Unit03 dbms
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The document provides an overview of key concepts in relational database management systems including: - The relational model which represents data as relations (tables) with rows and columns. Relations have a schema and instance. - Logical database design including mapping ER diagrams to relations, key constraints, participation constraints, and handling weak entities. - Integrity constraints like primary keys, foreign keys, and referential integrity which must be enforced by the database. - Relational query languages like SQL for defining, manipulating and querying relations. Operations include creating, inserting, updating, deleting tuples as well as enforcing integrity constraints.
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Constraints enforce rules at the table level to maintain data integrity. The main types of constraints are NOT NULL, UNIQUE, PRIMARY KEY, FOREIGN KEY, and CHECK. Constraints can be created at table creation or added later using ALTER TABLE. Constraint information is stored in data dictionary views like USER_CONSTRAINTS and USER_CONS_COLUMNS which can be queried.
Les10
The document discusses how to create and manage database tables. Key topics covered include using CREATE TABLE to define table structure, ALTER TABLE to modify tables, DROP TABLE to remove tables, and TRUNCATE TABLE to delete all rows. Datatypes, naming conventions, adding comments, and joining tables with subqueries are also summarized.
Les09
The document discusses data manipulation language (DML) statements in SQL. It describes how to insert rows into a table using INSERT, update rows using UPDATE, and delete rows from a table using DELETE. It also covers transaction control using COMMIT to save changes permanently and ROLLBACK to undo pending changes back to a savepoint.
Les03
This document describes various single-row functions in SQL that can manipulate or modify data. It discusses character, number, date, and conversion functions and provides examples of how to use functions like TO_CHAR, TO_NUMBER, ROUND, TRUNC, and DECODE in SELECT statements. Common uses of functions include performing calculations, formatting output, converting data types, and conditional processing of data. Nesting functions allows multiple operations to be applied sequentially.
Les02
This document discusses how to limit and sort data retrieved from a database table using SQL queries. It covers using the WHERE clause to restrict rows by conditions, comparison operators like = and BETWEEN, logical operators like AND and OR, and the ORDER BY clause to sort rows in ascending or descending order based on one or more columns. Examples are provided for each technique.
Les01
This document provides an overview of basic SQL statements and SQL*Plus commands. It covers capabilities of SELECT statements, executing a basic SELECT statement, writing SQL statements, selecting specific columns, using arithmetic expressions and operators, defining aliases and literals, eliminating duplicate rows, and interacting with SQL*Plus through commands like editing, saving, and running SQL statements.
Les12
A view allows users to access data from one or more tables in a database. Views can simplify queries, restrict access to data, and present alternative perspectives of the underlying data. The document describes how to create simple and complex views, add constraints to views, modify data through views, and remove views from the database. Views provide a way to access data without allowing direct modification of the base tables.
Unit 8 Java
The document provides an overview of object oriented programming and network programming concepts. It discusses topics like IP addresses, ports, sockets, client-server programming, and the java.net and java.util packages. The java.net package contains classes for network programming in Java like Socket, ServerSocket, URL, and InetAddress. The java.util package contains general-purpose utility classes like ArrayList, HashMap, Properties and Date.
Unit 6 Java
The document discusses object oriented programming concepts like events, event sources, event classes, event listeners, and the delegation event model. It describes how events like mouse clicks and keyboard presses are handled in Java. It provides details on common event classes like MouseEvent and KeyEvent. It also discusses components of the AWT class hierarchy like labels, buttons, text fields, and scrollbars, and how to handle user interface events with them.
Unit 5 Java
The document discusses object oriented programming concepts related to exception handling in Java. It covers the benefits of exception handling such as separating error handling code from regular logic and propagating errors up the call stack. It also describes key exception handling constructs like try, catch, throw and throws. The different exception models of termination and resumption are explained along with the exception hierarchy in Java.
Unit 4 Java
The document discusses object oriented programming concepts related to packages, interfaces, and their implementation in Java. It defines what packages and interfaces are, how to create and access packages, differences between classes and interfaces, how to define and implement interfaces, and examples of applying packages and interfaces in Java code.
Unit 3 Java
The document discusses object-oriented programming concepts like inheritance, subclasses, and polymorphism. It provides examples of different forms of inheritance including:
1. Inheritance for specialization where a child class is a specialized form of the parent class and the principle of substitutability holds.
2. Inheritance for specification where a parent class specifies behavior but doesn't implement it, and child classes implement the behavior, like with interfaces and abstract classes.
3. Inheritance for construction where a child class inherits functionality from a parent but may change method names/parameters, primarily for code reuse rather than creating a subtype relationship.
Unit 2 Java
The document discusses object oriented programming and Java. It provides a history of Java, describing how it was created at Sun Microsystems in the 1990s to be a simpler alternative to C++ that was architecture neutral, portable, distributed and secure. It then summarizes Java's key features including being object oriented, robust, simple, secure, portable and interpreted. It also describes Java's basic data types and how variables are declared and initialized in Java.
Unit 1 Java
This document provides an overview of object-oriented programming concepts. It discusses the need for OOP, defining classes and objects, class hierarchies and inheritance, method binding and overriding, exceptions, and abstraction mechanisms. The key concepts covered are objects, classes, encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism, and abstraction.
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Unit03 dbms
- 52. Examples of Division A/B A B1 B2 B3 A/B1 A/B2 A/B3
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- 3 The slides for this text are organized into several modules. Each lecture contains about enough material for a 1.25 hour class period. (The time estimate is very approximate--it will vary with the instructor, and lectures also differ in length; so use this as a rough guideline.) This covers Lectures 1 and 2 (of 6) in Module (5). Module (1): Introduction (DBMS, Relational Model) Module (2): Storage and File Organizations (Disks, Buffering, Indexes) Module (3): Database Concepts (Relational Queries, DDL/ICs, Views and Security) Module (4): Relational Implementation (Query Evaluation, Optimization) Module (5): Database Design (ER Model, Normalization, Physical Design, Tuning) Module (6): Transaction Processing (Concurrency Control, Recovery) Module (7): Advanced Topics
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