This document defines learning and discusses the process, characteristics, stages and factors that affect learning. It outlines three orientations to learning - pedagogy which focuses on transferring knowledge from teacher to learner, andragogy which emphasizes self-directed learning among adults, and geragogy which refers to teaching and learning in older adults. The document also discusses physical, emotional, cognitive and emotional health and different learning methods like dialectical and didactic. It provides an overview of the four stages of learning - unconscious incompetence, conscious incompetence, conscious competence and unconscious competence.

2. By the end of this session learners will be
able to:
• Define learning
• Process of learning
• Characteristics of learning
• Stages in learning
• Factors affecting in learning

3.  Learning is the process of acquiring new
understanding, behaviors, skills, values and
attitude.
Or
 Learning may be defined as any relatively
permanent change in behavior.

4.  Learning is a process which is continuous & it never
stops at any phase. It is a lifelong process hence
learning starts from birth and ends only with the death
of an individual.
 Learning is a process which leads to mental growth of
an individual.
 When learning takes place the individual learns to adjust
and adopt according to the environment.
 Learning is active process. Learning by doing is the best
part of learning.
 Learning takes place individually as well as socially.
 Learning brings about the change in the behavior in
individual.

5.  Milestone marking changes in the physical,
cognitive and psychosocial growth of an individual
over time from infancy to old age.
 A developmental stage must be used to meet to
health-related educational needs of the learner.
 Physical, cognitive and psychosocial maturation
must be taken into account in each developmental
stage.
 Pedagogy, andragogy and Gragogy are three
different orientations to learning.

6.  Pedagogy: Pedagogy refers to the “interaction
between teachers, students and the learning
environment and the learning tasks.
 This broad term includes how teachers and
students relate together as well as the
instructional approaches implemented in the
classroom.

7.  Andragogy: (German educator Alexander
kapp VS American Educator Malcolm Knowles)
 Knowles emphasizes that adults are self-
directed and aspects to take responsibility for
decisions. Adult learning programs must
accommodate this fundamental aspects.

8.  Pedagogy: Mainly focuses on the methods
applied by teachers in the transferring ideas
and knowledge to the learners who are
considered to be dependent on the methods
of the teachers for understanding.
 Andragogy: Is a self-directed, independent
and cooperative way of learning amongst the
adults.

9.  Geragogy: (Lebel 1978): It refers to the
management of teaching and learning for older
adults and has become a well-known term
applied to teaching and learning in later life.
 Enjoyment, curiosity, seeking information and
desiring communication are typical routes into
learning.
 Recognition of age-related issues which may
affect learning, such as reduced sensory
perception, limited motor capabilities and
changes in cognitive processes, especially
memory.

10.  Physical health: A state of physical wellbeing in which a
person is physically fit to perform their daily activities
without restrictions.
 Emotional health: The sense of wellbeing that enables a
person to have cognitive and emotional capabilities to
function in society and meets the demands of every life.
An emotionally healthy person is:
1. Open minded
2. Open hearted
3. Assertive
4. Proactive
5. Expresses emotions appropriately

11.  Emotional health: A state of emotional and
psychological well-being in which the individual
is able to cope the normal stresses of life, work
productively and to make contribution to his or
her community.
 Cognition: It is the set of all mental abilities
related to attention, memory, evaluation,
reasoning, problem solving, decision making and
computation etc.
 Memory: It is the process in which information is
encoded, stored and retrieved.
 Reasoning: The process of drawing conclusions
to inform how people solve problems and making
decisions.

12.  Dialectical Method of learning: Learning that occurs
through discussion between two or more people.
Dialectical method of learning allows adult learners to
exchange their ideas, concepts, personal and
professional experiences.
 Didactic Method of learning: This is an instructive method
that provides students with required theoretical
knowledge.
 It is an effective method used to teach students who are
unable to organize their work and depend on the
teachers for instructions. It is also used to teach basic
skills of reading and writing.
 The teacher is the source of knowledge and the
knowledge is transmitted to the students through
didactic method.

14.  Stage-1:
 Unconscious Incompetent: This is the stage
of blissful ignorance. We do not know what
we do not know.
 In this stage our confidence exceeds our
ability.
 We have little experience or skill.
 We are unaware of a deficiency in the
subject/skill.

15.  As our awareness evolves into this stage, we
begin to realize how little we know.
 In this stage confidence drops as well as our
ability is limited.
 We feel uncomfortable.
 We become aware of the existence and relevance
of the skill, as well as our deficiency in this area.
 We begin to realize how much we don’t know.
 Practicing the skill takes all our concentration.
 Much learning occurs.

16.  We achieve ‘conscious competence’ in a skill
when we perform it consistently and willingly. We
can perform the skill, but it takes attention and
concentration.
 In this stage our confidence increases with
ability.
 We need to concentrate and think in order to
perform the skill.
 We can perform the skill without assistance.
 We realize how much we learned.
 This is the stage where many choose to remain.
However true mastery is not attained until the
fourth stage of learning.

17.  In the final stage, the skill becomes so practiced
that it enters the unconscious part of the brain
and it becomes ‘second nature’. This is where we
can do something effortlessly and without
thinking about it.
 In this stage our confidence and ability have
peaked.
 We no longer to concentrate on what we
know/do.
 We can do but don’t necessary know how we do.
 This is the stage when the skill becomes almost a
habit, we are able to be successful without
concentration.

18.  There are many factors that influence learning
ability, motivation and desire to learn.
 Environmental factors: Temperature, Light,
Noise, Silence, Design, etc.
 Emotional factors: Motivation, persistence,
attention, likes, and dislikes, responsibilities, fear
and anxiety.
 Social factors: Self, peers and teams.
 Language and communication, facilitator
interpersonal skills, degree of participation of the
facilitator and learner, gender streotyping.

19.  Physiological factors: Perceptual(learning
styles), intake(food, drink), time, mobility etc.
 Cognitive factors: These factors involves
cognitive functions like attention, memory
and reasoning.

20.  It is a “Behavior which enables a person to act
in his own best interests, to stand up for
himself without undue anxiety, to express his
honest feeling comfortably, or to exchange
his own rights without denying the rights of
others.

21.  Basavanthappa,B.T.(2003).NursingeducationNewDelhi:Jaypee
Medical publication.
 Billings,M.D.,&Halstead,A.J.(1998).Teachinginnursing.Aguidef
orfaculty St.Louis:W. B.Saunders.