UNIT-I SPARK IGNITION ENGINES.ppt
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This document discusses spark ignition engines and various aspects of their combustion process. It covers topics like air-fuel ratio requirements, the stages of combustion including normal and abnormal combustion. It describes factors that affect knocking, different fuel injection systems, and combustion chamber designs. It also discusses variables that influence knocking in spark ignition engines.
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The document discusses different types of clutches, including their design, operation, and applications. It describes friction clutches like single plate, multi-plate, cone, and centrifugal clutches. A single plate clutch uses one friction plate between a flywheel and pressure plate. A multi-plate clutch increases capacity by stacking multiple friction plates. Cone clutches transmit torque through mating cone shapes. Centrifugal clutches automatically engage at higher speeds via outward force on shoes from spinning masses.
Spur gear & Helical gears.pptx
The document discusses spur gears, including definitions, types, classifications, terminology, design procedure, materials, and manufacturing methods. Some key points:
- Spur gears are circular gears with straight teeth used to transmit motion between parallel shafts.
- Gears can be classified based on shaft position (parallel or intersecting), motion (fixed or planetary), peripheral speed, and tooth position (straight, helical, herringbone).
- Design of spur gears involves calculating torque, selecting materials, number of teeth, module, center distance, face width, and checking for bending and contact stresses.
- Common gear materials include steel, cast iron, and bronze. Manufacturing methods include milling, h
Gear.pptx
This document provides an overview of gears, including their types, nomenclature, applications, and failure modes. It discusses how gears transmit rotational force and lists the main types as spur, helical, bevel, worm, and rack and pinion gears. Gear trains such as simple, compound and planetary arrangements are also examined. Key terms like pitch, module, velocity ratio, and gear materials are defined. Finally, common gear tooth failures like breakage, wear, pitting and scoring are outlined.
brake.ppt
Brakes slow vehicles down by converting their kinetic energy into thermal energy through friction between brake pads and discs or drums. When the brake pedal is pressed, it activates the master cylinder and vacuum booster which increase pressure to the front disc brakes and rear drum brakes, causing the brake pads or shoes to squeeze the spinning discs or drums and generate heat and friction to slow the vehicle's movement down. Most passenger vehicles have front disc brakes and rear drum brakes connected to the single brake pedal via the master cylinder and booster to efficiently stop the vehicle.
Unit V implementation of robots
This document discusses material handling and various types of equipment used for moving materials within production environments, including automated guided vehicles (AGVs). It describes rail guided vehicles (RGVs) which use transportation rails to move multiple vehicles according to requirements. The document outlines different types of AGV navigation systems including laser target navigation and obstacle detection. It also discusses AGV control systems and batteries used to power AGVs. Laser guided vehicles are introduced which use laser scanners and targets for accurate positioning and guidance of material handling robots.
UNIT-V---Economic analysis of robot
This document discusses different types of economic analysis used to evaluate robots, including cost effectiveness analysis, cost benefit analysis, and economic impact analysis. It describes return on investment (ROI) as a method that measures gains or losses from an investment relative to the amount invested. The document also explains that cash flow analysis evaluates a company's cash inflows and outflows from operations, financing, and investing to carefully manage cash flow.
Unit iv robot programming
This document discusses robot kinematics and programming. It covers topics like forward and inverse kinematics for robots with 2-4 degrees of freedom, Jacobians, velocity and forces, trajectory generation, and manipulator mechanism design. It also discusses robot programming languages like VAL and how to write programs using motion commands, sensor commands, and end effector commands.
Unit IV robotics-- Kinematics
This document discusses robot kinematics and robot programming. It covers forward and inverse kinematics of manipulators with two, three, and four degrees of freedom. It also discusses Jacobians, velocity, forces, manipulator dynamics, trajectory generation, and manipulator mechanism design. The document then covers robot programming languages like VAL and describes motion commands, sensor commands, and end effector commands used in simple programs. It defines kinematics and robot kinematics, and discusses the two kinematic tasks of direct and inverse kinematics. Finally, it explains the use of coordinate transformations between different frames when applying representations to 3D points.
Unit III senors in robotics
The document discusses various types of sensors and machine vision systems. It describes position sensors including piezoelectric sensors, LVDTs, optical encoders, and resolvers. It also covers range sensors, touch sensors, cameras, and image processing techniques. The key applications mentioned are inspection, identification, visual serving, and navigation.
Unit 3 machine vision
This document discusses machine vision and various components of machine vision systems. It describes different types of sensors used in machine vision like cameras, frame grabbers, and describes the process of sensing and digitizing image data through analog to digital conversion, image storage, and lighting techniques. It also discusses image processing and analysis techniques like segmentation, feature extraction and object recognition. Finally, it provides examples of applications of machine vision systems in inspection, identification, and navigation.
Robotics - unit-2 - End effector
The document discusses different types of robot end effectors and grippers. It describes grippers classified based on their holding method (mechanical, vacuum, magnetic), number of fingers/jaws, and whether they grip internally or externally. Common grippers include mechanical, vacuum, magnetic, and pneumatic/hydraulic. Their mechanisms can involve linkages, cams, screws, or translation. Design considerations for grippers include gripping force, weight, and environmental capabilities.
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UNIT-I SPARK IGNITION ENGINES.ppt
- 1. UNIT I SPARK IGNITION ENGINES Air-fuel ratio requirements – stages of combustion – normal and abnormal combustion – factors affecting knock – fuel injection systems – mono point, multipoint and direct injection combustion chambers – effects of compression ratio – introduction to thermodynamic analysis of combustion process.
- 2. Air-fuel ratio or Mixture requirements
- 3. Air-fuel ratio or Mixture requirements
- 4. Variation of Power output , BSFC with A/F ratio.
- 5. Automotive A/F ratio requirements
- 6. Carburetor
- 11. Normal Combustion Under ideal conditions the common internal combustion engine burns the fuel/air mixture in the cylinder in an orderly and controlled fashion.
- 12. Abnormal Combustion When unburned fuel/air mixture beyond the boundary of the flame front is subjected to a combination of heat and pressure for a certain duration (beyond the delay period of the fuel used), detonation may occur. Detonation is characterized by an instantaneous, explosive ignition of at least one pocket of fuel/air mixture outside of the flame front. A local shockwave is created around each pocket and the cylinder pressure may rise sharply beyond its design limits.
- 13. Knocking Knocking (also called knock, detonation, spark knock, pinging or pinking) in spark- ignition IC engine occurs when combustion of the air/fuel mixture in the cylinder starts off correctly in response to ignition by the spark plug, but one or more pockets of air/fuel mixture explode outside the envelope of the normal combustion front. The fuel-air charge is meant to be ignited by the spark plug only, and at a precise point in the piston's stroke. Knock occurs when the peak of the combustion process no longer occurs at the optimum moment for the 4 stroke cycle. The shock wave creates the characteristic metallic "pinging" sound, and cylinder pressure increases dramatically. Effects of engine knocking range from inconsequential to completely destructive.
- 15. Factors affecting knock 1. Density Factors
- 17. 2. Time Factors
- 18. 2. Time Factors
- 20. Variables affecting Knocking in Si engine.
- 22. Combustion Chamber design for SI Engine
- 26. Combustion Chambers 1. Smooth Engine Operation
- 27. Combustion Chambers 2. High Power Output and thermal Efficiency
- 28. Combustion Chambers Typical Combustion Chamber
- 29. Combustion Chambers Typical Combustion Chamber
- 30. Combustion Chambers Typical Combustion Chamber
- 31. TYPES OF INJECTION SYSTEMS The fuel injection system can be classified as: 1. Gasoline direct injection into the cylinder (GDI) 2. Port injection (a) Timed (b) Continuous 3. Manifold injection
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- 34. Different methods of fuel injection
- 37. Multi Point Fuel Injection
- 38. Single Point and Multi point Injection Systems