This 3-day, classroom and practical instructional program provides individuals or teams entering the unmanned aircraft system (UAS) market with the need to 'hit the ground running'. Delegates will gain a working knowledge of UAS system classification, payloads, sensors, communications and data links. You will learn the UAS weapon design process and UAS system design components. The principles of mission planning systems and human factors design considerations are described. The critical issue of integrating UAS in the NAS is addressed in detail along with major considerations. Multiple roadmaps from all services are used to explain UAS future missions.
This document provides an overview of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). It discusses the history of UAVs, the key subsystems that enable UAV flight including communication, navigation, and collision avoidance. It also outlines different types of UAVs, the methodology used in UAV design, applications of UAVs such as surveillance and disaster relief, and both the advantages and disadvantages of UAV technology.
This technical paper presentation provides an overview of helicopter aerodynamics. Key topics covered include airfoils, rotary wing platforms, relative wind, angle of attack, total aerodynamic force, and factors that influence lift such as speed, area, angle of attack, and air density. The presentation defines important aerodynamic terms and illustrates concepts like induced flow and how it modifies the relative wind experienced by rotor blades in hover and forward flight.
This document provides an overview of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), also known as drones. It discusses the brief history of UAV development, the key subsystems that make up a UAV, various applications like disaster relief, search and rescue, and armed attacks. The document also outlines some design parameters for UAVs and disadvantages like potential civilian casualties if targets cannot be accurately identified.
UAV(unmanned aerial vehicle) and its application Joy Karmakar
This document discusses unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), including their definition, history, components, applications, and disadvantages. UAVs are aircraft without human pilots that can be controlled autonomously or remotely. They have various applications both militarily and civilly, such as aerial surveillance, search and rescue operations, agriculture, filmmaking, and more. The key components of UAVs are the payload, air vehicle, navigation systems, and communications systems. India has developed several UAVs domestically such as Rustom, Nishant, and Lakshya for military purposes. The future of UAV technology remains dynamic with new discoveries expected over the next 16 years.
This document summarizes several aircraft navigation systems. It describes the following systems in 1-3 sentences each:
VHF Omnidirectional Range (VOR) system, which uses radio signals to determine position relative to ground stations. Instrument Landing System (ILS), which guides aircraft to runways using localizer and glide slope signals. Distance Measuring Equipment (DME), which measures the distance between the aircraft and a ground station. Automatic Direction Finders (ADF), which use directional antennas to determine the direction of radio signals. Doppler Navigation System, which computes ground speed and drift using the Doppler effect. Inertial Navigation System, which derives position from accelerometers and gyroscopes without external references. Radio
This document discusses vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) aircraft. It defines VTOL aircraft as those that can take off, hover, and land vertically. There are two main types of VTOL technology: rotorcraft like helicopters, cyclocopters, and gyrodynes that use rotating wings to generate lift; and powered-lift aircraft like tiltrotors, tiltwings, and tail-sitters that can direct engine thrust vertically for takeoff and landing. The document outlines the key characteristics and advantages of various VTOL aircraft types and concludes by discussing future developments including electric VTOL aircraft and flying taxi services.
The content provides the evolution of the Unmanned Aerial Vehicles from the very beginning to the present.
Starting from 1849 with Balloons, the UAVs have now evolved so much with the technology and have gained a lot importance in different sectors.
This document provides an overview of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). It discusses the history of UAVs, the key subsystems that enable UAV flight including communication, navigation, and collision avoidance. It also outlines different types of UAVs, the methodology used in UAV design, applications of UAVs such as surveillance and disaster relief, and both the advantages and disadvantages of UAV technology.
This technical paper presentation provides an overview of helicopter aerodynamics. Key topics covered include airfoils, rotary wing platforms, relative wind, angle of attack, total aerodynamic force, and factors that influence lift such as speed, area, angle of attack, and air density. The presentation defines important aerodynamic terms and illustrates concepts like induced flow and how it modifies the relative wind experienced by rotor blades in hover and forward flight.
This document provides an overview of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), also known as drones. It discusses the brief history of UAV development, the key subsystems that make up a UAV, various applications like disaster relief, search and rescue, and armed attacks. The document also outlines some design parameters for UAVs and disadvantages like potential civilian casualties if targets cannot be accurately identified.
UAV(unmanned aerial vehicle) and its application Joy Karmakar
This document discusses unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), including their definition, history, components, applications, and disadvantages. UAVs are aircraft without human pilots that can be controlled autonomously or remotely. They have various applications both militarily and civilly, such as aerial surveillance, search and rescue operations, agriculture, filmmaking, and more. The key components of UAVs are the payload, air vehicle, navigation systems, and communications systems. India has developed several UAVs domestically such as Rustom, Nishant, and Lakshya for military purposes. The future of UAV technology remains dynamic with new discoveries expected over the next 16 years.
This document summarizes several aircraft navigation systems. It describes the following systems in 1-3 sentences each:
VHF Omnidirectional Range (VOR) system, which uses radio signals to determine position relative to ground stations. Instrument Landing System (ILS), which guides aircraft to runways using localizer and glide slope signals. Distance Measuring Equipment (DME), which measures the distance between the aircraft and a ground station. Automatic Direction Finders (ADF), which use directional antennas to determine the direction of radio signals. Doppler Navigation System, which computes ground speed and drift using the Doppler effect. Inertial Navigation System, which derives position from accelerometers and gyroscopes without external references. Radio
This document discusses vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) aircraft. It defines VTOL aircraft as those that can take off, hover, and land vertically. There are two main types of VTOL technology: rotorcraft like helicopters, cyclocopters, and gyrodynes that use rotating wings to generate lift; and powered-lift aircraft like tiltrotors, tiltwings, and tail-sitters that can direct engine thrust vertically for takeoff and landing. The document outlines the key characteristics and advantages of various VTOL aircraft types and concludes by discussing future developments including electric VTOL aircraft and flying taxi services.
The content provides the evolution of the Unmanned Aerial Vehicles from the very beginning to the present.
Starting from 1849 with Balloons, the UAVs have now evolved so much with the technology and have gained a lot importance in different sectors.
bca final year project drone presentationpawanrai68
This document discusses drones and their uses. It defines drones as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) that can be remotely controlled or fly autonomously. Drones are now used for a wide range of civilian purposes like search and rescue, surveillance, and traffic monitoring. The document outlines the objectives of exploring drone uses for transmission line inspection, maintenance, and mapping remote areas. It describes different types of drones including multi-rotor, fixed-wing, single-rotor helicopters, and hybrid VTOL drones. The components, applications, advantages, and implementation of drones are also summarized.
vertical takeoff and landing(VTOL) aircraftkavya ulli
The document defines and describes several types of VTOL aircraft including helicopters, autogyros, gyrodyne, cyclogyro, convertiplane, tiltrotor, tiltwing, and tail-sitter. It notes that VTOL aircraft can hover, take off and land vertically, while some like helicopters can only operate through VTOL. The key attributes and differences between different VTOL aircraft types are outlined. Fundamental design problems for VTOL aircraft mentioned are balance and matching thrust requirements.
Drone technology is advancing rapidly. Drones, also known as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), have evolved from early target practice drones in the early 1900s. There are two main types - military drones like the MQ-9 Reaper used for surveillance and attacks, and commercial/recreational drones like the DJI Phantom for photography. Drones operate through a ground control system where officers can monitor and control a drone's flight path and weapons payload if applicable. New innovations continue to push the boundaries with experimental drones that can both fly and function as submarines.
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are aircrafts that fly without any humans being onboard. They are either remotely piloted, or piloted by an onboard computer. This kind of aircrafts can be used in different military missions such as surveillance, reconnaissance, battle damage assessment, communications relay, minesweeping, hazardous substances detection and radar jamming. However they can be used in other than military missions like detection of hazardous objects on train rails and investigation of infected areas. Aircrafts that are able of hovering and vertical flying can also be used for indoor missions like counter terrorist operations.
The document discusses the design and development of quadcopter unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). It describes the prototypes created, including improvements made to reduce weight and increase lift. Sensors and controllers are discussed, including sensors for position, proximity, and navigation. The final prototype achieved stable hovering with a weight of 43 grams and incorporated an inertial measurement unit, ultrasonic sensors, GPS, and radio frequency transmission for control and data transmission.
This document discusses different types of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs or drones). It describes multi-rotor drones, fixed wing drones, single rotor drones, and fixed wing multi-rotor VTOL drones. For each type, it provides details on their propulsion methods and pros and cons. It also lists many applications of drones such as firefighting, security/surveillance, inspections, science/research, aerial photography, surveying, cargo delivery, agriculture, mining, construction, and search and rescue. Drones are useful tools for these tasks due to their ability to provide aerial views and access difficult or dangerous areas.
This document provides details of an aircraft design project for a new personal jet called "The Flash" being designed by Kent Aerospace. It includes sections on requirements analysis, technical design, manufacturing plan, regulatory compliance, program management, finance, marketing, and socioeconomic impacts. The technical design section provides details on sizing methodology, assumptions, wing and tail geometry, thrust-to-weight ratio, powerplant specifications, wing loading data, and performance results. The design utilizes twin DGEN 380 turbofan engines from Price Induction and is intended to carry 3 passengers up to 800 nautical miles at a cruise speed of 230 knots.
This is a report on ‘drones-an introduction&design’.In this
report I tried to give an introduction about drones or unmanned
aerial vehicles (UAVs) and some preliminary design parameters.
Introduction portion consists of drone history, technology, uses,
and the current generation of drones. Design portion includes
parameters like aerodynamics, payload, endurance, speed and
range, navigation systems and communications.
F-35, Stealth and Designing a 21st Century Fighter from the Ground UpICSA, LLC
Stealth must be designed into the aircraft; it can NOT be done after the fact.
VLO stealth must be planned for and built in. The designers must incorporate large internal fuel tanks, internal weapon bays, and internally mounted sensors with appropriate apertures.
Another hallmark of 5th generation is agility, which goes hand in hand with stealth.
In the third slide, the results from Northern Edge 2011 are shown. Although the F-35 airframe has not been flown in Northern Edge some it sensors have been.
The sensors performed extremely well and portend a bright future. It is understood by most that the electronic order of battle will play a key role in future conflicts.
What the exercise showed was that a stealthy 5TH Gen. fighter -- the F-22 -- with its ability to be forward deployed in contested air space
In addition to its precision active and passive sensors were able to ID threats; EW sites, SAMS, AAA radars for entire package much sooner.
The presence of 5th Gen fighters in the force package increases overall forces mission effectiveness by enhancing survivability and lethality for entire package.
It showed as well that 5th Gen fighters enhanced battle-space awareness enhanced overall mission effectiveness of entire mission package
And finally, the exercise showed that 5th Gen fighters with this enhanced SA tend to function as Air Battle manager for entire package.
Even when F-22 was weapon bingo it stayed in fight as battle manager!
The Instrument Landing System (ILS) uses radio beams to guide aircraft during low visibility approaches and landings. ILS consists of ground-based transmitters that provide both horizontal and vertical guidance to aircraft. The localizer transmits left and right signals to guide aircraft horizontally along the runway centerline, while the glide path transmits upper and lower signals to guide aircraft vertically along the ideal descent glidepath. Onboard antennas and indicators in the cockpit allow pilots to follow the ILS beams for precise approaches down to decision heights as low as 200 feet during low visibility conditions.
This document provides a summary of VHF Omni-Directional Range (VOR) navigation. It describes VOR frequency, transmission, range, and identification. It also explains aircraft VOR equipment including the receiver, antenna, Course Deviation Indicator (CDI), and Radio Magnetic Indicator (RMI). The principal of VOR operation using phase comparison is outlined. Key aspects of CDI and RMI operation are defined, including rules for CDI interpretation. Common types of VOR errors and the VOR test facility are defined. Example exam questions on CDI calculations, twin pointer RMI, maximum VOR range, the 1 in 60 rule, and leading/lagging VOR signals are provided.
UAVs, or unmanned aerial vehicles, are aircraft that can fly without a human pilot onboard. They are controlled remotely or can be programmed to fly autonomously. UAVs have been developed for both military and civilian uses such as reconnaissance, surveillance, cargo delivery and more. The document provides a detailed history of UAV development from their origins in the early 20th century to modern applications.
The Instrument Landing System (ILS) provides precision guidance to aircraft during instrument approaches and landings. It uses radio signals from an antenna array installed at the end of runways to provide lateral and vertical guidance. The ILS allows aircraft to land safely during low visibility conditions. It consists of localizer and glide slope components that guide the aircraft to the runway centerline and a 3 degree glide path for landing. Marker beacons also help pilots locate distances from the runway threshold. The ILS enables categories of instrument approaches with minimum visibility and decision height requirements.
An inertial navigation system uses accelerometers and gyroscopes to calculate a vehicle's position, speed, and orientation in real time without needing external references. It integrates acceleration measurements to determine speed and position over time and integrates angular rate measurements to determine attitude. However, MEMS sensors used in these systems are prone to noise, bias drift from temperature changes, and errors, requiring redundant sensors and techniques like Kalman filtering to compensate.
The document provides an overview of the Instrument Landing System (ILS), which uses radio beams to guide aircraft during approaches and landings. It describes the key components of the ILS, including the localizer and glide path antennas that transmit horizontal and vertical guidance signals. It also explains how the onboard instruments in the cockpit indicate to the pilot whether adjustments are needed to stay aligned with the centerline and glide slope of the runway. The ILS was first used for a scheduled passenger flight in 1938 and was later standardized by ICAO to improve safety during low visibility operations.
The document discusses the Instrument Landing System (ILS), which provides aircraft with horizontal and vertical guidance just before and during landing. It has key components including localizer antennas that guide left/right movement and glide slope antennas that guide up/down movement. Marker beacons help pilots check aircraft position at certain distances from the runway. ILS allows landings in low visibility conditions down to Category III, with no visibility limitations. It transmits radio signals received by aircraft to indicate proper alignment on the landing path.
The document provides an overview of an Instrument Landing System (ILS). It discusses that an ILS uses radio beams to guide aircraft visually during low visibility conditions. It has three main components - localizer antennas that provide horizontal guidance to the runway centerline, glide slope antennas that provide vertical guidance to the ideal 3-degree glidepath, and marker beacons that indicate the aircraft's distance from the runway. The document also describes the ILS categories which differ based on minimum decision heights and visibility requirements for landing.
This document discusses unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and their subsystems. It describes that UAVs are aircraft without human pilots that can be controlled autonomously or remotely. The key subsystems of UAVs discussed are communications (using ultra-high frequency), navigation (using GPS and WAAS), monitoring (using cameras and sensors), collision avoidance, and weather detection systems. The document also covers UAV power sources like batteries, advantages like reduced risk to human life, and potential uses in areas like surveillance, transportation, and scientific research.
Nomenclature and classification of controls in an airplane (slide # 3-4).
Which are the aerodynamic forces acting on airplane (slide # 5).
Working principle of an airplane (slide # 6).
How an airplane flies (basic motions of an airplane) (slide # 7).
How controls play their roles in these motions (slide # 8-22).
Simulate a flight in Cessna Skyhawk (slide # 23-28).
References and Questions & answers (slide # 30).
The document discusses several theories of accident causation that attempt to explain why accidents occur, including:
- Domino Theory: Accidents result from a series of factors including unsafe acts and conditions. Most are due to unsafe behaviors.
- Human Factors Theory: Accidents are caused by human error factors like inappropriate activities, overload, and inappropriate responses.
- Accident/Incident Theory: Builds on human factors theory, adding elements like ergonomic traps and systems failure.
- Epidemiological Theory: Looks at causal relationships between environmental factors and accidents, like predisposed characteristics, susceptibility, and situational characteristics.
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are aircrafts that fly without any humans being onboard. They are either remotely piloted, or piloted by an onboard computer. This kind of aircrafts can be used in different military missions such as surveillance, reconnaissance, battle damage assessment, communications relay, minesweeping, hazardous substances detection and radar jamming. However they can be used in other than military missions like detection of hazardous objects on train rails and investigation of infected areas. Aircrafts that are able of hovering and vertical flying can also be used for indoor missions like counter terrorist operations.
bca final year project drone presentationpawanrai68
This document discusses drones and their uses. It defines drones as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) that can be remotely controlled or fly autonomously. Drones are now used for a wide range of civilian purposes like search and rescue, surveillance, and traffic monitoring. The document outlines the objectives of exploring drone uses for transmission line inspection, maintenance, and mapping remote areas. It describes different types of drones including multi-rotor, fixed-wing, single-rotor helicopters, and hybrid VTOL drones. The components, applications, advantages, and implementation of drones are also summarized.
vertical takeoff and landing(VTOL) aircraftkavya ulli
The document defines and describes several types of VTOL aircraft including helicopters, autogyros, gyrodyne, cyclogyro, convertiplane, tiltrotor, tiltwing, and tail-sitter. It notes that VTOL aircraft can hover, take off and land vertically, while some like helicopters can only operate through VTOL. The key attributes and differences between different VTOL aircraft types are outlined. Fundamental design problems for VTOL aircraft mentioned are balance and matching thrust requirements.
Drone technology is advancing rapidly. Drones, also known as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), have evolved from early target practice drones in the early 1900s. There are two main types - military drones like the MQ-9 Reaper used for surveillance and attacks, and commercial/recreational drones like the DJI Phantom for photography. Drones operate through a ground control system where officers can monitor and control a drone's flight path and weapons payload if applicable. New innovations continue to push the boundaries with experimental drones that can both fly and function as submarines.
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are aircrafts that fly without any humans being onboard. They are either remotely piloted, or piloted by an onboard computer. This kind of aircrafts can be used in different military missions such as surveillance, reconnaissance, battle damage assessment, communications relay, minesweeping, hazardous substances detection and radar jamming. However they can be used in other than military missions like detection of hazardous objects on train rails and investigation of infected areas. Aircrafts that are able of hovering and vertical flying can also be used for indoor missions like counter terrorist operations.
The document discusses the design and development of quadcopter unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). It describes the prototypes created, including improvements made to reduce weight and increase lift. Sensors and controllers are discussed, including sensors for position, proximity, and navigation. The final prototype achieved stable hovering with a weight of 43 grams and incorporated an inertial measurement unit, ultrasonic sensors, GPS, and radio frequency transmission for control and data transmission.
This document discusses different types of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs or drones). It describes multi-rotor drones, fixed wing drones, single rotor drones, and fixed wing multi-rotor VTOL drones. For each type, it provides details on their propulsion methods and pros and cons. It also lists many applications of drones such as firefighting, security/surveillance, inspections, science/research, aerial photography, surveying, cargo delivery, agriculture, mining, construction, and search and rescue. Drones are useful tools for these tasks due to their ability to provide aerial views and access difficult or dangerous areas.
This document provides details of an aircraft design project for a new personal jet called "The Flash" being designed by Kent Aerospace. It includes sections on requirements analysis, technical design, manufacturing plan, regulatory compliance, program management, finance, marketing, and socioeconomic impacts. The technical design section provides details on sizing methodology, assumptions, wing and tail geometry, thrust-to-weight ratio, powerplant specifications, wing loading data, and performance results. The design utilizes twin DGEN 380 turbofan engines from Price Induction and is intended to carry 3 passengers up to 800 nautical miles at a cruise speed of 230 knots.
This is a report on ‘drones-an introduction&design’.In this
report I tried to give an introduction about drones or unmanned
aerial vehicles (UAVs) and some preliminary design parameters.
Introduction portion consists of drone history, technology, uses,
and the current generation of drones. Design portion includes
parameters like aerodynamics, payload, endurance, speed and
range, navigation systems and communications.
F-35, Stealth and Designing a 21st Century Fighter from the Ground UpICSA, LLC
Stealth must be designed into the aircraft; it can NOT be done after the fact.
VLO stealth must be planned for and built in. The designers must incorporate large internal fuel tanks, internal weapon bays, and internally mounted sensors with appropriate apertures.
Another hallmark of 5th generation is agility, which goes hand in hand with stealth.
In the third slide, the results from Northern Edge 2011 are shown. Although the F-35 airframe has not been flown in Northern Edge some it sensors have been.
The sensors performed extremely well and portend a bright future. It is understood by most that the electronic order of battle will play a key role in future conflicts.
What the exercise showed was that a stealthy 5TH Gen. fighter -- the F-22 -- with its ability to be forward deployed in contested air space
In addition to its precision active and passive sensors were able to ID threats; EW sites, SAMS, AAA radars for entire package much sooner.
The presence of 5th Gen fighters in the force package increases overall forces mission effectiveness by enhancing survivability and lethality for entire package.
It showed as well that 5th Gen fighters enhanced battle-space awareness enhanced overall mission effectiveness of entire mission package
And finally, the exercise showed that 5th Gen fighters with this enhanced SA tend to function as Air Battle manager for entire package.
Even when F-22 was weapon bingo it stayed in fight as battle manager!
The Instrument Landing System (ILS) uses radio beams to guide aircraft during low visibility approaches and landings. ILS consists of ground-based transmitters that provide both horizontal and vertical guidance to aircraft. The localizer transmits left and right signals to guide aircraft horizontally along the runway centerline, while the glide path transmits upper and lower signals to guide aircraft vertically along the ideal descent glidepath. Onboard antennas and indicators in the cockpit allow pilots to follow the ILS beams for precise approaches down to decision heights as low as 200 feet during low visibility conditions.
This document provides a summary of VHF Omni-Directional Range (VOR) navigation. It describes VOR frequency, transmission, range, and identification. It also explains aircraft VOR equipment including the receiver, antenna, Course Deviation Indicator (CDI), and Radio Magnetic Indicator (RMI). The principal of VOR operation using phase comparison is outlined. Key aspects of CDI and RMI operation are defined, including rules for CDI interpretation. Common types of VOR errors and the VOR test facility are defined. Example exam questions on CDI calculations, twin pointer RMI, maximum VOR range, the 1 in 60 rule, and leading/lagging VOR signals are provided.
UAVs, or unmanned aerial vehicles, are aircraft that can fly without a human pilot onboard. They are controlled remotely or can be programmed to fly autonomously. UAVs have been developed for both military and civilian uses such as reconnaissance, surveillance, cargo delivery and more. The document provides a detailed history of UAV development from their origins in the early 20th century to modern applications.
The Instrument Landing System (ILS) provides precision guidance to aircraft during instrument approaches and landings. It uses radio signals from an antenna array installed at the end of runways to provide lateral and vertical guidance. The ILS allows aircraft to land safely during low visibility conditions. It consists of localizer and glide slope components that guide the aircraft to the runway centerline and a 3 degree glide path for landing. Marker beacons also help pilots locate distances from the runway threshold. The ILS enables categories of instrument approaches with minimum visibility and decision height requirements.
An inertial navigation system uses accelerometers and gyroscopes to calculate a vehicle's position, speed, and orientation in real time without needing external references. It integrates acceleration measurements to determine speed and position over time and integrates angular rate measurements to determine attitude. However, MEMS sensors used in these systems are prone to noise, bias drift from temperature changes, and errors, requiring redundant sensors and techniques like Kalman filtering to compensate.
The document provides an overview of the Instrument Landing System (ILS), which uses radio beams to guide aircraft during approaches and landings. It describes the key components of the ILS, including the localizer and glide path antennas that transmit horizontal and vertical guidance signals. It also explains how the onboard instruments in the cockpit indicate to the pilot whether adjustments are needed to stay aligned with the centerline and glide slope of the runway. The ILS was first used for a scheduled passenger flight in 1938 and was later standardized by ICAO to improve safety during low visibility operations.
The document discusses the Instrument Landing System (ILS), which provides aircraft with horizontal and vertical guidance just before and during landing. It has key components including localizer antennas that guide left/right movement and glide slope antennas that guide up/down movement. Marker beacons help pilots check aircraft position at certain distances from the runway. ILS allows landings in low visibility conditions down to Category III, with no visibility limitations. It transmits radio signals received by aircraft to indicate proper alignment on the landing path.
The document provides an overview of an Instrument Landing System (ILS). It discusses that an ILS uses radio beams to guide aircraft visually during low visibility conditions. It has three main components - localizer antennas that provide horizontal guidance to the runway centerline, glide slope antennas that provide vertical guidance to the ideal 3-degree glidepath, and marker beacons that indicate the aircraft's distance from the runway. The document also describes the ILS categories which differ based on minimum decision heights and visibility requirements for landing.
This document discusses unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and their subsystems. It describes that UAVs are aircraft without human pilots that can be controlled autonomously or remotely. The key subsystems of UAVs discussed are communications (using ultra-high frequency), navigation (using GPS and WAAS), monitoring (using cameras and sensors), collision avoidance, and weather detection systems. The document also covers UAV power sources like batteries, advantages like reduced risk to human life, and potential uses in areas like surveillance, transportation, and scientific research.
Nomenclature and classification of controls in an airplane (slide # 3-4).
Which are the aerodynamic forces acting on airplane (slide # 5).
Working principle of an airplane (slide # 6).
How an airplane flies (basic motions of an airplane) (slide # 7).
How controls play their roles in these motions (slide # 8-22).
Simulate a flight in Cessna Skyhawk (slide # 23-28).
References and Questions & answers (slide # 30).
The document discusses several theories of accident causation that attempt to explain why accidents occur, including:
- Domino Theory: Accidents result from a series of factors including unsafe acts and conditions. Most are due to unsafe behaviors.
- Human Factors Theory: Accidents are caused by human error factors like inappropriate activities, overload, and inappropriate responses.
- Accident/Incident Theory: Builds on human factors theory, adding elements like ergonomic traps and systems failure.
- Epidemiological Theory: Looks at causal relationships between environmental factors and accidents, like predisposed characteristics, susceptibility, and situational characteristics.
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are aircrafts that fly without any humans being onboard. They are either remotely piloted, or piloted by an onboard computer. This kind of aircrafts can be used in different military missions such as surveillance, reconnaissance, battle damage assessment, communications relay, minesweeping, hazardous substances detection and radar jamming. However they can be used in other than military missions like detection of hazardous objects on train rails and investigation of infected areas. Aircrafts that are able of hovering and vertical flying can also be used for indoor missions like counter terrorist operations.
Overview Of Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS)Mark Lewellen
The document provides an overview of unmanned aircraft systems (UAS), including their history and evolution from remote piloted vehicles (RPV) to unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) to today's unmanned aircraft systems (UAS). It describes various UAS including the Raven, Shadow, Predator, and Global Hawk and discusses their missions, features, and technical specifications. It also discusses spectrum needs and challenges for integrating UAS into national airspace, including the need for protected aeronautical frequency allocations to ensure their safe operation.
An unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), commonly known as a Drone, is an aircraft without a human pilot on board. UAVs can be remote controlled aircraft (e.g. flown by a pilot at a ground control station) or can fly autonomously based on pre-programmed flight plans or more complex dynamic automation systems
A UAV is defined as being capable of controlled, sustained level flight and powered by a jet or reciprocating engine. In addition, a cruise missile can be considered to be a UAV, but is treated separately on the basis that the vehicle is the weapon.
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are aircrafts that fly without any humans being onboard. They are either remotely piloted, or piloted by an onboard computer. This kind of aircrafts can be used in different military missions such as surveillance, reconnaissance, battle damage assessment, communications relay, minesweeping, hazardous substances detection and radar jamming. However they can be used in other than military missions like detection of hazardous objects on train rails and investigation of infected areas. Aircrafts that are able of hovering and vertical flying can also be used for indoor missions like counter terrorist operations
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An Extensible Architecture for Avionics Sensor Health Assessment Using DDSSumant Tambe
Avionics Sensor Health Assessment is a sub-discipline of Integrated Vehicle Health Management (IVHM), which relates to the collection of sensor data, distributing it to diagnostics/prognostics algorithms, detecting run-time anomalies, and scheduling maintenance procedures. Real-time availability of the sensor health diagnostics for aircraft (manned or unmanned) subsystems allows pilots and operators to improve operational decisions. Therefore, avionics sensor health assessments are used extensively in the mil-aero domain. As avionics platforms consist of a variety of hardware and software components, standards such as Open System Architecture for Condition-Based Maintenance (OSA-CBM) have emerged to facilitate integration and interoperability. However, OSA-CBM is a platform-independent standard that provides little guidance for avionics sensor health monitoring, which requires onboard health assessment of airborne sensors in real-time. In this paper, we present a distributed architecture for avionics sensor health assessment using the Data Distribution Service (DDS), an Object Management Group (OMG) standard for developing loosely coupled high-performance real-time distributed systems. We use the data-centric publish/subscribe model supported by DDS for data acquisition, distribution, health monitoring, and presentation of diagnostics. We developed a normalized data model for exchanging the sensor and diagnostics information in a global data space in the system. Moreover, Extensible and Dynamic Topic Types (XTypes) specification allows incremental evolution of any subset of system components without disrupting the overall health monitoring system. We believe, the DDS standard and in particular RTI Connext DDS, is a viable technology for implementing OSA-CBM for avionics systems due to its real-time characteristics and extremely low resource requirements. RTI Connext DDS is being used in other major avionics programs, such as FACE™ and UCS. We evaluated our approach to sensor health assessment in a hardware-in-the-loop simulation of an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) onboard a simulated General Atomics MQ-9 Reaper UAV. Our proof-of-concept effectively demonstrates real-time health monitoring of avionics sensors using a Bayesian Network –based analysis running on an extremely low-power and lightweight processing unit.
Communication over the kinds of Data-Links used for unmanned vehicles presents important challenges dues to the low bandwidth, intermittent, and lower reliability of these links. Classic network protocols such as TCP do not operate well in this environment forcing application developers to implement their own reliability and session management. This presentation describes he issues and alternatives.
This document discusses remote sensing and geographical information systems in civil engineering. It covers various topics related to remote sensing sensors including optical sensors, thermal scanners, multispectral sensors, passive and active sensors, scanning and non-scanning sensors, imaging and non-imaging sensors, and the different types of resolutions including spatial, spectral, radiometric, and temporal resolution. It provides examples and illustrations of these concepts.
The document provides an overview of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), including their history, classification, key elements, applications, and advantages/disadvantages. It discusses the evolution of UAVs from World War I to modern systems. UAVs are classified by platform, size/endurance, and altitude. The key elements of a UAV system are the airframe, propulsion, sensors, payload, and ground control station. A case study of the Predator C Avenger UAV highlights its specifications and performance. Applications of UAVs include remote sensing, surveillance, transport, search and rescue, and armed attacks.
Drones and their Increasing Number of ApplicationsJeffrey Funk
These slides use concepts from my (Jeff Funk) course entitled analyzing hi-tech opportunities to analyze how drones are becoming economic feasible for an increasing number of applications as their costs fall. The costs of drones are falling as the costs of various ICs (controllers, GPS) and MEMS sensors rapidly fall, their performance rises (e.g., accuracy of GPS) and as the cost of carbon fibers fall at a somewhat slower pace than do ICs and MEMS. These falling costs are making drones economically feasible for a number of applications such as producing movies, TV reporting, surveillance, and delivery.
This document provides an overview of the Android platform, including its software stack and architecture. It describes Android as an open source software stack that includes an operating system, middleware and applications. It also discusses the Open Handset Alliance of companies that develop Android, some popular Android phones and tablets, Android's growing market share, and the key components of Android's software stack such as its applications, app framework, libraries, runtime environment including the Dalvik VM, and its reliance on the Linux kernel.
INTEGRATION OF UNMANNED AIRCRAFT SYSTEMSWilson Ragle
This document discusses integrating unmanned aircraft systems into the national airspace system. It addresses the problem of detect and avoid (DAA) capabilities for unmanned aircraft to safely operate around manned aircraft. The projected solution involves a combination of systems, including traffic alert and collision avoidance system (TCAS), automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast (ADS-B), radar, and electro-optical/infrared (EO/IR) systems to enable detection of both cooperative and non-cooperative aircraft. Regulations and individual sensing technologies like ADS-B, TCAS, EO/IR and radar are also analyzed in detail for enabling DAA of unmanned aircraft in shared airspace.
The first autopilot was developed in 1912 by Sperry Corporation. It connected gyroscopic instruments to aircraft controls, allowing planes to fly straight and level without constant pilot input. In 1914, Lawrence Sperry demonstrated the autopilot by flying with his hands away from the controls. Autopilots greatly reduced pilot workload on long flights and helped enable transoceanic flights. Modern autopilots are computer controlled and can fly planes through all phases of flight except taxiing, with some able to perform automatic landings. They integrate with inertial guidance and radio navigation to fly precision routes while minimizing errors over long durations.
El documento describe el funcionamiento del radar aerotransportado de visión lateral (SLAR). El SLAR emite pulsos de microondas y graba su reflexión desde el suelo para generar imágenes. La resolución en la dirección transversal depende de la duración del pulso, mientras que la resolución en la dirección del vuelo depende del tamaño de la antena. Los sistemas SAR sintetizan imágenes de gran resolución integrando la información de fase y amplitud recibida a lo largo del tiempo. Las imágenes de radar pueden
The document provides information about UMS Group, a company that provides unmanned aerial systems (UAS) and services. It describes UMS's organizational structure and leadership, various UAS products like the F-330, F-720, and R-350, key system components, and training courses. UMS offers a range of fixed-wing and VTOL UAS, along with data links, avionics, flight control systems, and ground control stations. It also discusses UMS's process for UAS business development projects.
Microsoft word new base 673 special 26 august 2015Khaled Al Awadi
NewBase Special 26 August 2015 ) , from Hawk Energy Services Dubai . Daily energy news covering the MENA area and related worldwide energy news. In todays’ issue you will find news about:-
• Drone technology spurs global buzz – Oil & Gas Industeries
• Qatar raises its game to sustain LNG dominance
• Oman: Orpic invites bids for flare gas recovery project
• Japan oil refiners needs 1 Cent Saving to Look Beyond Mideast Oil
• Iran crude oil investments shrink to ‘almost nothing’
• Myanmar: Shell to Cooperate in Development of LNG Terminal
• US: Eagle Ford production remains resilient
• Oil near six-and-a-half-year lows as China economy fears linger
• Low-energy, healthy homes: Europe’s answer to shale gas?
• Lessons from the oil market
Integrated Modular Avionic(IMA) System Integration ProcessGhazi Ali Shah
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This document outlines the services provided by DroneResearch to help companies establish research and development units for drones. They offer to help with creating an R&D vision, selecting and recruiting talent, seeding the initial R&D unit by forming an initial group of researchers, and establishing internal procedures and an external research network. Their goal is to help compress the time needed to build a capable drone R&D unit that can generate funding, publish research, and pursue patents. Interested companies should contact DroneResearch for more details on their services.
DJI Presentation at European Commission "RPAS for Civil Protection Experts", ...Visual- Aerials
Remotely Pilot Aerial Systems (RPAS) workshop for Civil Protection experts
Borschette Centre, Brussels
21 – 22 January 2016
Presented by Romeo Durscher, showcasing the power of UAV technology in humanitarian and first responder environments.
The document discusses drones and the growing drone market. It provides statistics on drone unit sales, projecting sales of over 50 million units in 2016 growing to over 1.2 billion units by 2020. It also discusses the different types of drones including toys, consumer, and professional drones. The document outlines the key components of drones including flight controllers, airframes, propellers, batteries, motors, and sensors. It provides details on how to build drones and choose components.
Erau webinar oct 2016 unmanned systems slideshareERAUWebinars
Unmanned aircraft systems (UAS) are changing the way we approach business opportunities and challenges across the aviation industry. In this webinar we will examine the roots of this technology, examine current consumer systems, and explore exciting new developments shaping the industry.
The FAA estimates UAS registrations will grow to seven million in the next four years. That includes 4.3 million hobby aircraft and 2.7 million commercial aircraft. (International Business Times, March 15, 2016). Unmanned aircraft systems are not simply new toys. They are changing the way we do business.
The document summarizes information about Unmanned Vehicle University (UVU), including its programs, faculty, courses, goals, and media coverage. UVU is dedicated to educating students in unmanned air, ground, sea, and space vehicle systems engineering. It offers various degree and certificate programs taught by faculty with extensive industry experience. The university aims to build future leaders in the growing field of unmanned vehicles.
Lockheed Martin is a major American defense contractor with 97,000 employees across over 590 facilities in the US and operating in over 70 countries. It has four main business areas: Missiles and Fire Control, Space Systems, Aeronautics, and Rotary and Mission Systems. Space Systems is focused on surveillance, navigation, communications, human space flight, and strategic defense. It has multiple centers of excellence and subsidiaries focused on payloads, sensors, materials, signals, and data analytics to deliver capabilities faster.
Network of Electronic Self-Navigating Transports Presentation (NEST)David Wu
Motivation and Vision Statement
Goals and Assumptions
Development Process
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
References
NEST Team Goals -
Develop an independent Air Operations Control (AOC) Center for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs)
Manage upwards of 500 to 1000 UAVs in a 10 mile radius with 1 to 10 operators
Provide operators with UAV details
Ability to give navigational commands to UAVs
Design an experiment to evaluate our solution
Construct a working prototype by using software development process learned in COMP 380/490
This document provides an overview of the capabilities of Assurance Technology Corporation, including:
- Evaluation, testing, modeling, and analysis services for electrical, structural, and thermal systems
- Hardware, software, and systems development for space, avionics, and tactical applications
- Engineering and management consulting services including reliability analysis, quality assurance, and program management
It also lists the company's major areas of expertise, corporate overview, facilities and equipment, experience in space applications, and examples of systems developed.
This presentation was given by the Industry Co-Chair of the CASA UASSC at the AAUS "RPAS in Australian Skies Conference", June 2017.
It provides a refresher on CASA UAS Standards Sub-Committee Roadmap approach alongside a better methods for identifying the intrinsic Air Risk for use in the JARUS SORA, (proposed by Dr Aaron McFadyen from QUT) alongside more detail on some of the challenges embedded within CNPC expectations, particularly in reference to separation distances and ATC intervention.
IDGA is excited to announce registration is now open for the 7th Annual Military Radar Summit – the premier military radar community event of the year! We had an excellent turnout last year and are building on this success through innovative sessions and speakers for 2014.
This year’s event is on the “business of radars” that seeks to bridge gaps between DOD, US Government, OEM’s, subcontractors, academia, and businesses of all sizes. It provides a forum for radar stakeholders to look to the future of military radar while examining projects aimed at prolonging the lives of current US military radars.
Todd Jacobs from NOAA discusses the challenges and successes of using small Unmanned Aerial Systems (sUAS) for marine resource management. Some key successes include developing flight and data collection protocols, performing shallow water recoveries, and integrating sUAS with small boats and ships. However, challenges remain around current FAA regulations limiting spontaneity in deployment and lack of dedicated bandwidth for domestic operations. Future technological areas of focus include improved data transmission and interfaces to streamline data analysis.
NASA is developing technologies to enable routine unmanned aircraft access to the national airspace system. The project is addressing key technical challenges including developing sense and avoid systems to maintain safe separation from other aircraft, standards for ground control stations and communications systems, and a distributed test environment. The project will generate data and analysis through simulations and flight tests to support regulatory approval of unmanned aircraft operations.
ATI Courses Professional Development Short Course Spacecraft Quality Assuranc...Jim Jenkins
Quality assurance, reliability, and testing are critical elements in low-cost space missions. The selection of lower cost parts and the most effective use of redundancy require careful tradeoff analysis when designing new space missions. Designing for low cost and allowing some risk are new ways of doing business in today's cost-conscious environment. This course uses case studies and examples from recent space missions to pinpoint the key issues and tradeoffs in design, reviews, quality assurance, and testing of spacecraft. Lessons learned from past successes and failures are discussed and trends for future missions are highlighted.
Protecting commercial radar and communication systemsTBSS Group
This paper discusses the importance of ensuring signal integrity of radar and communication signals that are to be mobilized by the government agencies during war time. It presents the advantages of mobilizing commercial systems and the risk that are associated with it. In addition, it discusses the complexity of sharing these resources among different interested agencies and presents suggested methodologies to mediate the complexities.
The document provides an overview of Ayres Associates' UAS lidar mission planning and applications capabilities. It discusses innovations in UAS equipment including sensors, capabilities at different grade levels, and Ayres' equipment. It also covers UAS pilot certification requirements and processes, considerations for mission planning such as site constraints and risk mitigation, and examples of projects where UAS lidar has been applied including topographic mapping, earthworks, transportation, and more. Deliverables from UAS lidar projects including point clouds, surfaces, and orthomosaics are also summarized.
Summary Arun_Murthi Software System Safety SMEARUN MURTHI
Arun K. Murthi has 36 years of experience in system safety and reliability across multiple domains including aviation, space, defense, and automotive. He has specialized expertise in software, electronics, hardware design assurance and implementing safety standards. Some of his accomplishments include developing techniques to monitor functions over disjoint paths and closed loop monitoring of data links. He has experience performing safety analyses and assessments to demonstrate regulatory compliance for various organizations and projects.
The Future of Technology in Stormwater: Drones to Augmented RealityMapistry
Innovative mobile and cloud technologies from phone apps to online platforms to drones are rapidly changing the way we approach and manage stormwater. These innovative technologies can be leveraged to increase efficiency, manage assets, and expand knowledge in the stormwater industry.
Summary Arun_Murthi Software System Safety SMEARUN MURTHI
Arun K. Murthi has over 36 years of experience in system safety and reliability for aviation, space, defense, and other domains. He has expertise in safety standards from organizations like FAA, NASA, DoD, UK MoD, and has contributed to standards like ARP 4754A. He has implemented safety technologies and developed safety architectures to help designs get certification and regulatory approval. He has worked on projects for companies like NASA, USAF, Honeywell, Boeing, Lockheed Martin, and more. His specialties include hazard analysis, safety case development, software/hardware certification, and helping organizations achieve compliance with safety standards.
Michael K Bartosewcz is seeking a leadership position as a Senior Systems EO/IR Engineer and/or Program Manager on an EO/IR space flight hardware/software/algorithm program. He has significant experience in systems engineering and program management for C4ISR systems including SBIRS High, ABL, IKONOS, U-2 Multispectral Camera, and more. He has expertise in requirements analysis, system architecture analysis, interface definition, mission analysis, certification as a Thermal Vacuum/Vibration Test Engineer, and program/project management. He has a BS in Electrical Engineering from the University of Vermont and an MS in Physics from the University of Vermont.
This document provides information about an aviation training event taking place from June 6-8, 2011 at Redstone Arsenal in Alabama. The event will include exhibition, conference and master class days focused on the latest developments, research and solutions for Army aviation programs and platforms. There will be program updates from various Project Managers, opportunities to speak with Army personnel, and displays of products and services. The training will cover topics like condition-based maintenance, situational awareness, unmanned aircraft systems, survivability and munitions.
DAR is a Drone Aviation Radar Prevents Drone Collisions with Aircraft. It Proactively Defends Aircraft Airspace Up to 10 Miles Away and Works with and Integrates into Radar Systems.
ClearSpace Aeronautics (CSA) is a futuristic Drone (sUAS) Aviation, Aeronautics and Aerospace Company. It’s the home of the first DRONE AVIATION DEFENSE SYSTEMTM that protects Aircraft from Drones by keeping Drones away from Aircraft flight paths to prevent catastrophic Drone collisions with Aircraft and save lives. The Drone Aviation Defense System is part of CSA’s Drone Defense System Core which uses propriety algorithms, sensors, firmware and devices to equip the “Drone Avionics Radar” (DAR), which is the only proactive Drone Radar System.
There is plenty of room for improvement in operations and maintenance activities. James Parle will tell how a team from Muir Data systems developed a system that lets wind tech report more thoroughly on their activities with easy-to-use portable devices.
And Grant Leaverton will report on how unmanned aerial vehicles can provides high resolution images of wind turbine inspections, especially blades, without rappelling from the nacelle.
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Unmanned Aircraft System Fundamentals
1. Course Sampler From ATI Professional Development Short Course
Unmanned Aircraft Systems
Instructor:
Jerry LeMieux, PhD
ATI Course Schedule: http://www.ATIcourses.com/schedule.htm
ATI's UAS Funamentals: http://www.aticourses.com/Unmanned_Aircraft_System_Fundamentals.htm
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3. DAY 1 DAY 2 DAY 3
INTRODUCTION COMMUNICATIONS AND DATA LINKS CIVIL AIRSPACE INTEGRATION
BASICS UAS WEAPONIZATION SENSE AND AVOID SYSTEMS
TYPES & CIVILIAN ROLES UAS SYSTEM DESIGN HUMAN MACHINE INTERFACE
MILITARY OPERATIONS IMPROVING RELIABILITY AUTONOMOUS CONTROL
SENSORS & CHARACTERISTICS REGULATIONS & DOD OPERATIONS ALTERNATIVE NAVIGATION
ALTERNATIVE POWER CASE STUDY: UAS SWARMING
FUTURE UAS DESIGNS & ROLES
Unmanned Aircraft Systems
Contact: Dr JERRY LEMIEUX Email: jetdoc2001@yahoo.com Phone: 920-744-7154 SKYPE: JETDOC2001
4. Lecturer Background
Dr Jerry LeMieux, Engineer and Pilot
Hometown: Fond du Lac, Wisconsin (Green Bay Packers)
40 Years Aviation Experience with Over 10,000 hours
BS EE, MS EE and PhD EE with 20 Years PM, Systems Engineer
30 Years USAF Experience: Commander & Fighter/Instructor Pilot
10 Years Flight Test Experience with AEW & Fighter Aircraft
Faculty & Staff; MIT, Boston University, UM, Daniel Webster College, ERAU
Patent Author, Book Author, Lecturer
Current Interests: Unmanned Aircraft
5. Course Description
• This 3-day classroom instructional program is designed to meet the needs
of engineers, researchers and operators. Attendees will gain a working
knowledge of UAS system classification, sensors, communications and
data links
• You will learn about military operations and the UAS weapon design and
integration process. You will learn the process for UAS system design as
well as methods for improving reliability
• You will understand regulatory issues and civil airspace integration
requirements including sense and avoid systems. You will learn the
principles of how a UAS performs autonomous operations using intelligent
control techniques
• Case studies are presented for alternative energy designs and multiple
UAS employment using genetic swarming algorithms
• Finally, the bright future of UAS is discussed including space, pseudo-
satellites, UCAS, BAMS and technology roadmaps
6. Why Are You Here
• Senior military leadership: Improve planning,
organization and training. Develop new doctrine and
make force planning decisions
• Pilot/Sensor Operator: Learn more about your job
• Researcher: Develop new concepts & technologies
• Engineer/Programmer: Design, integrate & test
• Acquisition Program Manger: Manage new programs
an upgrades to existing programs
7. What You Will Learn
• Basic Definitions & Attributes • Civil UAS News, Civil Airspace Integration
• Design Considerations & Life Cycle Costs • FAA Small UAS Rule, RTCA SC-203
• ISR, Precision Strike, CAS, Air-to-Air • Civil Requirements, Equivalent Level of Safety
• Global Hawk, Predator, Reaper • Collision Avoidance Sensors: TCAS, ADS-B, Optical,
• Small UAS & Tactical Missions Acoustic & Microwave
• UAS for Law Enforcement & Fire Mgt • Automatic Control, Automatic Air to Air Refueling
• Sensor Resolution, EO/IR, Gimbal Pkgs • Intelligent Control, Genetic Algorithms
• LIDAR, CRBN, SIGINT, SAR • Alternatives to GPS Navigation: Sun Trackers, Image
• Multi-Spectral, Hyper-spectral Matching, Video match to Stored Images
• Weather Effects, Tech Trends • Case Study 1: Alternative Power (Solar and Fuel Cell)
• LOS & BLOS Fundamentals, Lost Link • Case Study 2: Multiple UAS Swarming
• CDL, TCDL, Link 16, STANAG 4586, UCGS • Space UAS, Global Strike, Hypersonic Weapon
• Reliability, Redundancy, Fault Tolerance, • X-45/X-47/NEURON/Taranis UCAS
• Fault ID, Reconfigurable Flight Control • Submarine Launched UAS, Pseudo-Satellites
• UAS Regulations, DoD Operations • High Altitude Airship, Global Observer
• Future Military Missions & Technologies
• Spectrum Allocation, Airspace Problems
8. Where Are We
• Predator has become to the UAS world what Kleenex is to tissue
• Predator synonymous with long dwell time and lots of capabilities
• Technology is changing doctrine, centralized control is challenged
• Airspace control system is stressed, not ready for 1000s of new UAS
• Overstressed command and control system
• Overstressed intelligence system, more data than it can handle
• Lack of interoperability and low reliability, high mishap rate
• Information is not connected, platforms do not talk to each other
• Struggling with adequate staff to perform training, lack of UAS career path
• Jointness is lacking, AF & Army overlapping UAS, different dictrines
• Each UAS is a stovepiped system, operations, training & support
• No long term strategy, buying UAS to fight, not decide how we fight
9. Where Do We Want to Go
• Want more UAS, military wants 1/3 of vehicles to become unmanned
• Want one pilot to control multiple UAS to reduce manning requirements
• Want more armed UAS (UCAS) w reduced signatures for deep strike
• Want to employ for different missions such as SEAD/EA/Deep Strike
• Want swarms of UAS to make multiple unpredictable attacks on targets
• Want UAS to file and fly in the NAS for development, test & training
• Want more autonomy, change navigation, make decisions, reduce BW
• Want data processing on-board vs high BW data link for ground processing
• Want better reliability, fault tolerance, redundancy, adaptive flight control
• Civil agencies want UAS to improve capabilities, law enforcement, fire mgt
• Want to integrate all UAS into the NAS so we can “file and fly”
• Want solar/fuel cell power pseudo-satellites for 5-10 year endurance
10. How Do We Get There
• Lots of dollars, annual worldwide spending will reach $10 billion
• R&D at military labs, commercial companies Universities, military ACTD’s
• Increase processor throughput and memory storage, onboard processing
• Develop standardized, reliable, jam resistant data links, increase BW
• Add multi/hyper spectral sensors for chemical properties
• Use AESA (BAMS) for air surveillance, integrate air-to air missions
• Use phase data to improve SAR resolution to improve CCD (coh chg det)
• Use LIDAR for FOPEN and chem/bio agent detection
• Increase sensor FOV, WAAS, full motion HDTV video,
• Smaller more lethal weapons with precision guidance, SDB
• Alternative power, electric motors, solar/fuel cells, 5 year airborne time
• Develop airworthiness standards, add collision avoidance systems for NAS
• Improve adverse weather capabilities
11. Unmanned Aircraft Systems
Basics
Contact: Dr JERRY LEMIEUX Email: jetdoc2001@yahoo.com Phone: 920-744-7154 SKYPE: JETDOC2001
12. Overview
• Definition, Attributes
• Manned vs Unmanned
• Design Considerations
• Acquisition & Life Cycle Costs
• UAS Architecture
• UAS Components
– Air Vehicle, Payload, Data Link, GCS
• Mission Profiles
• Survivability
13. Unmanned Aircraft Systems
Types & Roles
11
Contact: Dr JERRY LEMIEUX Email: jetdoc2001@yahoo.com Phone: 920-744-7154 SKYPE: JETDOC2001
14. Overview
• Categories/Classification
• Military Missions
• Large UAS Platforms
• Small UAS for Tactical Missions
• Law Enforcement Small UAS Case Study
• Example Civilian UAS Roles
• Other Civil Roles
15. Categories
Classification of UAS
• By US Military Group • Bt Range/Altitude
• By Location • By Performance
• By Physical Size • By Capabilities
• By Weight • By Type
– Weight vs Altitude • Micro
• By Endurance • Small
– Endurance vs Weight • Medium Altitude Long
– Endurance vs Altitude Endurance (MALE)
– Endurance vs Payload • High Altitude Long Endurance
• By Altitude (HALE)
– Altitude vs Speed • UK Classifications
• By Wing Loading • International Classifications
• By Engine Type
16. Civil Roles
Manned Aircraft
High Passenger
Transport
PAV
Search &
Satellite Rescue Emergency
Repair Response
National
Autonomous Infrastructure Automated Vehicle
Construction Repair Highway
Mission Illegal Activity
Cargo Transport Monitoring
Complexity Crime Scene
Interior Inspection of Resource Investigation
Pipelines Exploration
Border &
Drug Traffic Patrol
Infrastructure & Fire Fighting Riot Control
Agriculture Inspections Traffic
Fertilizer, Pesticide, Fire
Atmospheric, Geological,
Retardant Application Monitoring
Volcanic, Oceanic
Monitoring Investigative Journalism of
Low Comm Automated Remote/Forbidden Areas
Relay Distribution
Warehouse
Low High
Safety Complexity
Mission Complexity:
Low - Preplanned and/or simple operator interaction, readily pre-programmable
Medium -Frequent near-real time decisions, compatible with machine decision logic Source: UAS Roadmap
High - Numerous complex, real-time decisions / reactions by operator. 2011 – 2036 & Boeing
Highly situation dependent
17. Law Enforcement
Small UAS Case Study
Home Invasion Investigation Scenario UAS 1: Falcon Fixed Wing Aircraft
• Its early morning and the Sheriffs office receives a
report of a burglary in progress
• Lights and sirens erupt and deputies are enroute
• The supervisor directs the deputies to set up a
perimeter and assess the situation
• Deputies are able to confirm a home invasion is in
progress and it has escalated to a barricaded subject
Deputy Contacts Dispatch & Requests UAS Deputy Contacts Dispatch & Requests UAS
• Dispatcher assigns UAS 1 to the call and notifies the UAS • Yellow lights flash and an alarm sounds on the roof
operator who’s on scene and he begins his mission plan • The UAS is launched in the direction of the incident and the
• Target and ditch location and waypoints are saved UAS is aloft and headed toward the scene
• Dispatcher activates an automatic notification system • The UAS operator confirms the launch and reports to the
alerting the FAA and ATC of the intended UAS flight supervisor an ETA to the target location
• Dispatcher heads to the roof, conducts a preflight and • As the UAS nears the UAS operator announces on UNICOM
reports to the UAS operator that the Falcon UAS is ready that UAS operations will be conducted in the area
• UAS operator states the mission plan is complete and asks • 15 minutes after the initial request the UAS appears
if there are any mission provisions from ATC • The UAS orbits overhead and units receive real time
• Dispatcher reports FAA request to remain below 500 AGL infrared video on their individual computers
20. Sensor Range Calculation
Nomo graphs
Uncooled 320 x 240 detector Cooled 320 x 240 detector
Source: FLIR
18
21. Black Body Radiation
• All matter emits electromagnetic radiation. Thermal radiation is conversion of a
body's thermal energy into electromagnetic energy
• All matter absorbs electromagnetic radiation. An object that absorbs all radiation
falling on it, at all wavelengths, is called a black body.
• A black body at a uniform temperature has a characteristic frequency distribution
that depends on the temperature.
• Its emission is called blackbody radiation.
Planks Law
If you measure the
intensity and you
know wavelength
you can determine
the temperature
19
22. Atmospheric
Absorption/Transmittance
Infrared Spectroscopy
Absorbance = a*b*c
a= molar absorbtivity
b= path length
c= concentration
T=Transmittance
A=log10(1/T)
T=e-abc
Near IR 0.78-3 microns Mid IR 3-5 microns Far IR 8-12 microns
NWIR MWIR LWIR
IR spectra are obtained
by detecting changes in
transmittance (or
absorption) intensity
as a function of
frequency
20
24. Global Hawk SAR Images
Impact of two AC-130 weapons (bottom left and
A Global Hawk's all-weather synthetic aperture radar (SAR)
right). The pinpoints of light between and above
captured this message in Arabic that was bulldozed in the
the two impacts are heat from campfires of Taliban
Earth. Roughly, it means "have mercy" and an arrow points to
lookouts (left) and associated cave entrances
a nearby Iraqi military camp near Buhayrat Atn Tharthar
(right). Enlarging the image shows people standing
reservoir, where the soldiers had decided they were ready to
around the fires. They finally stopped building
surrender to advancing U.S. forces. "They knew we were
campfires, but the sensors still picked up the heat
watching," said an industry official.
from individuals. 22
http://sgforums.com/forums/1164/topics/56536
26. Unmanned Aircraft Systems
Alternative Power
24
Contact: Dr JERRY LEMIEUX Email: jetdoc2001@yahoo.com Phone: 920-744-7154 SKYPE: JETDOC2001
27. Overview
• The Need for Alternative Propulsion for UAS
• Alternative Power Trends & Forecast
• Solar Cells & Solar Energy
• Solar Aircraft Challenges
• Solar Wing Design
• Past Solar Designs
• Energy Storage Methods & Density
• Fuel Cell Basics & UAS Integration
• Fuel Cells Used in Current Small UAS
• Hybrid Power
• Future HALE Designs
29. Solar Energy
Irradiance Model
• A good model of irradiance depending on variables such as geographic
position, time, solar panels orientation and albedo was developed
• The maximum irradiance I max and the duration of the day Tday which are
depending on the location and the date, allows to compute the daily
energy per square meter as depicted in
ENERGY = I * T
27
30. Great Flight Diagram
Statistics for
62 Solar Planes
Mass Models
Increased weight
means higher wing
loading. To
calculate the
corresponding
increase in surface
area. Solar
powered aircraft
closer to:
28
Source: Noth
32. Fuel Cells
PEM
• The Department of Energy (DOE) is focusing on the PEMFC as the most
likely candidate for transportation applications
• High power density and a relatively low operating temperature (ranging
from 60 to 80 degrees Celsius, or 140 to 176 degrees Fahrenheit).
• The low operating temperature means that it doesn't take very long for
the fuel cell to warm up and begin generating electricity
Hydrogen is channeled through flow plates to the
anode on one side. Oxygen flows through plates on
the cathode side. At the anode the hydrogen splits Anode side:
into ions and electrons. The membrane only allows 2H2 => 4H+ + 4e-
positive ions to flow through to the cathode. The Cathode side:
O2 + 4H+ + 4e- => 2H2O
electrons must travel through a an external circuit Net reaction:
to the cathode creating an electrical current. At the 2H2 + O2 => 2H2O
cathode, the electrons and positive hydrogen ions
combine with oxygen to form water which flows out
of the cell. When the hydrogen and oxygen is used
Used on Apollo mission and
up, the fuel cell shuts down.
provided drinking water 30
33. Unmanned Aircraft Systems
Com & Data Links
31
Contact: Dr JERRY LEMIEUX Email: jetdoc2001@yahoo.com Phone: 920-744-7154 SKYPE: JETDOC2001
34. Overview
• Current State of Data Links
• Future Needs of Data Links
• Line of Sight Fundamentals
• Beyond line of Sight Fundamentals
• UAS Communications Failure
• Link Enhancements
• Common Data Link (CDL)
• Tactical Common Data Link (TCDL)
• STANAG 4586
• VMF & Link 16 Integration
• Latest Ground Control Stations
35. LOS Fundamentals
Link Budget Analysis
• Free space attenuation depends on frequency & distance
• Free space attenuation (or loss) increases with frequency
• The amount of free space attenuation can be computed using the
following formula:
• FSL = 36.6 + 20 Log (F) + 20 Log (D)
• Where:
• F = Frequency in MHz
• D = Distance in Miles
• Example: A 2.4 GHz 5 mile path
• Log (2400) = 3.380211 (x20) = 67.604225
• Log (5) = 0.698970 (x20) = 13.979400
• Path Loss = (36.6 + 67.604225 + 13.979400) = 118.183625 dB
33
36. Link Enhancements
Spread Spectrum
Can spread original
Narrowband BW 20 -1 000 times
Signal
Wideband
Noise Level Signal
Makes Signal LPI
Digitized
Signal Spreading
Sequence
Source: National Instruments
34
Adds ECCM or Anti jam or Jamming Immunity
37. Image Compression
JPEG
• JPEG is a lossy compression format conceived explicitly for making photo files smaller
• JPEG stands for the Joint Photographic Experts Group, a committee set up in 1986
• The baseline uses an encoding scheme based on the Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT)
• Compression ratios are normally 10:1
Source:www.fileformat.info
35
38. STANAG 4586
• Processes, procedures, terms and conditions for common military or
technical procedures or equipment between member countries
• The objective of this standardization agreement is to specify and
standardize elements that will be implemented in the UAS Control System
The main elements that this agreement covers are:
– UAS Control System (UCS) Architecture (GCS = UCS)
– Data Link Interface (DLI).
– Command Control Interface (CCI).
– Human Control Interface (HCI)
• The UCS communicates with the UAS through message sets in a Data Link
Interface (DLI) through the Vehicle Specific Module (VSM)
• STANAG 4586 does not regulate HW, SW, design or material solutions
– UAV systems manufacturers are free to implement design of software
solutions while still being able to produce interoperable units
36
39. Unmanned Aircraft Systems
Weaponization
37
Contact: Dr JERRY LEMIEUX Email: jetdoc2001@yahoo.com Phone: 920-744-7154 SKYPE: JETDOC2001
40. Overview
• First UAS Air to Air Engagement
• Limitations & Desired Characteristics
• Desired Capabilities
• Acquisition Process
• 17 Design Considerations
• Current Weapons on UAS
41. Weaponization
Common Techniques for Reconfigurable Flight Controllers
Source: Duchard
39
43. Hellfire
• Anti-armor air-to-ground precision guided weapon
• 47 kg / 106 pounds, including 9 kg / 20 pound warhead, range of 8,000 m
• Laser guidance can be provided either from the launcher or another
airborne target designator or from ground based observers
Single stage, single thrust, solid
propellant motor, arming occurs VIDEO
between 150 to 300 meters
after launch. Maximum velocity
950 miles per hour.
21,000 Hellfire IIs have been
built since 1990, at a cost of
about $68,000 each
41
44. Unmanned Aircraft Systems
System Design
Contact: Dr JERRY LEMIEUX Email: jetdoc2001@yahoo.com Phone: 920-744-7154 SKYPE: JETDOC2001
45. Overview
• UAS Design Process
• Airframe Design Considerations
• Launch & Recovery Methods
• Propulsion Considerations
• Communications
• Navigation
• Control & Stability
• Ground Control System
• Support Equipment
• Transportation
46. Airframe
Initial Weight Estimate
Baseline design: Initial
estimate of max takeoff wt
Textbooks do not have empty
weight fraction chart
Weight fraction:
(empty/takeoff) obtained
from statistical data
200 lb UAS = 120 lb empty wt
Chart is a regression for 30 Source: Sobester
UAS currently in service
This fraction with estimates of fuel and payload weights can be used to compute a first
iteration of takeoff weight
44
48. Communications
Antenna Types
• Most common types
– Quarter wave length diploe
– Yagi
– Parabolic dish
– Lens antenna Source: Austin
– Phased array microstrip
• Quarter wavelength: vertically polarized. Receive antenna must
also be vertically polarized. Angle differences = power loss
• Ominidirectional, rapid power loss w distance, model aircraft
• Yagi: One active element and rest are passive. Passive elements
modify radiation pattern to keep the sidelobes low
– Usually seen on rooftops for TV signals (500 MHz – 2 GHz)
46
49. Unmanned Aircraft Systems
Improving Reliability
47
Contact: Dr JERRY LEMIEUX Email: jetdoc2001@yahoo.com Phone: 920-744-7154 SKYPE: JETDOC2001
50. Overview
• Current State of UAS Reliability
• Fault Tolerant Control Architecture
• Fault Detection & Identification
• Reconfigurable Flight Controllers
• Non-Adaptive Controllers
• Adaptive Controllers
• Active System Restructuring
• Reconfigurable Path Planer
• Mission Adaptation
48
51. Predator Case Study
• The Predator design evolved from a DARPA program (FY84–FY90).
• In January 1994, the Army awarded General Atomics Aeronautical Systems
a contract to develop the Predator system.
• The initial ACTD phase lasted from January 1994 to June 1996.
• During the initial ACTD phase, the Army led the evaluation program, but in
April 1996, the Air Force replaced the Army as the operating service for
the initial ACTD aircraft (RQ-1) (the “R” designates reconnaissance role)
• The Predator was designed to provide persistent intelligence, surveillance,
and reconnaissance (ISR) coverage of a specified target area.
• As an ISR platform, the Predator carried either an electro-optics/infrared
(EO/IR) sensor package or a synthetic aperture radar (SAR) package.
• In FY02, the RQ-1 migrated into MQ-1 (the“M” designates multirole) with
the addition of a weapon-carrying capability.
49
52. Failure Mode Findings
#2 This module will focus on
improving Flight Control
Reliability using Fault
Tolerant Control Systems
Source: UAS Roadmap
50
53. Unmanned Air Systems
Civil Airspace Integration
51
Contact: Dr JERRY LEMIEUX Email: jetdoc2001@yahoo.com Phone: 920-744-7154 SKYPE: JETDOC2001
54. Overview
• Civil UAS News
• FAA Civil UAS Roadmap
• UAS Certificate of Authorization Process
• AFS-400 UAS Policy 05-01
• 14 CFR Part 107 Rule: Small UAS
• NASA UAS R&D Plan
• NASA Capability Needs & Technology Requirements
• RTCA SC 203
52
55. FAA Civil UAS Roadmap
Evolution
• Accommodation
– COAs for Public Operators
– Experimental for Civil
– AC 91-57 for modelers
• Transition
• Integration
53
56. COA Process
Certificate of Authorization
• In 1997 the FAA and DoD agreed upon and wrote the initial COA process
• FAA amended Order 7610.4 Special Military Operations to implement the
current COA process that is used by the military today.
• Use and number of requests for UAS use has grown over the past 10 years
• The increase has caused a backlog and slowed down the COA process
• Need to examine the current process and determine how to improve
• The Application for COA should be submitted at least 60 days prior
• The FAA’s UAPO processes COA, determines updates or changes, either
grants the request for a specified period of time, up to a year, or denies it
• Granted to DoD and other public agencies operating UA in the support of:
– National Defense COMPANIES WILL NOT BE APPROVED
– Disaster Relief
– Scientific Research
– Technological Development 54
57. SUAS FAA Regulation 107
• sUAS aviation rulemaking committee (ARC) proposed regulations
• Begins comment & review process that could see a final rule in mid 2013
• No COA required, Dayligt only, VMC, LOS, not over populated areas
• Must establish com and notify ATC if operating with 10 miles of airport
• Within 3 miles must notify the airport manager
• Greater than 400 ft or 30 minutes must issue a NOTAM (24-48 hrs in adv)
• Cant operated in special use airspace, on MTRs or Class B airspace
• Need an observer if the pilot is in a shelter or heads down, or > 400 ft
• Observer must have 2 way com with the pilot
• Must yield right of way to manned aircraft, maneuver early to prevent
collision, must be able to descend 50 ft in 5 sec (for avoidance maneuver)
• Must monitor ATC voice com as instructed by ATC
55
58. UAS Autonomous Operations
Unmanned Air Systems
Autonomy & Alt Navigation
56
Contact: Dr JERRY LEMIEUXJERRY LEMIEUX
Contact: Dr Email: jllemieux@unmannedexperts.com Phone: 920-744-7154
Email: jetdoc2001@yahoo.com Phone: 920-744-7154 SKYPE: JETDOC2001
59. Overview
• Vision
• Definitions
• Autonomy
• Automatic Control
• Automatic Air to Air Refueling
• Intelligent Control
• Neural Networks
• Bayesian Probability
• Fuzzy Logic
• Alternatives to GPS Navigation Systems
57
62. Sensor Navigation Control System
Desired Noise
Sensor Noise
state Wind Gusts
estimate
INS Error
For simplicity, only X,Y parameters shown
Drogue INS position, INS
error and sensor noise
Wind Gusts
Measure position
between receiver
and drogue
Combines feedback from
aircraft with feedforward
from sensor measurements
60
to adjust UAS position
Control Laws
63. Unmanned Air Systems
Human Machine Interface
61
Contact: Dr JERRY LEMIEUX Email: jetdoc2001@yahoo.com Phone: 920-744-7154 SKYPE: JETDOC2001
64. Overview
• Human Factors Engineering Explained
• Heron Tour at Suffield, Canada
• Human Machine Interface
• Voice Recognition & Control
• Haptic Feedback
• Spatial Audio (3D Audio)
• Synthetic Vision
• CRM
• Other Issues
62
65. Human Machine Interface
Sensory Isolation of Operator
• One of the most prominent HMI issues is sensory isolation from operator
• UAS operators receive visual information from sensors
• Imagery collected is limited in terms of range and quality
• UAV operators do not have access to vestibular cues such as turbulence,
weather conditions, aircraft movement and gravitational forces.
• Turbulence: manned aircraft detects immediate, UAS operator may only
detect after noticing perturbation of the delayed video imagery
• Could result in a failure to detect and if the turbulence is severe enough,
this could jeopardize the safe and effective control of the vehicle
• MCE operators for the 2001 GH demo rated ability to detect and diagnose
abnormal conditions on the UAS via the HMI as poor
63
66. Human Machine Interface
Sensory Isolation of Operator
• In 2002 one of the USAF GHs returning from a mission in support of OEF
crashed after departing from controlled flight
• Part of the rudder mechanism failed
• If the failure had occurred on a manned aircraft, sensory feedback would
alert the pilot immediately, may have been time to recover
• Installation of multisensory interfaces may be beneficial
• Tactile feedback: vibration on the wrists, forearms, or control stick
• Force feedback on the control stick
• Cockpit environmental noise and spatial audio cueing
• AFRL project called “multimodal immersive intelligent interface for remote
operation (MIIIRO)
• Provides a sense of presence but needs more investigation
64
68. Unmanned Air Systems
Case Study: Swarming
66
Contact: Dr JERRY LEMIEUX Email: jetdoc2001@yahoo.com Phone: 920-744-7154 SKYPE: JETDOC2001
69. Overview
• UAS Swarming Concept
• History of Military Swarming Attacks
• Modern Military Swarming
• Single Operator Multiple UAS Control
• Swarming Characteristics & Concepts
• Emergent Behavior
• Swarming Algorithms
• Swarm Communications
• Latest Test Results from Boeing & JHU/APL
67
70. Swarming Algorithms
Particle Swarm Optimization
• UAS Application: Navigation /route planning
• Mission Routing Problem (MRP): Start at a point, multiple UAS go through
enemy territory defended by SAMs and AAA to get to the target and return
• Objectives: Find the shortest path, minimize flight time, minimize the
possibility of being detected or shot down by enemy fire and minimize fuel
• Must meet the constraints of TOT, total mission time & optimize the path
• Two problems:
– Develop the flight paths to optimize cost and risk
– Develop the path order
• Cost: How much energy or time t takes to cover the path
• Risk: How dangerous the flight area is (SAMs, AAA)
• PSO has been shown to obtain the solution successfully and quickly
• Other names: Vehicle Routing Problem, Multi-Criteria Aircraft Routing prob
• Bird flocking is one of the best example of PSO in nature 68
71. Unmanned Air Systems
Future Capabilities
69
Contact: Dr JERRY LEMIEUX Email: jetdoc2001@yahoo.com Phone: 920-744-7154 SKYPE: JETDOC2001
73. Space UAS
Reusable VTHL Space Plane
FACTS
• Looks and acts like a miniature unmanned space shuttle
• Demonstrator: airframe, avionics, autonomous guidance
• X-37A (2005 drop tests), X-37B (launch 2010)
• X-37C for USAF @ 165 – 180% times X-37B size
• NASA: Possible astronaut x 6 transport in payload bay
• USAF: Could be used as satellite for ISR from space
VIDEO
SPECIFICATIONS
• Manufacturer : Boeing with NASA/DARPA
• Cost: $8 Million
• Orbital Speed: 17,500 mph, LEO
• Endurance: Up to 270 days
• Ceiling: Low Earth Orbit (255 mi)
• Length: 29 ft Wingspan: 15 ft Height 9.5 ft
• Payload Bay: 7 x 4 ft
• Loaded Weight: 11,000 lb 71
Source: US Army
75. Questions
Dr Jerry LeMieux
Unmanned Air System Expert
920-744-7154
jetdoc2001@yahoo.com
76. To learn more please attend ATI course
Unmanned Aircraft Systems
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