a central SOA team. SOA requires both technical infrastructure and organizational changes, and its success relies on leadership, management support, collaboration, and an iterative approach.
Lecture 18 - Model-Driven Service Developmentphanleson
This document discusses model-driven service development (MDSD). MDSD involves generating code for both service providers and consumers based on models or descriptions of services. Code generators can be used to produce common code structures for different services, reducing duplication. Models define services and their properties, and may be represented using different notations like UML or XML. Meta-models define the structure of models. MDSD processes involve defining meta-models, creating models, transforming models using generators to produce code, and setting up consumer-driven or provider-driven transformation workflows.
This chapter discusses technical details related to services and states. It begins by clarifying terminology around stateless and stateful services, noting there can be state involved even with stateless services depending on perspective. It then examines stateless services in more detail, providing examples, before discussing stateful services and different approaches to implementing stateful functionality like shopping carts. The chapter notes reasons why stateless services are generally preferable but also why stateful services have valid uses in certain situations. It concludes by discussing idempotent services and how idempotency allows services to be safely retried without adverse effects.
Message exchange patterns (MEPs) define the order and direction of message exchanges between distributed systems. The basic MEPs are request/response, where a consumer sends a request and waits for a response, and one-way, where a message is sent without an expected response. More complex patterns include request/callback for asynchronous responses, publish/subscribe for one-way notifications, and approaches for handling errors. MEPs can vary between layers, and event-driven architectures use events as asynchronous messages to decouple systems into process chains.
This chapter discusses situating SOA in the overall architecture context. It examines different models for visualizing SOA-based landscapes, including logical, mixed, and technical models. The chapter also addresses integrating SOA with frontends and backends, such as dividing responsibilities, multi-channel scenarios, and future task management.
L'indice de performance des ports à conteneurs de l'année 2023SPATPortToamasina
Une évaluation comparable de la performance basée sur le temps d'escale des navires
L'objectif de l'ICPP est d'identifier les domaines d'amélioration qui peuvent en fin de compte bénéficier à toutes les parties concernées, des compagnies maritimes aux gouvernements nationaux en passant par les consommateurs. Il est conçu pour servir de point de référence aux principaux acteurs de l'économie mondiale, notamment les autorités et les opérateurs portuaires, les gouvernements nationaux, les organisations supranationales, les agences de développement, les divers intérêts maritimes et d'autres acteurs publics et privés du commerce, de la logistique et des services de la chaîne d'approvisionnement.
Le développement de l'ICPP repose sur le temps total passé par les porte-conteneurs dans les ports, de la manière expliquée dans les sections suivantes du rapport, et comme dans les itérations précédentes de l'ICPP. Cette quatrième itération utilise des données pour l'année civile complète 2023. Elle poursuit le changement introduit l'année dernière en n'incluant que les ports qui ont eu un minimum de 24 escales valides au cours de la période de 12 mois de l'étude. Le nombre de ports inclus dans l'ICPP 2023 est de 405.
Comme dans les éditions précédentes de l'ICPP, la production du classement fait appel à deux approches méthodologiques différentes : une approche administrative, ou technique, une méthodologie pragmatique reflétant les connaissances et le jugement des experts ; et une approche statistique, utilisant l'analyse factorielle (AF), ou plus précisément la factorisation matricielle. L'utilisation de ces deux approches vise à garantir que le classement des performances des ports à conteneurs reflète le plus fidèlement possible les performances réelles des ports, tout en étant statistiquement robuste.
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Adani Group's Active Interest In Increasing Its Presence in the Cement Manufa...Adani case
Time and again, the business group has taken up new business ventures, each of which has allowed it to expand its horizons further and reach new heights. Even amidst the Adani CBI Investigation, the firm has always focused on improving its cement business.
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