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Urinary prensentation
- 2. The Urinary System Paired kidneys A ureter for each kidney Urinary bladder Urethra
- 4. SHAPE AND SIZE It is bean shaped organ. Measure about 12 cm long 6cm wide 3 cm thick
- 5. Poles margins and surfaces The kidney has: 2 poles a-upper pole b-lower pole 2 surfaces a-anterior b-posterior
- 10. Ureter The ureters arise from the pelvis of each kidney The ureters are tubes made of smooth muscle fibers that propel urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder In the adult, the ureters are usually 25–30 cm (10–12 in) long and ~3–4 mm in diameter.
- 12. urinary bladder The urinary bladder is a hollow muscular organ that collects urine from the kidneys before disposal by urination Urine is made in the kidneys, and travels down two tubes called ureters to the bladder The normal capacity of the bladder is 400 to 600 mL
- 13. During urination, the bladder muscles contract, and two sphincters (valves) open to allow urine to flow out. Urine exits the bladder into the urethra, which carries urine out of the body.
- 14. Its size shape and location vary with the amount of urine it contains FILLED BLADDER 12.5cm long EMPTY BLADDER 5 _7.5cm long
- 15. Urethra It is a duct begins at the neck of bladder and ends by opening to outside The urethra is the passageway between the bladder and the external part of the body, which allows urine to be excreted from the body.
- 16. MALE URETHRA 20 cm long FEMALE URETHRA 4 cm long
- 19. Urinary Tract Disorders 1)Urinary Tract Infections A)Urethritis b)Cystitis c)Pyelonephritis 2)Inflammatory disorders a)Glomerulonephritis b)Nephrotic syndrome 3)Urinary tract obstruction
- 20. 4)Congenital disorders a)Polycystic kidneys b)Wilm’s tumor (nephroblastoma) 5)Renal failure a)Acute b)Chronic
- 23. 1)Urinary Tract Infections A)URETHRITIS It is the infection and inflammation of urethra. CAUSES E. coli and other bacteria present in stool The herpes simplex virus can also cause urethritis. Trichomonas is another cause of urethritis. It is a single-celled organism that is sexually transmitted
- 24. Signs and symptoms Burning on urination Frequent urination with only small amounts of urine passed on each occasion Urgent need to urinate Bloody discharge Blood in the urine Yellowish discharge from the urethra Itching or irritation around the opening of the penis Lower abdominal pain
- 27. b)Cystitis A urinary tract infection (UTI) also known as bladder infection an infection that affects part of the lower urinary tract. CAUSES E. coli causes this disease
- 28. Signs and Symptoms of Cystitis Blood mixed urine Dark or cloudy urine Smelly urine Pain above the pubic bone, lower back or abdomen Difficulty in passing urine Frequency Burning sensation on urination High fever (100.4F) Irritability Loss of appetite Vomiting
- 31. C) Pyelonephritis infection that affects part of the urinary tract when it affects the upper urinary tract it is known as pyelonephritis (a kidney infection). CAUSES E. coli causes this disease
- 32. TYPES Acute – Sudden and self-limiting type effectively treated with antibiotics, and rarely cause any long lasting damage to the kidneys. Chronic – A rare type caused by birth defects in the kidney and present as recurrent urinary tract infections particularly in children. This will also result in progressive scarring of the kidneys.
- 33. Signs and symptoms Fever with chills and rigours back pain malaise Lethargy nausea, vomiting and confusion with signs associated with cystitis including, blood in urine, dark or cloudy urine pain on micturition increased frequency and urgency of urination.
- 37. a)Glomerulonephritis (GN): Acute inflammation of the kidney, Causes: Acute GN can be a response to an infection such as strep throat or an abscessed tooth. Heavy use of nonsteroidal anti- inflammatory drugs, such as ibuprofen and naproxen
- 38. Amyloidosis, which occurs when abnormal proteins (that can cause harm) build up in your organs and tissues It may be due to problems with immune system overreacting to the infection.
- 39. Symptoms Puffiness in the face (edema) Urinating less often Blood in your urine (dark, rust- colored urine) Extra fluid in your lungs, causing coughing High blood pressure
- 40. chronic form of GN can develop over several years with no or very few symptoms This can cause irreversible damage to your kidneys ultimately lead to complete kidney failure
- 41. Causes A genetic disease certain immune diseases a history of cancer exposure to some hydrocarbon solvents
- 42. Signs and symptoms blood or excess protein in your urine, which may be microscopic and show up in urine tests high blood pressure swelling in your ankles and face frequent nighttime urination bubbly or foamy urine, from excess protein abdominal pain
- 45. B)Nephrotic syndrome: Nephrotic syndrome is a kidney disorder that causes body to excrete too much protein in your urine. combination of proteinuria with a low serum albumin level and edema.
- 46. Causes Nephrotic syndrome is usually caused by damage to the clusters of small blood vessels in kidneys that filter waste and excess water from your blood.
- 47. Many possible causes Many diseases and conditions can cause glomerular damage and lead to nephrotic syndrome, including
- 48. Minimal change disease. The most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in children this disorder results in abnormal kidney function, but when the kidney tissue is examined under a microscope, it appears normal or nearly normal The cause of the abnormal function typically can't be determined.
- 49. Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. Characterized by scattered scarring of some of the glomeruli this condition may result from another disease or a genetic defect or occur for no known reason
- 50. Membranous nephropathy. This kidney disorder is the result of thickening membranes within the glomeruli The exact cause of the thickening isn't known, but it's sometimes associated with other medical conditions, such as hepatitis B, malaria and cancer.
- 51. Diabetic kidney disease. Diabetes can lead to kidney damage (diabetic nephropathy) that affects the glomeruli. Amyloidosis. This disorder occurs when substances called amyloid proteins accumulate in your organs ,often affects the kidneys, damaging their filtering system.
- 52. Blood clot in a kidney vein. Renal vein thrombosis, which occurs when a blood clot blocks a vein connected to the kidney, can cause nephrotic syndrome. Heart failure Some forms of heart failure, such as severe right heart failure, can cause nephrotic syndrome.
- 53. Other Signs and Symptoms Puffiness around the eyes characteristically in the morning. Pitting edema over the legs. Fluid in the pleural cavity causing pleural effusion Fluid in the peritoneal cavity causing ascites Generalized edema throughout the body known as anasarca.
- 55. 3) Obstructive Disorders A)Renal calculi: Kidney Stones solid masses made of crystals Originate in renal pelvis Form when an excess of insoluble salts or uric acid crystallizes in the urine
- 56. Calcium stones Most common May have a hereditary component made of calcium oxalate (most common), phosphate, or maleate. Eating fewer oxalate-rich foods can reduce your risk of developing this type of stone. High-oxalate foods include potato chips, peanuts, chocolate, beets, and spinach.
- 57. Uric acid stones More common in women They can occur in people with gout or those going through chemotherapy. when urine is too acidic. A diet rich in purines can increase urine’s acidic level. Purine is a colorless substance in animal proteins, such as fish, shellfish, and meats.
- 58. Struvite stones mostly in women with urinary tract infections. large and cause urinary obstruction. caused by a kidney infection Treating an underlying infection can prevent the development of struvite stones
- 59. Cystine stones rare occur in both men and women who have the genetic disorder cystinuria. With this type of stone, cystine — an acid that occurs naturally in the body — leaks from the kidneys into the urine.
- 60. Risk factors occur b/w ages of 20-40 dehydration obesity high-protein, salt, or glucose diet hyperparathyroid condition inflammatory bowel diseases that increase calcium absorption taking medications such as diuretics, anti-seizure drugs, and calcium-based antacids
- 61. Signs and symptoms severe pain,renal colic Restlessness blood in the urine (red, pink, or brown urine) vomiting nausea discolored or foul-smelling urine chills fever frequent need to urinate urinating small amounts of urine
- 62. Testing blood tests for calcium, phosphorus, uric acid, and electrolytes blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine to assess kidney functioning urinalysis to check for crystals, bacteria, blood, and white cells examination of passed stones to determine type USG KUB, XRAY, CT
- 64. b)Hydronephrosis There is accumulation of fluid in Renal calyces, pelvis, and renal sinus. Symptoms: pain in the abdomen or flank nausea vomiting pain when urinating Incomplete voiding a fever
- 65. Causes acute unilateral obstructive uropathy. This is a sudden development of an obstruction in one of your ureters. most common cause for this blockage is a kidney stone, but scarring and blood clots can also cause acute unilateral obstructive uropathy. A blocked ureter can cause urine to go back up into the kidney, which causes swelling(vesicoureteric reflux (VUR).
- 66. Causes: Ureteropelvic Junction obstruction an enlarged prostate gland in men, which can be due to BPH or prostatitis pregnancy, which causes a compression due to a growing fetus tumors in or near the ureter a narrowing of the ureter from an injury or birth defect
- 69. A)Polycystic Kidneys Disease (PKD): It is disorder in which clusters of cysts develops primarily within kidneys Cysts are noncancerous round sacs containing water-like fluid Risk Factors: cause cysts to develop in your liver and elsewhere High blood pressure Kidney failure
- 70. Symptoms: High blood pressure Back or side pain Headache A feeling of fullness in your abdomen Increased size of your abdomen due to enlarged kidneys Blood in your urine Kidney stones Kidney failure Urinary tract or kidney infections
- 71. CAUSES GENETIC FACTORS CONTRACEPTICS USE USE OF NEPHROTOXIC DRUGS HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE HORMONAL IMBALANCE
- 73. 5)Renal failure
- 74. A)ACUTE RENAL FAILURE/ SHUTDOWN: In acute renal failure kidneys suddenly stop working. Kidney failure occurs when your kidneys lose the ability to filter waste from your blood sufficiently
- 75. factors interfere with your kidney toxic exposure to environmental pollutants or certain medications certain acute and chronic diseases severe dehydration kidney trauma
- 76. Symptoms Sometimes none are present A reduced amount of urine swelling of your legs, ankles, and feet from retention of fluids caused by the failure of your kidneys to eliminate water waste unexplained shortness of breath excessive drowsiness or fatigue persistent nausea confusion seizures coma
- 77. Causes Loss of blood flow to the kidneys A sudden loss of blood flow to your kidneys can prompt kidney failure. Some diseases and conditions that cause loss of blood flow to the kidneys include: a heart attack heart disease scarring of the liver or liver failure dehydration a severe burn an allergic reaction a severe infection, such as sepsis
- 78. EFFECTS OF ACUTE RENAL FAILURE Salt and water retention Hypertension Edema UraemiA Acidosis
- 79. B) CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE: In it progressively more nephrons are destroyed until kidneys stop working.
- 80. Chronic prerenal kidney failure When there isn’t enough blood flowing to the kidneys for an extended period of time, the kidneys begin to shrink and lose the ability to function.
- 81. Chronic intrinsic kidney failure This happens when there is long-term damage to the kidneys due to intrinsic kidney disease. Intrinsic kidney disease is caused by a direct trauma to the kidneys, such as severe bleeding or a lack of oxygen.
- 82. Chronic post-renal kidney failure A long-term blockage of the urinary tract prevents urination. This causes pressure and eventual kidney damage.
- 83. Diagnosis Urinalysis Urine volume measurements Blood samples Imaging Tests such as ultrasounds, MRIs, and CT scans provide images of the kidneys themselves, along with the urinary tract.
- 85. HEMATURIA: Blood in urine. HAEMOGLOBINURIA: Presence of free haemoglobin in urine. PYOURIA: Pus in urine POLYUREIA: Large volume of urine at a time.
- 86. OLIGOURIA: Small volume of urine at a time ANURIA: Complete suppression of urine flow NOCTURIA: Excessive urine at night MELTURIA: Presence of any type of sugar in urine GLYCOSURIA: Presence of glucose in urine
Editor's Notes
- acetone, acetonitrile, benzene, dioxane, gasoline, hexane, kerosene, methanol, phenol, styrene, toluene, turpentine, xylene,
- Symptoms of kidney stones may not occur until the stone begins to move down the ureters