An introduction to the growing area of urban agriculture, including its public health and environmental health implications, its challenges, its food safety connections, and role of public health professionals should play.
This document provides an introduction and overview of nurseries. It defines a nursery as a place where young seedlings or trees are raised for planting. Forest nurseries specifically raise seedlings for forest planting. Key reasons for forest nurseries include reforestation of abandoned farmland, areas damaged by fires, and making seedlings available for planting. The document describes different types of nurseries based on water availability and duration. It also lists several factors that determine the success of nursery stock production, such as site selection, cultural methods, and elimination of preventable losses. Finally, it provides details on nursery site layout and some pre-sowing and weeding techniques.
Urban agriculture involves cultivating, processing, and distributing food in and around cities. As populations grow and environmental impacts increase, urban agriculture can help address food security issues by producing food closer to populations. Urban agriculture takes many forms, from micro-farming in and around homes, to community gardens, institutional gardens, and various small-scale commercial farms raising plants, livestock, and fish. It is a creative solution to challenges cities face in feeding their residents.
This presentation by Dr Renata Giedych from the Warsaw University of Life Sciences focuses on the role of urban agriculture in food security, leisure and economic development. It also shows the risks and benefits of urban agriculture.
Urban agriculture is the practice of cultivating food in and around cities. It has a long history, including techniques used by ancient Mesoamerican civilizations like the Chinampa and terraced agriculture in Machu Picchu. Modern urban agriculture has objectives like increasing food security and quality while being environmentally sustainable. It takes various forms like urban farming, rooftop gardens, vertical gardens, aquaculture, and vermicomposting. Mexico has implemented several urban agriculture projects and organizations that promote techniques like rooftop gardens, aquaponics, and vermicomposting to improve sustainable local food production.
Urban forests provide important environmental and economic benefits such as improving air and water quality, mitigating climate change, and reducing energy costs. They are managed through urban forestry programs to maximize these benefits. However, urban foresters face challenges from issues like climate change and pollution. Despite these challenges, urban forestry continues to improve because of the wide-ranging benefits that urban forests provide to both the environment and economy.
The document discusses six basic principles of landscape design: unity, variety, balance, sequence, simplicity, and proportions. It provides descriptions and examples for each principle. Variety is achieved through lines, forms, textures and colors to prevent monotony. Balance can be symmetrical, with matching elements on both sides, or asymmetrical without exact matches. Simplicity involves reducing nonessential features to avoid chaos. Proportions refer to the size of elements relative to each other. The document also discusses key elements of landscape design like color, form, line of sight, scale, texture, and the roles of water and rock in landscapes.
This document discusses various grazing systems and management techniques. It begins by defining grazing and describing two main types: grazing by herbivores and grazing as an agricultural method. It then outlines 17 different grazing systems including continuous grazing, simple rotational grazing, intensive rotational grazing, deferred rotation, rest rotation, controlled grazing, strip grazing, creep grazing, forward grazing, year-round grazing, mixed species grazing, high intensity/low frequency grazing, short duration grazing, seasonal grazing, targeted grazing, patch-burn grazing, and mob grazing. It concludes by discussing grazing management techniques for controlling how, when and where livestock graze to maximize pasture quality and productivity while avoiding over or undergrazing.
The document discusses the philosophy of extension education. It provides definitions of philosophy and discusses key thinkers in the philosophy of extension education. Kelsey and Hearne believed extension education should teach people how to think, not what to think. Ensimger's concept was that extension is an educational process that causes behavioral changes and helps people help themselves through learning by doing. Dahama's concept was that extension is based on self-help, seeing people as the greatest resource, cooperation, democracy, two-way knowledge sharing, interest through seeing and doing, voluntary participation, persuasion, attitudes and values of people, and is an ongoing process. The conclusion is that extension philosophy is based on the importance of individuals and cooperation to help rural
This document provides an introduction and overview of nurseries. It defines a nursery as a place where young seedlings or trees are raised for planting. Forest nurseries specifically raise seedlings for forest planting. Key reasons for forest nurseries include reforestation of abandoned farmland, areas damaged by fires, and making seedlings available for planting. The document describes different types of nurseries based on water availability and duration. It also lists several factors that determine the success of nursery stock production, such as site selection, cultural methods, and elimination of preventable losses. Finally, it provides details on nursery site layout and some pre-sowing and weeding techniques.
Urban agriculture involves cultivating, processing, and distributing food in and around cities. As populations grow and environmental impacts increase, urban agriculture can help address food security issues by producing food closer to populations. Urban agriculture takes many forms, from micro-farming in and around homes, to community gardens, institutional gardens, and various small-scale commercial farms raising plants, livestock, and fish. It is a creative solution to challenges cities face in feeding their residents.
This presentation by Dr Renata Giedych from the Warsaw University of Life Sciences focuses on the role of urban agriculture in food security, leisure and economic development. It also shows the risks and benefits of urban agriculture.
Urban agriculture is the practice of cultivating food in and around cities. It has a long history, including techniques used by ancient Mesoamerican civilizations like the Chinampa and terraced agriculture in Machu Picchu. Modern urban agriculture has objectives like increasing food security and quality while being environmentally sustainable. It takes various forms like urban farming, rooftop gardens, vertical gardens, aquaculture, and vermicomposting. Mexico has implemented several urban agriculture projects and organizations that promote techniques like rooftop gardens, aquaponics, and vermicomposting to improve sustainable local food production.
Urban forests provide important environmental and economic benefits such as improving air and water quality, mitigating climate change, and reducing energy costs. They are managed through urban forestry programs to maximize these benefits. However, urban foresters face challenges from issues like climate change and pollution. Despite these challenges, urban forestry continues to improve because of the wide-ranging benefits that urban forests provide to both the environment and economy.
The document discusses six basic principles of landscape design: unity, variety, balance, sequence, simplicity, and proportions. It provides descriptions and examples for each principle. Variety is achieved through lines, forms, textures and colors to prevent monotony. Balance can be symmetrical, with matching elements on both sides, or asymmetrical without exact matches. Simplicity involves reducing nonessential features to avoid chaos. Proportions refer to the size of elements relative to each other. The document also discusses key elements of landscape design like color, form, line of sight, scale, texture, and the roles of water and rock in landscapes.
This document discusses various grazing systems and management techniques. It begins by defining grazing and describing two main types: grazing by herbivores and grazing as an agricultural method. It then outlines 17 different grazing systems including continuous grazing, simple rotational grazing, intensive rotational grazing, deferred rotation, rest rotation, controlled grazing, strip grazing, creep grazing, forward grazing, year-round grazing, mixed species grazing, high intensity/low frequency grazing, short duration grazing, seasonal grazing, targeted grazing, patch-burn grazing, and mob grazing. It concludes by discussing grazing management techniques for controlling how, when and where livestock graze to maximize pasture quality and productivity while avoiding over or undergrazing.
The document discusses the philosophy of extension education. It provides definitions of philosophy and discusses key thinkers in the philosophy of extension education. Kelsey and Hearne believed extension education should teach people how to think, not what to think. Ensimger's concept was that extension is an educational process that causes behavioral changes and helps people help themselves through learning by doing. Dahama's concept was that extension is based on self-help, seeing people as the greatest resource, cooperation, democracy, two-way knowledge sharing, interest through seeing and doing, voluntary participation, persuasion, attitudes and values of people, and is an ongoing process. The conclusion is that extension philosophy is based on the importance of individuals and cooperation to help rural
Grass and legumes increase the aggregation of soil particles, improvement soil structure and water holding capacity of the soil. Grasses give quicker protection to eroded lands.To established gully sides, water-ways, gully heads and check dams, grass is perhaps the most effective and economical tool. It can be put to various uses in soil conservation, viz; Strip cropping, rotational cropping or lay farming. Stabilization of bunds and terraces. Stabilization of gullies, diversion or drainage channels. Stabilization of sand dunes. Meadows and pastures on steep slops. Fertility builder for eroded soil.
This document provides an introduction to an urban agriculture course. It discusses definitions of urban agriculture, noting that over half the world's population lives in cities. Reasons for urban agriculture include issues of food security, environmental sustainability, and community development. Examples of urban agriculture are discussed for different regions, including Los Angeles. The history of urban agriculture is reviewed, from victory gardens to current initiatives. Methods and considerations for urban agriculture are also introduced.
Agroforestry for livelihood support in rural areaSaumya Mohapatra
The document discusses various agroforestry practices and their benefits. It provides information on different agroforestry systems commonly practiced in Asia and Africa like improved fallow, alley cropping, silvopasture, homegardens, windbreaks, and agrisilviculture. It also summarizes case studies on agroforestry projects implemented in India that have increased farmers' incomes and tree cover. Additionally, it outlines the income sources and contributions of trees from agroforestry systems in sub-Saharan Africa.
A look inot the histroy of Permaculture adn its roots. Then a look into the state of the world very briefly. Following that an examination of each of the principles laid out by Bill Mollison in the book Introduction to Permaculture. Finally ending with a few pictures that provide looks into Permaculture Management techniques reflecting these design principles.
This document describes the pit composting method. Pit composting involves digging a pit in the ground and filling it with layers of organic materials like plant waste, manure, and kitchen scraps. The layers are alternated with a liquid inoculant and kept moist. After several months, the organic material will have decomposed to produce compost. Benefits of pit composting include containing odors and being inexpensive and simple to implement, though it requires more labor than other composting methods and lacks aeration.
This document provides information on the benefits and costs of trees, methods for appraising and valuing trees, regulatory and legal issues related to urban forestry, and topics for information and education. It discusses the sociological and environmental impacts of trees, approaches for appraising trees including replacement costs and community appraisal software. It also outlines considerations for tree selection, management of insects and diseases, protections, inventories, and standards like LEED and SITES.
This document provides an overview of forage crops with a focus on Egyptian clover (Trifolium alexandrinum). It discusses the definition of forage crops as crops grown for animal feed, including alfalfa, corn, clover, cowpea, and soybean. The document then describes Egyptian clover in more detail, highlighting that it is the most important forage crop in Egypt. It discusses the climatic requirements, soil conditions, varieties, planting times, fertilization, irrigation, harvesting, and seed production of Egyptian clover.
Integarted farming is suggested for efficient utilization of resourses by small and marginal farmares to improve their income or economic status in addition to improving the nutrition status of their family. finally improves the livelihood as integration is the best approach for maximum utilisation of resourses.
This document provides information on various types of agroforestry systems including agrisilviculture, shifting cultivation, taungya system, and intercropping. It defines agroforestry as a land management system involving trees and agricultural crops grown together. The key types of agroforestry systems discussed are agrisilviculture, silvipastoral, agrisilvipastoral, and hortisilviculture. Shifting cultivation and taungya systems integrate trees with annual crops but require farmers to periodically clear new plots of land. Intercropping involves growing tree and crop components simultaneously in arrangements like border planting, alternate rows, or strips.
This document outlines 8 types of urban agriculture: micro-farming around homes; community gardening; institutional gardens; small-scale commercial plant and animal production; specialized small farms; larger commercial farms; and multi-functional farms that integrate multiple activities. The types range from household gardens to larger commercial operations and include both plant and animal production within urban and nearby areas.
Fodder crops are crops that are primarily cultivated for animal feed. They include both temporary and permanent crops. Temporary crops include grasses, legumes, and root crops that are harvested green and can have multiple cuttings per year. Permanent crops relate to land used for at least five years for herbaceous forage crops and may include grazing land and parts of forest land. Examples of temporary fodder crops discussed are cowpea, desmanthus, fodder maize, and fodder sorghum. Permanent grass fodder crops mentioned are hybrid napier, guinea grass. Tree fodder includes subabul and glyricidia.
**needs updates and improvement
this slides are made with excerpts from other sources like, books,publication, journals, magazines and on-line sources.No plagiarism intended.
intended for the review in the upcoming may 2015 agriculture major admission test of Cavite State University.
for inquiries email me at: darkspot0713@gmail.com
Urban farming has several benefits for cities and their residents. It allows for the utilization of unused rooftop and other open spaces for vegetable farms, which can produce up to 10% of a city's vegetable supply. Producing food locally eliminates the need for long-distance transportation of produce and its associated costs and environmental impacts. Urban farms also provide economic and social benefits by creating jobs, strengthening community ties, and educating youth.
Ruminants play an important role in integrated farming systems by recycling nutrients and improving soil fertility. An integrated farming system combines components like crop-livestock, agri-silviculture, and agri-horticulture. Ruminants contribute to food and nutritional security, manure production, fuel, cash, and biogas utilization. They also support the economy through employment, by-products, and environmental protection by improving soil fertility and reducing water pollution. Ruminants aid nutrient transfer between components and supply manure for crops. Integrating ruminants like cows, buffalo, goats, and sheep with crops and trees optimizes resource use and increases productivity, profits, and employment while improving sustainability.
Regenerative Agriculture as a Farming SolutionNelCoetzee
By: Jay Fuhrer. Rebuilding and maintaining life in the soil is directly linked to the longevity and reliability of our future agriculture; recognizing plants, animals, and soils evolved together over geological time
Extension education process, principles and philosophyGBPUA&T, Pantnagar
This document outlines key principles of agricultural extension. It discusses collecting information about community problems and resources through surveys. It emphasizes setting realistic objectives that satisfy the community and result in behavioral and economic changes. It also stresses teaching research-based solutions relevant to the community and evaluating outcomes through re-surveys to measure success and identify deficiencies. The extension program should be reconsidered based on evaluation results, with problems identified becoming the starting point for the next phase.
SALT is a diversified farming system which can be considered agroforestry since rows of permanent shrubs like coffee, cacao, citrus and other fruit trees are dispersed throughout the farm plot.
The strips not occupied by permanent crops, however, are planted alternately to cereals (corn, upland rice, sorghum, etc.) or other crops (sweet potato, melon, pineapple, castor bean, etc.) and legumes (soybean, mung bean, peanut, etc.).
This document discusses farm yard manure (FYM), including its definition, chemical composition, and methods of collection and storage. It provides the average percentages of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) in the fresh excreta of common farm animals. It also lists factors that influence the composition of FYM and potential losses during handling and storage of FYM, such as loss of liquid/urine, loss of solids/dung, leaching, and volatilization.
This document provides an introduction to forestry and includes questions related to key forestry terms and concepts. It covers topics such as the history and definition of forestry, important figures in the field, different types of forests and their classification, forest management techniques like thinning and regeneration, and forestry instruments. The questions test knowledge of these foundational forestry topics through multiple choice and true/false questions.
Reasonable Supplements to Traditional Farming
Touches on why traditional farming alone will not sustain us in the future and what some solutions are - such as hydroponics, vertical farming, and aquaponics.
Grass and legumes increase the aggregation of soil particles, improvement soil structure and water holding capacity of the soil. Grasses give quicker protection to eroded lands.To established gully sides, water-ways, gully heads and check dams, grass is perhaps the most effective and economical tool. It can be put to various uses in soil conservation, viz; Strip cropping, rotational cropping or lay farming. Stabilization of bunds and terraces. Stabilization of gullies, diversion or drainage channels. Stabilization of sand dunes. Meadows and pastures on steep slops. Fertility builder for eroded soil.
This document provides an introduction to an urban agriculture course. It discusses definitions of urban agriculture, noting that over half the world's population lives in cities. Reasons for urban agriculture include issues of food security, environmental sustainability, and community development. Examples of urban agriculture are discussed for different regions, including Los Angeles. The history of urban agriculture is reviewed, from victory gardens to current initiatives. Methods and considerations for urban agriculture are also introduced.
Agroforestry for livelihood support in rural areaSaumya Mohapatra
The document discusses various agroforestry practices and their benefits. It provides information on different agroforestry systems commonly practiced in Asia and Africa like improved fallow, alley cropping, silvopasture, homegardens, windbreaks, and agrisilviculture. It also summarizes case studies on agroforestry projects implemented in India that have increased farmers' incomes and tree cover. Additionally, it outlines the income sources and contributions of trees from agroforestry systems in sub-Saharan Africa.
A look inot the histroy of Permaculture adn its roots. Then a look into the state of the world very briefly. Following that an examination of each of the principles laid out by Bill Mollison in the book Introduction to Permaculture. Finally ending with a few pictures that provide looks into Permaculture Management techniques reflecting these design principles.
This document describes the pit composting method. Pit composting involves digging a pit in the ground and filling it with layers of organic materials like plant waste, manure, and kitchen scraps. The layers are alternated with a liquid inoculant and kept moist. After several months, the organic material will have decomposed to produce compost. Benefits of pit composting include containing odors and being inexpensive and simple to implement, though it requires more labor than other composting methods and lacks aeration.
This document provides information on the benefits and costs of trees, methods for appraising and valuing trees, regulatory and legal issues related to urban forestry, and topics for information and education. It discusses the sociological and environmental impacts of trees, approaches for appraising trees including replacement costs and community appraisal software. It also outlines considerations for tree selection, management of insects and diseases, protections, inventories, and standards like LEED and SITES.
This document provides an overview of forage crops with a focus on Egyptian clover (Trifolium alexandrinum). It discusses the definition of forage crops as crops grown for animal feed, including alfalfa, corn, clover, cowpea, and soybean. The document then describes Egyptian clover in more detail, highlighting that it is the most important forage crop in Egypt. It discusses the climatic requirements, soil conditions, varieties, planting times, fertilization, irrigation, harvesting, and seed production of Egyptian clover.
Integarted farming is suggested for efficient utilization of resourses by small and marginal farmares to improve their income or economic status in addition to improving the nutrition status of their family. finally improves the livelihood as integration is the best approach for maximum utilisation of resourses.
This document provides information on various types of agroforestry systems including agrisilviculture, shifting cultivation, taungya system, and intercropping. It defines agroforestry as a land management system involving trees and agricultural crops grown together. The key types of agroforestry systems discussed are agrisilviculture, silvipastoral, agrisilvipastoral, and hortisilviculture. Shifting cultivation and taungya systems integrate trees with annual crops but require farmers to periodically clear new plots of land. Intercropping involves growing tree and crop components simultaneously in arrangements like border planting, alternate rows, or strips.
This document outlines 8 types of urban agriculture: micro-farming around homes; community gardening; institutional gardens; small-scale commercial plant and animal production; specialized small farms; larger commercial farms; and multi-functional farms that integrate multiple activities. The types range from household gardens to larger commercial operations and include both plant and animal production within urban and nearby areas.
Fodder crops are crops that are primarily cultivated for animal feed. They include both temporary and permanent crops. Temporary crops include grasses, legumes, and root crops that are harvested green and can have multiple cuttings per year. Permanent crops relate to land used for at least five years for herbaceous forage crops and may include grazing land and parts of forest land. Examples of temporary fodder crops discussed are cowpea, desmanthus, fodder maize, and fodder sorghum. Permanent grass fodder crops mentioned are hybrid napier, guinea grass. Tree fodder includes subabul and glyricidia.
**needs updates and improvement
this slides are made with excerpts from other sources like, books,publication, journals, magazines and on-line sources.No plagiarism intended.
intended for the review in the upcoming may 2015 agriculture major admission test of Cavite State University.
for inquiries email me at: darkspot0713@gmail.com
Urban farming has several benefits for cities and their residents. It allows for the utilization of unused rooftop and other open spaces for vegetable farms, which can produce up to 10% of a city's vegetable supply. Producing food locally eliminates the need for long-distance transportation of produce and its associated costs and environmental impacts. Urban farms also provide economic and social benefits by creating jobs, strengthening community ties, and educating youth.
Ruminants play an important role in integrated farming systems by recycling nutrients and improving soil fertility. An integrated farming system combines components like crop-livestock, agri-silviculture, and agri-horticulture. Ruminants contribute to food and nutritional security, manure production, fuel, cash, and biogas utilization. They also support the economy through employment, by-products, and environmental protection by improving soil fertility and reducing water pollution. Ruminants aid nutrient transfer between components and supply manure for crops. Integrating ruminants like cows, buffalo, goats, and sheep with crops and trees optimizes resource use and increases productivity, profits, and employment while improving sustainability.
Regenerative Agriculture as a Farming SolutionNelCoetzee
By: Jay Fuhrer. Rebuilding and maintaining life in the soil is directly linked to the longevity and reliability of our future agriculture; recognizing plants, animals, and soils evolved together over geological time
Extension education process, principles and philosophyGBPUA&T, Pantnagar
This document outlines key principles of agricultural extension. It discusses collecting information about community problems and resources through surveys. It emphasizes setting realistic objectives that satisfy the community and result in behavioral and economic changes. It also stresses teaching research-based solutions relevant to the community and evaluating outcomes through re-surveys to measure success and identify deficiencies. The extension program should be reconsidered based on evaluation results, with problems identified becoming the starting point for the next phase.
SALT is a diversified farming system which can be considered agroforestry since rows of permanent shrubs like coffee, cacao, citrus and other fruit trees are dispersed throughout the farm plot.
The strips not occupied by permanent crops, however, are planted alternately to cereals (corn, upland rice, sorghum, etc.) or other crops (sweet potato, melon, pineapple, castor bean, etc.) and legumes (soybean, mung bean, peanut, etc.).
This document discusses farm yard manure (FYM), including its definition, chemical composition, and methods of collection and storage. It provides the average percentages of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) in the fresh excreta of common farm animals. It also lists factors that influence the composition of FYM and potential losses during handling and storage of FYM, such as loss of liquid/urine, loss of solids/dung, leaching, and volatilization.
This document provides an introduction to forestry and includes questions related to key forestry terms and concepts. It covers topics such as the history and definition of forestry, important figures in the field, different types of forests and their classification, forest management techniques like thinning and regeneration, and forestry instruments. The questions test knowledge of these foundational forestry topics through multiple choice and true/false questions.
Reasonable Supplements to Traditional Farming
Touches on why traditional farming alone will not sustain us in the future and what some solutions are - such as hydroponics, vertical farming, and aquaponics.
Wedging the gap: the role of non-CO2 greenhouse gases in ambitious emission r...NewClimate Institute
Niklas Höhne from NewClimate Institute (newclimate.org) presents the role of non-CO2 greenhouse gases in ambitious emissions reductions for climate change mitigation.
The document outlines the agenda for a learning collaborative session, including discussing use of website tools, health center highlights, priorities and accomplishments, program curriculum mapping, program staff and roles, communication, and action items. It provides details on the roles of an administrative program coordinator/manager, clinical program director, and clinical preceptors and supervisors. A timeline is given for having key staff in place before and during a program launch. The document closes with notes on organizational communication strategies and questions.
Presentation by Shahriar Shams Ili on the occasion of the SOC section hearing on Migrant entrepreneurs' contribution to the EU economy on 24.11.2011 in the framework of the Permanent Study Group on Immigration and Integration.
Cities can serve as centers for social entrepreneurship by facilitating collaboration between key stakeholders like NGOs, private businesses, and the public sector. In Belgrade, examples of social enterprises include Kitchen on Wheels, Daj Daj Diapers, and Smart Kolektiv. However, social enterprises in Belgrade face challenges such as a lack of marketability, policy gaps, and overreliance on grants. Strengthening the role of the public sector by addressing legal gaps, supporting the ecosystem, and providing resources could help social enterprises in Belgrade become more sustainable and impactful.
The plant growth regulators either synthetic or natural have been found great and wide applications in agriculture and horticulture. Growth regulators in minute quantity can have adverse effects to promote & modify physiological process in plants. On the evidences of their adverse effects in small quantity these growth regulators have been found greater applications and economic importance for farmers and horticulturists.
The growth regulators are used: to increase the fruit sizes, to induce early flowering and increase the number of flowering; to break the dormancy of some seeds, to quicken the maturity and improve the fruit quality; to increase the sugar content in sugarcane; to increase the yield and oil contents; to promote the flower initiation and control ripening some other fruits and many more. Beside their major roles there are many other minor roles as sequence of flowering, position and number of flowers, formation of flowers, parthenocarpy, root and shoot initiation, etc.
The knowledge of these growth regulators have been advantages and boon to many agriculturists and horticulturists globally.
Dokumen ini memberikan tugas mengenai sistem kontrol level air pada tangki. Terdapat gambaran sistem kontrol yang terdiri atas kontroler, aktuator, katup, proses tangki air, dan transduser. Diberikan informasi debit keluar tangki, tinggi dan diameter tangki, serta set point level yang diinginkan. Tugas mencakup turunkan persamaan diferensial sistem, transformasi Laplace, dan menentukan debit masuk dan tinggi air pada waktu tertentu.
The document presents a landscape architectural design project for a proposed Medical Industrial City in Nakuru, Kenya. A student team from Texas A&M University proposes a master plan for the city that includes (1) a medical campus with hospitals and research centers, (2) a residential community with housing and schools, (3) an industrial park for biomedical production, and (4) recreational areas, following principles of healthy living, ecological integrity, and sustainable development. The team's concept plan focuses on connecting these uses with green space and prioritizing pedestrian access. The master plan layouts out the different land uses and includes plans for transportation networks, phasing, and green infrastructure.
This one sentence document does not provide enough context or information to create an accurate 3 sentence summary. The document contains only one word - "Lorem" - which is not meaningful on its own.
This document provides descriptions of over 50 rose varieties, including their origins, characteristics, and breeding histories. It discusses hybrids between species roses from Asia (R. clinophylla, R. gigantea, R. roxburghii) and modern Hybrid Tea, Tea, and shrub roses. Many of the roses were bred by Sanjeev Gandhi and named to honor people involved in rose cultivation or discovery of species roses. The document traces the development of new strains like Patio Teas and a new type of large-flowered Hybrid Tea.
Agricultural ethics examines morally relevant issues in agriculture such as justice, sustainability, and responsibility. It considers how society's complexity impacts agricultural problems and solutions. Key issues discussed include food insecurity and the obligation of wealthy people/nations to support poorer ones, exploitation of natural resources like water and forests, animal welfare, concentration of economic power in trade that disadvantages developing nations, effects on the environment from pesticides and GMOs, ensuring ethical markets and prices for farmers, protecting indigenous knowledge, and developing unbiased agricultural research and policies that benefit small farmers. An ethical agricultural system aims to reduce poverty through balanced production and distribution efficiency measured by fairness.
An Introduction to Urban Agriculture: Cuba Paving the Way For BarbadosCarmen Raffa
Urban agriculture has the potential to help address issues like food insecurity in Barbados. The document examines Cuba's successful urban agriculture system as a model for Barbados. It defines urban agriculture and discusses its benefits, as well as challenges like resource use and weather dependence. Cuba transitioned to urban farming after losing food imports, and now grows over 50% of Havana's produce within city limits. For Barbados to develop urban agriculture, the document recommends policies like allocating urban land and providing resources and technical support.
Organic Ginger in China from Dalian NOW AgricultureNOWOrganic
Dalian NOW Agriculture, a Dutch-Chinese joint venture, is a grower, processor and distributor of organic fruits and vegetables for the worldwide market. Main organic products are: strawberry, blackberry, raspberry, black currant, peach, apricot, mandarin, garlic, ginger and squash and can be processed as fresh, IQF, canned or dried.
Urban Agriculture, Health Environment in LondonTahsha LePage
- Urban agriculture in London addresses issues of food security, health, nutrition, and the environment through local food production and shorter supply chains. Projects like urban farms and hydroponic growing aim to reduce carbon emissions from food transport while increasing access to fresh, healthy foods. However, some argue local food production is not always the most sustainable option depending on production methods. Debates continue around the benefits of local vs imported food.
Urban Agriculture for Sustainable Poverty Alleviation and Food Security
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For more information, Please see websites below:
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Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214
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Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159`
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Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348
`
City Chickens for your Organic School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
This document provides information on composting and building healthy soil. It discusses how composting recycles organic waste, improves soil structure, and creates a balanced ecosystem in the soil. The process of decomposition and the soil food web made of micro-organisms are explained. Benefits of vermicomposting with worms are outlined, including how to care for worms and harvest nutrient-dense castings. Resources for further learning about composting are also provided.
Vegetable Gardening for the South Florida Gardener - Monroe County, Universit...sodj49v
This document provides guidance for south Florida gardeners on site selection, planning, planting, and caring for a garden. It discusses topics like succession planting, companion planting, soil preparation, fertilization and irrigation. Gardening options like containers, raised beds, and hydroponics are covered. Detailed information is provided on seed starting, transplants, weed control and plant support. Organic practices like composting and vermiculture are also summarized.
This document discusses managing pasture ecosystems by considering the interactions between plants, animals, soil organisms, and nutrient cycles that are often invisible. As pasture managers, we harvest solar energy through plants and convert it to food and fiber through grazing animals, while maintaining nutrient cycling and soil health. A diverse community of soil organisms like bacteria, fungi, protozoa, nematodes, arthropods, and earthworms cycle nutrients, aerate soil, hold water and support plant growth. Management aims to maintain this below-ground ecosystem through practices like maintaining soil organic matter, nutrient recycling, and grazing management. Understanding the soil food web allows for better holistic management of pasturelands.
This document discusses soil pollution and methods to control it. It begins by defining soil pollution and its various causes such as industrial waste discharge, pesticide overuse, and solid waste disposal. It then describes the different types of soil pollution including agricultural, industrial, and urban pollution and their adverse effects. The document outlines bioremediation as a treatment process using microorganisms to degrade pollutants. Finally, it recommends several methods to control soil pollution such as reducing chemical usage, recycling, reforestation, proper waste management, and using organic and biodegradable products.
Human populations and their environments have a complex relationship. Populations grow exponentially under ideal conditions until reaching carrying capacity, limited by density-dependent factors like disease and competition. While humans have overcome many limits through technology, current population growth is unsustainable and threatens biodiversity through activities like urbanization, deforestation, and pollution. Conservation of resources, pollution control, and restoration of damaged ecosystems are needed to restore environmental health.
The document discusses how human activities impact renewable and nonrenewable resources in the biosphere. It covers topics like sustainable use of resources, different types of wastes, biological magnification of pollutants up the food chain, and threats to land, water, air, and biodiversity from human activities like pollution, soil erosion, deforestation, and more. Conservation efforts are needed to help protect resources and the environment.
The document discusses how human activities impact renewable and nonrenewable resources in the biosphere. It covers topics like sustainable use of resources, different types of wastes, biological magnification of pollutants up the food chain, and threats to land, water, air, and biodiversity from human activities like pollution, soil erosion, deforestation, and more. Conservation efforts are needed to help protect resources and the environment.
Gardening Organically - Catherine Wissner, University of Wyoming
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For more information, Please see websites below:
`
Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children
http://scribd.com/doc/239851214
`
Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech
http://scribd.com/doc/239851079
`
Free School Gardening Art Posters
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159`
`
Companion Planting Increases Food Production from School Gardens
http://scribd.com/doc/239851159
`
Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success
http://scribd.com/doc/239851348
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City Chickens for your Organic School Garden
http://scribd.com/doc/239850440
`
Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide
http://scribd.com/doc/239851110
ORGANIC FARMING : COMMON ORGANIC MANURES SMGsajigeorge64
A brief account of common organic manures - Bone meal, cow dung, poultry wastes, oil cakes, organic mixtures, compost and vermicompost, vermiwash , advantages and disadvantages of composting & vermicomposting.
This document provides information on managing risks in organic farming through building soil health. It discusses how healthy soil can mitigate various production risks like drought, flooding, weeds and pests. The key points are:
1) Building soil organic matter through practices like cover cropping and crop rotations can improve the physical, water holding and nutrient cycling properties of soil to make it more resilient to weather risks.
2) Maintaining living roots and plant diversity enhances soil biology which suppresses diseases and pests while improving nutrient and water use efficiency.
3) Transitioning to these practices may initially increase risks but can be managed by gradually implementing changes and using resources for information and cost-sharing.
This document discusses nematode management in organic farming. It begins by defining organic farming and its principles of avoiding synthetic chemicals and GMOs. Nematodes can be managed organically using crop rotations, cover crops, green manures, and organic amendments. These control nematodes biologically by suppressing populations or producing chemicals that repel or kill nematodes. The document also notes challenges like the lack of nematicides and the need for thorough knowledge to implement organic nematode control practices effectively on farms.
In recent years, it is no doubt that in India, where on one side pollution is increasing day by day due to accumulation of organic waste and on the other side there is a great shortage of organic manure.
It has been estimated that India, as a whole, generates as much as 25 million tonnes of urban solid waste of diverse composition per year. Solid waste comprises of both organic and inorganic matter.
Under the present condition of environmental degradation, vermicomposting technology is the best way to meet all the requirements of the society. This is a process of recycling trash/agricultural wastes in an efficient and eco-friendly manner in order to produce quality compost.
Organic wastes can be broken down and fragmented rapidly by earthworms, resulting in a stable non-toxic material with good structure, which has a potentially high economic value and also acts as a soil conditioner for plant growth.
It is a type of composting in which worms eat and metabolize organic matter that comprises to a better end product known as Vermicast (commonly called as BLACK GOLD) which has a stuff of nutrients that can be directly incorporated into the soil to help with plant fertilization, soil enrichment and soil stability.From a social point of view, organic fertilizers will:
Improve the social status of the individuals and the community.
Create motivation for people to live in the countryside by providing job
opportunities and business plans.
From a hygienic point of view, organic fertilizers will:
Produce chemical-free crops which will improve people's health.
Reduce the danger of lung diseases and other diseases resulting from burning the organic wastes in the field.EPIGEIC EARTHWORMS:
Earthworms of this group cannot make burrows in the soil. They can only move through crevices of the surface. They feed exclusively on decomposing organic wastes.
ENDOGEIC EARTHWORMS:
They are subsoil dwellers. Secretions of body wall of earthworms cement and smoothen the walls of the burrows and protect the wall from collapsing easily. They move below 30cm or more in the soil
ANECIC EARTHWORMS:
They are found in the soil, which is not frequently disturbed. They make very complicated burrows in the sol and they firmly pack their burrow walls with their castings. The Anecic earthworms like Epigeic earthworms are commonly found in temperate countries.Vermicompost is an excellent soil additive made up of digested compost. Worm castings are much higher in nutrients and microbial life and therefore, are considered as a higher value product. Worm castings contain up to 5 times the plant available nutrients. It not only adds microbial organisms and nutrients that have long lasting residual effects, it also modulates structure to the existing soil, increases water retention capacity. Vermicompost contains an average of 1.5% - 2.2% N, 1.8% - 2.2% P and 1.0% - 1.5% K. The organic carbon is ranging from 9.15 to 17.98 and contains micronutrients Nitrogen, phosphorus, Potassium..
This document summarizes an organic vegetable production and marketing workshop. The agenda includes introductions, discussions of marketing decisions and organic certification, soil health and fertility, crop rotations, and a question and answer session. One of the presentations is on Parson Produce, a 3.25 acre organic vegetable and cut flower farm applying for organic certification. Their markets include a CSA program and several local restaurants and stores. The document also covers topics like the benefits of organic certification, steps to certification, cover crops and their benefits, and mixing warm season legumes and grasses for cover crops.
The document summarizes an organic vegetable production and marketing workshop. It includes an agenda covering topics like marketing decisions, organic certification, soil health, crop rotations, and questions. Details are provided on steps for organic certification, benefits of cover crops and crop rotations for soil fertility, and examples of suitable cover crop mixes and rotations. Marketing channels for organic produce are also discussed, including community supported agriculture programs and local restaurants.
phytoremediation of pesticide affected soilsHARISH J
1. The document discusses soil pollution from pesticides and methods to remediate contaminated soils called phytoremediation.
2. Phytoremediation uses plants and their associated microorganisms to degrade, extract, or immobilize environmental contaminants from soils and water.
3. There are several phytoremediation mechanisms including phytoextraction, rhizofiltration, phytostabilization, phytovolatilization, and phytodegradation that use different plant properties and processes to remediate pollutants like metals, pesticides, and other organic contaminants.
Cover crops in potato production slideshowacornorganic
Cover crops provide multiple benefits for potato production including weed management, water management, disease management, pollination, improving soil structure, increasing biodiversity, and adding carbon and organic matter to soils. Rockey Farms in Colorado uses a diverse multi-species green manure approach with a 2-year rotation that includes cover crops and companion planting. This approach has decreased pest and disease pressure, saved water, improved soil quality, and increased profitability compared to conventional practices.
Compost and Lanfills (process and designs)Aneela Rafiq
compost and Landfills are most important for balance soil. it helps in maintain the soil to has enough nutrients to grow health plants without destroying natural environment and living things in surroundings.
you will find sufficient material about composts and landfills in this presentation.
Similar to Urban Agriculture: Issues for Public and Environmental Health (20)
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
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Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...Donc Test
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition TEST BANK by Stamler Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Study Guide Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Course Hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Answers Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Course hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Study Guide Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Ebook Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Questions Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Stuvia
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Urban Agriculture: Issues for Public and Environmental Health
1. Urban Agriculture:
Issues for Public
and Environmental Health
Karen Rideout, MSc
National Collaborating Centre for Environmental Health
SOEH Seminar Series
January 22, 2010
2. outline
• Introduction to urban agriculture (UA)
• Urban agriculture and public health
• Potential challenges of UA
• Environmental health issues
• Food safety and UA
• Role of public health professionals
• Discussion and questions
3. the many sides of urban agriculture
• Urban / peri-urban
– Intersection of urban and rural
• Community gardens
• Commercial agriculture
• Backyards and balconies
• Temporary sites/’Guerilla’
gardens
• Victory gardens
• Entrepreneurial gardens
• School gardens
• Educational farms
• Recreational farms
4. UA is everywhere
• Global south
• Europe
• North America
• Vancouver &
BC
6. urban agriculture is growing
• Many municipalities
are supporting urban
agriculture and
community gardening
• UBCM climate
change initiative
www.toolkit.bc.ca/
7. why urban agriculture?
• Local food supply
• Therapeutic,
exercise
• Grow ethnic foods
from home
• Social interaction
• Environmental
• Connection to
nature/food
8. benefits of urban agriculture
• Food security & diet
quality
• Community economic
development
• Mental health
• Urban design & vibrant
neighbourhoods
• Educational & skill
building
• Local food
• Biodiversity
• Physical activity
• Productive vacant lots
• Beauty, nature
9. urban agriculture and public health
• Zoning & land access
• Air | water | soil
quality
• Social stratification
• Agricultural pollution
• Food safety
• Animals & pests
• Safety & security
10. zoning & land
• Land access is the biggest challenge to urban
farmers and community gardeners
• People will grow where they can find land
– old industrial sites
– vacant lots
– railway lines
– brownfield sites
– private development sites
– roadsides and boulevards
• Potential concerns re.
traffic safety | air & soil pollution | fencing
11. air pollution
• Road traffic pollutes MITIGATION
soil and plants: • Pb particles can be
– Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, Mo washed off
– Petroleum HCs • Boundary crops can
(unburnt fuel)
act as a protective
– PAHs (gasoline)
buffer
• Variable – Depends
on wind, distance,
traffic, soil
characteristics
12. water
IN OUT
• Use of non-potable • Run-off from larger
grey water urban farms or those
– Household or rain using chemical inputs
water or pesticides may
– lack of regulation contaminate
surrounding
– Microorganisms properties or sewers
– Household chemicals • Most community
gardens have organic
requirements
14. sources of soil contamination
• previous use of land • leakage of HCs (gas
(industrial, dry cleaning, stations)
photo processing) • wood preservatives
• atmospheric deposition (creosote, chlorophenols)
(esp. near roads) in construction, raised
• paint particles (Pb) bed frames, or rail lines
• contaminated fill • waste disposal
• water runoff • bonfires
• composts and fertilizers • faeces
• pesticides • burial of dead animals
• sports and hobbies (e.g. • sewage sludge
airgun pellets)
15. a note about brownfields
• lack of access to land
• lack of awareness and resources
• private land ownership (e.g. property developers)
• gas stations and railway lines
16. soil contaminants
• Pathways of human
exposure to soil
contaminants
– Uptake through plant
roots
– Deposition of soil
particles on leaves,
fruits, or roots
Photo: Wikimedia Commons – Consumption of soil by
animals used for food,
milk, or eggs
17. gardening on contaminated sites
• Site mitigation:
– excavation & soil – very expensive,
replacement fast
(+/-geotextiles)
– soil washing – expense
– soil vapour – very expensive
extraction
– microbial remediation – low cost; <1 year
– phytoremediation – low cost; 2–5+
(+/- chelating agents) years
18. gardening on contaminated sites
• Design solutions:
– raised beds
– impermeable barriers
with landscape fabric
– buffers between
garden and roads
Photo: Wikimedia Commons
Photo: Inside Urban Green Photo: City Farmer
19. gardening on contaminated sites
• Planting options:
– grow low accumulators in contaminated soil
• Soil conditioning:
– lime raises pH to minimize cation (metal)
uptake
– compost neutralizes pH, making Pb less
bioavailable
20. factors affecting metal bioavailability
• pH
• organic matter (elements bind to it)
• CaCO3 – keeps pH>7, decrease availability
• % clay size – metals sorb to clays
• % plaster & concrete – affects pH & sulphate
• Redox
• Form of metal (particulate, soluble, organic)
• Concentration of other contaminants
21. plant choices
Contaminant Avoid Plant
Cadmium Lettuce
Spinach
Carrot
Mustard
Lead Lettuce Spinach
Onion Pea
Mustard French bean
Collards Squash
Mizuna Tomatoes
Sunflowers
Dioxin Root crops Above-ground
Cucurbitaceae parts
General Leafy greens Fruiting plants
22. soil testing resources
– Resource Management Branch, BC Ministry of
Agriculture and Lands Abbotsford, 604-556-3102
– Agrichem Analytical Saltspring Island
www.agrichem.ca
– M.B. Laboratories Ltd. Sidney www.mblabs.com
– Exova (Nor-west Labs) Surrey
www.bodycotetesting.com
– Pacific Soil Analysis Unit Richmond, 604-273-8226
– Caro Analytic Services Richmond & Kelowna
www.caro.ca
23. agricultural pollution
• Pesticides
– drift from peri-urban agriculture
– untrained hobby farmers and gardeners
– pets and children
• Fertilizers
– improper use
– pets and children
• Water runoff
24. UA and food safety
• Pesticide residues
– Most backyard and community garden plots use
organic methods
– Community based growers using pesticides may not
have adequate training
• Poisoning risk
• Runoff
• Pets
• Sale of produce
– Farmers’ markets, shops, CSA, “farm” gate
– Value-added products (jams, pickles, etc)
– Fruits and veg, eggs, meat
25. urban livestock
• Regulations vary by
municipality
• Some cities allow
backyard chickens
– Victoria, Burnaby, New
Westminster, Vancouver
– New York, Seattle,
Portland, LA, Chicago +
others
– Halifax, Toronto don’t allow
• Goats, guinea pigs,
rabbits • In North America, other
• Land use and/or animal animals generally not
control by-laws permitted
26.
27. health concerns with backyard animals
• Avian influenza
• Odour
– Not a health risk
– Control with proper hygiene
• Noise – only roosters
• Pests
– rats, mice, etc.
• Cruelty to animals
– not unique to food animals
• Predators
• Excrement and waste
28. CFIA
1. Prevent contact with
other animals and
wild birds
2. Clean barns, tools,
litter – keep food
sealed
3. Report early signs of
disease
4. Keep birds away
from visitors
5. Segregate new birds
for 30 days
29. pests
• Compost
– rodents, flies
– odour
• Animals
– predators
– odour
– flies
• Generally from poor
management or neglect,
although rodents always a
possibility
• Perception can be a problem
Photo: CityFarmer
30. composting
• Put wire mesh under compost
bin for rodent protection
(prevents burrowing)
• Keep compost covered
• Bury food scraps well with soil
and dry brown matter to kill fly
larvae and minimize odour
• Avoid putting fatty foods and
meat in domestic compost
• Vermicompost
www.cityfarmer.org
31. social issues
• Stratification / property values
• Community improvement
• Perception and aesthetics
• Conflicts over land use / access
32. safety and security
• tools and
machinery
• syringes, glass
• physical strain,
back injuries
• locked or not??
• access and lighting Photo: Brian Latta Photography
33. role of public health
• Educate gardeners and public about:
– proper handling, storage, preparation of fresh foods
– food preservation (e.g. safe canning practices)
– egg handling and animal hygiene (where permitted)
• Work with land owners to ensure soils are safe
– Choice of crops
– Barriers and creative garden planning
• Provide safety education for tools & chemicals
• Proper pest management practices
• Sales and processing (CSA, farm market, value-
added)
35. research needs
• Small community/personal gardens vs
commercial farms
• Soil testing and contaminants
– Jurisdiction
• Private or development land
• Brownfield sites
• Railway lines
– Which contaminants?
– Potential for plant uptake?
– Mitigation options?
36. summary/conclusion
• UA is increasing for
many reasons
• Regulations and
guidelines are lacking
• Problems with
perception, fear,
aesthetics
• Major health issue is
soil contamination
• Potential for chemical
use in urban ag
38. UA resources
• Resource Centres on Urban Agriculture & Food Security
www.ruaf.org
• Centre for Excellence in Brownfields Remediation | www.cemrs.qc.ca
• US EPA Brownfields and Land Remediation
www.epa.gov/brownfields
• Canadian Council of Ministers of Environment | www.ccme.ca
• McGill School of Environment Brownfields Guide
http://mse-research.mcgill.ca/envr401_2002/brownfields/guide.pdf
• American Community Gardening Association
www.communitygarden.org
• City Farmer | www.cityfarmer.info
• Vancouver Community Gardens
http://vancouver.ca/parks/parks/comgardn.htm
• Chickens in Vancouver | www.chickensinvancouver.com
• Vancouver Community Agriculture Network | http://vcan.ca/