urban forest

1. URBAN FORESTS OF THE WORLD
Group Members:
NG SHI HUI
NOR ATIQAH JAMALUDDIN
SITI SHUHADA MOKTHAR
INTAN NOORANISA BT MASUD
JOYCE LING SHIN YING

2. ABSTRACT
Urban forests play important roles in our environmental and economic
benefits in the form of purifying the air, mitigating climate change,
purifying water into ground by removing the pollutants collected,
reduced heating by shading buildings and etc.
Urban forests are reserved and protected through urban forestry, careful
care and management of urban forests.
However, there are some challenges facing by the urban foresters today
such as climate change rapidly in different countries, pollution and etc.
Although there are such many challenges that haven’t been recovered so
far, but the improvement of urban forestry is still going on because urban
forests have bring a variety of benefits not only to our environment and
also in economic.

3. KEYWORDS
Urban; forest; benefits; importance; environment; challenges;
Malaysia; Finland; Australia

4. INTRODUCTION
Urban forest issue is not a new concept, but it does have growing
potential. Although the term “urban forestry” was invented in the 20th
century, but researchers have found the proof about the urban forestry in
some of the world’s oldest civilizations.
Urban forestry was theorized in the late 1960s in North America, and it
was originally termed as environmental forestry.
Miller defined the urban forestry as an incorporated, city wide method to
the planting, care and management of trees in the city to protect multiple
environmental and social benefits for urban inhabitants.

5. In more detailed definition, we can understand it as follows,
“Urban forestry is the management of trees for their
contribution to the physiological, sociological, and economic
well-being of urban society. Urban forestry deals with
woodlands, groups of trees, and individual trees, where people
live - it is multifaceted, for urban areas include a great variety
of habitats (streets, parks, derelict corners, etc) where trees
bestow a great variety of benefits and problems.”
Denne, pers. comm. (adapted from Grey and Deneke, 1986)

6. The early Egyptians, Persians, Greeks, Chinese and Romans
all concerned for greenspaces within the expanses of their
protuberant cities. Some of them build gardens and groves
around their places of worship and planted trees around
buildings.
During middle age urban green spaces such as botanical
gardens were cultivated for medicinal purposes and scientific
experiments in Renaissance.
Then, in Age of Enlightenment and the Industrial Revolution,
botanical gardens were cultivated as arboriculture and
horticulture. In the 1800s, the design of landscape began to
gain more attention in Paris, as a military strategy to regulate
troop movement and offer defensive structures.

7. In the 19th century, American becomes the first horticultural
societies. By the middle of the century, the effort to start using
Native American trees and plants such as maples, oaks and
elms was leading by Andrew Jackson Downing in place of
imported species.
He also collaborated with Frederick Olmsted, who is known as
the father of landscape architecture and urban parks and their
contemporaries continued into the 20th century, as community
forestry and urban forestry in America had grown further.

8. In this report, we elaborate our research findings about the
benefits of urban forest in developing counties such as
Malaysia, Finland and Australia.
Besides, we also explain the importance of urban forest, state
on how to apply the urban forest and discuss the current issue
or challenges on implementing the urban forest in the
developing countries.
Next, we also discuss and conclude overall information based
on our research findings and we also give some suggestion or
idea for improvements regarding urban forest.

9. DISCUSSION
From the reading research that we have done, we found
out that the advantages of urban forest outweigh the
disadvantages of urban forest.
The high appreciation of the amenity benefits of urban
forests and the low priority given to the timber production
function stress the importance and need for multi-objective
urban forest policies and management plans in
Finnish municipalities.
Numerous benefits of forests and trees in an urban
environment have been variously reported (Table 1).

11. Making trees a visible part of your city's infrastructure is one
of today's public works challenges. Municipal forestry
programs that provide the benefits residents want from their
trees while not straining city budgets usually have three things
in common (Table 2):

13. CONCLUDING REMARKS
Construction of urban forest provides many positive
implications. For example, urban forest assist in controlling
environmental pollution, recreation, learning, beautify the
environment and help the climate change that occurred in
certain areas.
In Malaysia, Finland and Australia, urban forest helps to
beautify the surroundings and hence it act as a park or
recreation area for the people living in that area.

14. In addition, for countries like Finland and Australia, the
existence of urban forests helps in controlling climate change
that happens there.
For example, the urban forest in Finland acts as wind
protection. In Australia, the Evergreen trees contribute to
reduce the cooling costs during the hotter season through
shading and evapotranspiration.
Other than that, urban forest in Malaysia, Finland and
Australia assist in protecting the environment and reduce the
environmental pollution. Furthermore, the existence of the
urban forest is to educate the public about its importance.

15. AUTHOR CONTRIBUTION
1. Ng Shi Hui
•Did the Title, Abstract, Keywords and Content of report
•Compilation of report
2. Siti Shuhada Mokthar
•Did the Introduction of report
3. Nor Atiqah Jamaluddin
•Did the Content and Reference of the report

16. 4. Intan Nooranisa binti Masud
•Did the Content and Concluding remarks of the report
5. Joyce Ling Shin Ying
•Did the Discussion and Author Contribution of report
•Did the presentation slides.

17. REFERENCES
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C.L Brack. Pollution Mitigation and Carbon Sequencetration
by an Urban Forest in Canberra, Australia. Journal of
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Grey, G.W. and Deneke, F.J. Urban Forestry; John Wiley &
Sons, Inc.: New York, 1978.
L.Tryvainen. Economic Valuation of Urban Forest Benefits in
Vantaa, Finland. Journal of Environmental Management.
2001, 62, 75-92.

18. Nowak, D.J.; Crane, D.E.; and Stevens, J.C. Air Pollution
Removal by Urban Trees and Shrubs in the United States.
Urban Forestry and Urban Greening. 2006, 4, 115-123.
Nowak, D.J. and Crane, D.E. Carbon Storage and
Sequestration by Urban Trees in the USA. Environmental
Pollution. 2002, 116, 381-389.
Tree Planting. The New Jersey Forester. 1895, 1(3), 31.
U.S. Department of Agriculture. U.S. Forest Service. Pacific
Southwest Research Station. Northeast Community Tree
Guide: Benefits, Costs and Strategic Planting. (accessed Oct.
15, 2012)

19. U.S. Department of Agriculture. U.S. Forest Service. Pacific
Southwest Research Station. Center for Urban Forest
Research. Urban Forest Research March 2001. (accessed Oct.
15, 2012).
Y. F. Lee, J. Ligunjang& S.C. Yong. Urban Forestry Its
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