This document discusses urinary tract infections (UTIs). It notes that UTIs can affect the lower urinary tract (bladder) or upper urinary tract (kidneys). Bacteria normally found in the intestines can enter the urethra and travel upwards, causing infection in the bladder or kidneys if not treated. Common symptoms include urges to urinate and painful urination. Treatment involves antibiotics and preventing bacteria from entering the urethra through hygiene and dietary habits. UTIs are diagnosed through urine tests and patient history.

1. ARYA G
MAHESWARI H
SWETHA

2.  A urinary tract infection (UTI) is
an infection that affects any part of
the urinary tract. When it affects the lower
urinary tract it is known as a bladder
infection (cystitis) and when it affects the
upper urinary tract it is known as kidney
infection (pyelonephritiss).
 It is the second most common infection
in the body.

3.  The urine is normally sterile. An infection
occurs when bacteria get into the urine and
begin to grow. The infection usually starts at
the opening of the urethra where the urine
leaves the body and moves upward into the
urinary tract.
 The bacteria can travel up the urethra to the
bladder, where they can grow and cause
an infection.

4.  Women are especially prone to UTIs because
they have shorter urethras, which allow bacteria
quick access to the bladder.
 Bacteria from the large intestine, such as
E. coli, are in the perfect position to escape the
anus and invade the urethra. From there, they
can travel up to the bladder, and if the infection
isn't treated, continue on to infect the kidneys.

5.  Strong and frequent urge to urinate
 Cloudy, bloody, or strong smelling urine
 Slight blood in the urine
 Pain or burning sensation when urinating
 Nausea and vomiting
 Muscle aches and abdominal pains

6.  Wipe from front to back . Doing so after
urinating and after a bowel movement helps
prevent bacteria in anal region.
 Drink lots of water to help flush bacteria
 Load up with vitamin C.
 Keep your genital area dry by wearing cotton
underwear and loose-fitting clothes.
 Drink cranberry juice.

8. Diagnosis is based on the patient’s symptoms,
medical history, medications, habits and lifestyle.
A UTI is confirmed by a physical examination and
lab tests.
The doctor may perform a urine dipstick, which will
give results in a matter of minutes.
A doctor will sometimes test a “midstream” urine
sample for pus and bacteria. A sensitivity test
helps determine the exact bacteria causing the
Problem.

9. The drugs most often used to treat uncomplicated UTIs are:
•Trimethoprim
•Trimethoprim/ Sulfamethoxaole
•Amoxicilin
•Nitrofurantin
•Ampicillin
Often, a UTI can be cured with 1 or 2 days of treatment if the
infection is not complicated by an obstruction or other disorder.

12.  Kidney stones are hard deposits of minerals
and acid salts that stick together in
concentrated urine. They can be painful
when passing through the urinary tract, but
usually don't cause permanent damage.

13.  Severe pain in the groin and/or side
 Blood in urine
 Vomiting and nausea
 White blood cells or pus in the urine
 Reduced amount of urine excreted
 Burning sensation during urination
 Persistent urge to urinate
 Fever and chills (if there is an infection)

14.  Not drinking enough water.
 Medical conditions
• Gout
• Inflammatory bowel disease such
as Crohn's disease.

15.  Drink plenty of water
 Get the calcium you need
 Reduce sodium
 Limit animal protein
 Avoid stone-forming foods