ESWL uses shock waves to break up kidney stones into smaller pieces that can pass through the urinary tract. A UTI is caused by bacterial infection entering through the urethra, causing painful urination and other symptoms, and is diagnosed via urinalysis and treated with antibiotics. ARF is the sudden loss of kidney function within 48 hours that prevents waste filtration, due to issues with blood flow, kidney damage, or urinary tract blockage, diagnosed via urine output and blood tests and treated by managing fluids and diet. CRF is a progressive worsening of kidney disease over time that causes waste buildup, diagnosed via blood tests and imaging, and treated by controlling underlying causes and performing dialysis or transplant if