Universal Immunisation program BHU assignment

1. UNIVERSAL IMMUNISATION PROGRAM
PRESENTED BY:
Rahul Kumar
Roll No. 31
PRESENTED TO:
Dr. Priyadarshini Tiwari
Faculty of Social Science
M.A. ( Integrated Rural Development and Management)

2. 1
INTRODUCTI
ON
• Universal Immunization Programme (UIP),
started in India in 1985. Ministry of Health
& Family Welfare provides several
vaccines to infants, children & pregnant
women through UIP. Immunization is a
process through which a person is made
immune to an infectious disease.
• Universal Immunization Programme (UIP) is
one of the largest public health
programmes targeting close of 2.67 crore
newborns and 2.9 crore pregnant women
annually.

3. 2
• Sub-nationally against 3 diseases Rotavirus diarrhoea, Pneumococcal Pneumonia
and Japanese Encephalitis; of which Rotavirus vaccine and Pneumococcal
Conjugate vaccine are in process of expansion while JE vaccine is provided only
in endemic districts.
• A child is said to be fully immunized if child receives all due vaccine as per
national immunization schedule within 1st year age of child.
• The two major milestones of UIP have been the elimination of polio in 2014 and
maternal and neonatal tetanus elimination in 2015.
• It is one of the most cost-effective public health interventions and largely
responsible for reduction of vaccine preventable under-5 mortality rate.
• Under UIP, immunization is providing free of cost against 12 vaccine preventable
diseases: Nationally against 9 diseases Diphtheria, Pertussis, Tetanus Polio,
Measles, Rubella, severe form of Childhood Tuberculosis, Hepatitis B and
Meningitis & Pneumonia caused by Hemophilus Influenza type B

4. 3
HISTO
RY
• Under Global Smallpox Eradication Programme, it was experienced that
immunization is the most powerful and cost effective weapon for the
prevention and control and even eradication of a disease.
• May 1974, WHO officially launched a global immunization programme,
known as Expanded Programme of Immunization for the prevention and
control of six major, killer disease of children, namely tuberculosis,
diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, poliomyelitis, and measles, all over the world
by the year 2000.
• EPI was launched in India in January 1978.
• Government of India launched same program with same schedule on 1st
January 1978 with the same objectives of reducing child morbidity and
mortality rates and to achieve self sufficiency in the production of
vaccines.
• WHO launched a social target of achieving Health for all by 2000 AD.

5. 4
• The Programme is now called Universal Child Immunization, 1990- that's
the name given to a declaration sponsored by UNICEF as part of the
'United Nations' 40th anniversary in October 1985. It is aimed at adding
impetus to the global programme of EPI.
• The Indian version, the 'Universal Immunization Programme was launched
on November 19, 1985 and was dedicated to the memory of Smt. Indira
Gandhi.
• The National Health Policy was aimed at achieving universal immunization
coverage of the eligible population by 1990. Impetus was added to the
existing program by shifting from under 5 to under 1 year of age and the
quality of services was also improved.
• It was recommended to give 1st dose of TT to the pregnant mother in the
first contact and 2nd dose after 1 month and BCG and OPV to the new
born as early as at birth.
• During 1992, immunization program become a component of Child
Survival and Safe Motherhood (CSSM) program. It was recommended to
cover 100% among infant also.

6. 5
• In 1995, Pulse Polio Immunization Programme was launched as a strategy to
eradicate poliomyelitis. In 1997, immunization activities have been important
component of National Reproductive and Child Health Programme.
• In 2005, immunization schedule was revised incorporating Hepatitis vaccine,
2 doses of JE vaccine in selected endemic district, 1st during 9-12 months
and 2nd during 16-24 months and 2 doses of Measles vaccine, 1st dose
during 9-12 months and 2nd dose during 16-24 months, under National Rural
Health Mission (NRHM).
• In 2012, GOI declared 2012 as the "Year of Intensification of "Routine
Immunization".
• In 2013, GOI along with other S-E Asia regions, declared commitment
towards measles elimination and congenital Rubella syndrome control by
2020.
• In 2014, India was certified as "Polio free country". To strengthen routine
immunization, Government of India has planned the State Programme
Implementation Plan (PIP) part C.

7. 6
OBJECTIVE
S
The stated objectives of UIP are:
• To rapidly increase immunization coverage.
• To improve the quality of services.
• To establish a reliable cold chain system to the health facility level.
• Monitoring of performance.
• To achieve self-sufficiency in vaccine production.

8. 7
COMPONE
NTS
• Strategy and policy:
National Health Policy is directed towards achieving an acceptable,
affordable and sustainable standard of health through an appropriate
health system. Provision of universal immunization of children against
vaccine preventable diseases is one of the major goals under this policy.
The National Vaccine Policy also guides decision making in order to
develop a long term plan to strengthen the UIP.
• Cold Chain System, Vaccines and Logistics:
Cold Chain is a system of storing and transporting vaccine at the
recommended temperature range from the point of manufacture to point
of use.

9. 8
• The Injection safety and waste disposal:
A large number of injection procedures are undertaken in lakhs of vaccination
sessions across the country every year. Unsafe injection practices can harm the
recipient of the injection, the health worker and the community resulting in
potentially life threatening infections such as HIV/AIDS, Hepatitis B and C, etc.
Disposal of immunization waste is strictly as per Central Pollution Control Board
(CPCB) guidelines for biomedical waste disposal.
• Adverse Event Following Immunization (AEFI) Surveillance System :
As a part of the process to strengthen AEFI surveillance in India, an online reporting
system called Surveillance and Action for Events Following Vaccination (SAFEVAC)
has been developed and implemented in a phase-wise manner since May 2019.
Since January 2020, all states and districts are reporting serious and severe AEFI
through SAFEVAC. SAFEVAC promotes real-time reporting of serious and severe
AEFIs, bringing in more efficiency and reduction of loss of data during transmission
from district to state/national levels.

10. 9
• Strategic communication:
Strategic Communication refers to policy-making and guidance for consistent
information activity through coherent messaging. The issue of media advocacy,
proactive planning and effective media response is emerging as one of the key
elements of strategic communication support to achieving f Routine Immunization
coverage in the country.
• Immunization Training:
The Immunization Programme runs due to the coordinated efforts of different cadres
of health staff working in the states of different levels( States, districts, PHCs and
CHCs). The objective is to motive and strengthen the capacity of frontline workers to
reduce dropouts and left outs and improve the quality of services.
• Monitoring and evaluation:
Universal Immunization Program has a set of indicators to monitor progress under
different components of the program and evaluate the coverage of immunization
amongst the target population. In the country, UIP performs monitoring and
evaluation at three levels.

11. 10
Age Vaccine Given
Birth
Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG), Oral Polio Vaccine (OPV)-0 dose,
Hepatitis B birth dose
6 Weeks
OPV-1, Pentavalent-1, Rotavirus Vaccine (RVV)-1, Fractional dose
of Inactivated Polio Vaccine (fIPV)-1, Pneumococcal Conjugate
Vaccine (PCV) -1
10 weeks OPV-2, Pentavalent-2, RVV-2
14 weeks OPV-3, Pentavalent-3, fIPV-2, RVV-3, PCV-2
9-12 Months Measles & Rubella (MR)-1, JE-1* , PCV-Booster
16-24 Months
MR-2, JE-2*, Diphtheria, Pertussis & Tetanus (DPT)-Booster-1,
OPV – Booster
NATIONAL IMMUNIZATION
SCHEDULE

12. 11
Age Vaccine Given
5-6 years DPT-Booster-2
10 years Tetanus & adult Diphtheria (Td)
16 years Tetanus & adult Diphtheria (Td)
Pregnant Mother Td1, 2 or Td Booster**
NATIONAL IMMUNIZATION
SCHEDULE
*One dose if previously vaccinated within 3 years
**JE Vaccine is introduced in selected endemic districts after the campaign

13. 12
• Measles Rubella campaign
The measles-rubella vaccination campaign has been successfully completed in all
States and UTs (it is being carried out in the State of West Bengal). MR campaign
was launched in 2017 and till date the same has been completed in 34 States/UTs,
wherein 32.43 crore children have been vaccinated against the target of 33.07 crore
with a coverage of 98.08%.
• Japanese Encephalitis Campaign
JE vaccine have been introduced under the Routine Immunization in year 2013 to
further protect children from JE. The JE Vaccination campaign covered 321endemic
districts out of 330 identified districts and has covered 170 million children.
• Mission Indradhanush
To strengthen and re-energize the programme and achieve full immunization
coverage for all children and pregnant women at a rapid pace, the Government of
India launched “Mission Indradhanush” in December 2014.

14. 13
• Intensified Mission Indradhanush (IMI)
To further intensify the immunization programme, Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi
launched the Intensified Mission Indradhanush (IMI) on October 8, 2017. Through
this programme, Government of India aims to reach each and every child up to two
years of age and all those pregnant women who have been left uncovered/missed or
drop out under the routine immunisation programme/UIP. The focus of special drive
was to improve immunisation coverage in select districts and cities to ensure full
immunisation to more than 90%. Total of more than 4.45 crore children and 1.12
crore pregnant women were vaccinated in the intensified campaigns across the
country until 2022.

15. 14
NEW
INITIATIVES
• Introduction of new vaccines
• Rotavirus Vaccine (RVV)
• Measles-Rubella (MR)Vaccine
• Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (PCV)
• Tetanus and adult Diphtheria(Td) vaccine
• Inactivated Polio Vaccine (IPV)
• Improving vaccine coverage
• System strengthening
• Surveillance and Action for Events Following Vaccination (SAFEVAC)
• Surveillance for Vaccine Preventable Disease
• Electronic Vaccine Intelligence Network (eVIN)
• Effective Vaccine Management
• Demand generation activities
• Capacity building
• Strengthening urban immunization
• Efforts for creating awareness and community engagement

16. 15
ACHIEVEMEN
TS
• The biggest achievement of the immunization program is the eradication of
small pox(1977).
• One more significant milestone is that India is free of Poliomyelitis(2014)
caused by Wild Polio Virus (WPV), the last recorded case being in 2011.
• Elimination of maternal and neonatal tetanus in 2016.
• Vaccination has contributed significantly to the decline in the cases and deaths
due to the Vaccine Preventable Diseases (VPDs).