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Unit I Database concepts - RDBMS & ORACLE
- 1. RDBMS & ORACLE Database concept A relational approach Dr. R. Khanchana Assistant Professor Department of Computer Science Sri Ramakrishna College of Arts and Science for Women
- 2. CORE 8: RDBMS AND ORACLE UNIT I: Database Concepts: A Relational approach: Database – Relationships – DBMS – Relational Data Model – Integrity Rules – Theoretical Relational Languages. Database Design: Data Modeling and Normalization: Data Modeling – Dependency – Database Design – Normal forms – Dependency Diagrams – De -normalization – Another Example of Normalization. UNIT II: Oracle9i: Overview: Personal Databases – Client/Server Databases – Oracle9i an introduction – SQL *Plus Environment – SQL – Logging into SQL *Plus - SQL *Plus Commands – Errors & Help – Alternate Text Editors - SQL *Plus Worksheet - iSQL *Plus. Oracle Tables: DDL: Naming Rules and conventions – Data Types – Constraints – Creating Oracle Table – Displaying Table Information – Altering an Existing Table – Dropping, Renaming, Truncating Table – Table Types – Spooling – Error codes. UNIT III: Working with Table: Data Management and Retrieval: DML – adding a new Row/Record – Customized Prompts – Updating and Deleting an Existing Rows/Records – retrieving Data from Table – Arithmetic Operations – restricting Data with WHERE clause – Sorting – Revisiting Substitution Variables – DEFINE command – CASE structure. Functions and Grouping: Built-in functions – Grouping Data. Multiple Tables: Joins and Set operations: Join – Set operations. UNIT IV: PL/SQL: A Programming Language: History – Fundamentals – Block Structure – Comments – Data Types – Other Data Types – Declaration – Assignment operation – Bind variables – Substitution Variables – Printing – Arithmetic Operators. Control Structures and Embedded SQL: Control Structures – Nested Blocks – SQ L in PL/SQL – Data Manipulation – Transaction Control statements. PL/SQL Cursors and Exceptions: Cursors – Implicit & Explicit Cursors and Attributes – Cursor FOR loops – SELECT…FOR UPDATE – WHERE CURRENT OF clause – Cursor with Parameters – Cursor Variables – Exceptions – Types of Exceptions. UNIT V: PL/SQL Composite Data Types: Records – Tables – arrays. Named Blocks: Procedures – Functions – Packages –Triggers –Data Dictionary Views.
- 3. Books TEXT BOOK: 1. Database Systems using Oracle, Nilesh Shah, 2nd edition, PHI. REFERENCE BOOKS: 1. Database Management Systems, Majumdar & Bhattacharya, 2007, TMH. 2. Database Management Systems, Gerald V. Post, 3rd edition, TMH.
- 4. Data base • Electronic store of Data. • Repository that stores information about “things”. • It also contains relationships among those different “Things”.
- 5. Basic Terms • A person, place, event or item is called on entity. • The facts describing an entity are known as data. • Each entity can be described by its characteristics, which are known as attributes. For Ex: gender, first name last name, etc… • All the related entities are collected together to form an entity set . • A database is collection of entity set • The interactions between entity sets are called relationships
- 6. Relationships • The database design requires to create an entity set each describing a set of related entities. • Establishes all the relationship between the entity sets with in the database. • Depending on the type of interaction the relationship are classified into three categories One - to - one relationship One - to - many relationship Many - to - many relationship
- 10. Database management system Components • DBMS software package such as micro soft access, visual fox pro, micro soft SQL server or oracle. • A user developed and implemented database or databases that includes tables , a data dictionary and other database objects. • Custom applications such as data entry form , reports, queries, blocks, and programs. • Hardware: personal computer, • Software: operating system, network operating system • Personnel: database administrator, database designer/analyst
- 11. User Applications DBMS Database OS Software Hardware • DBMS based on the relational model is also known as RDBMS.
- 12. Important Functions managed by Database • Meta data • All day to day transactions. • Book keeping • Transforms logical data requests to match physical data structure. • Data Validation • Access Security • Data Security • Data Sharing • Import and export utilities
- 13. Types of Database Models Relational Model Hierarchical Model Network Model Object Model
- 20. The Relational Database Model • The relational is represented by two dimensional flat Structure know as a table. • Data base system that manages a relational database environment is know as a relational database management system. • A table is a matrix of rows and columns where – each row represents an Record and each column represents an Attribute.
- 21. The Relational Database Model • Tuple / Record - Row • Attribute / Field - Column • Degree - number of column in an table • Domain - Set of all possible values that a column may have • Key - Minimal set of columns use to uniquely define any row in a table.
- 22. Table
- 23. Types of Keys
- 24. Types of Keys Need for indentifying uniquely any row of data in a table. • Super Key – A key with super set of all possibilities. • Candidate key- Minimal set of super key • Primary key - A single column is used as a unique identifier • Composite key- A combination of a column is used as a unique identifier (Composite Primary key) • Secondary key - A more human approach is used to identify or retrieve a row from a table • Surrogate key - An extra column as a primary key instead of using a composite key • Foreign key - A column in a table that references a column in another table
- 25. Keys -Example • Candidate keys • SID • REGID • EMAILID • Foreign Key • BRANCHID • Super keys • Not Candidate key • SID +REGID • REGID +EMAILID • EMAILID +SID • SID+REGID+EMAILID SID REGID NAME BRANCHCOD E EMAILID 1 12_CS Adam CS adamcs@yahoo.com 2 13_CA Adam CA adamca@yahoo.co.in 3 11_IT John IT johnit@gmail.com 4 14_CS Esitha CS esithacs@yahoo.com • Primary Keys • REGID BRANCH CODE BRANCH NAME CS Compuer Science IT Information Technology CA Computer Application
- 26. Key - Examples
- 27. Mind-Map
- 28. Assignment • July 7 /2020 – Draw an E – R Diagram for Customer and Products Outcome
- 31. Integrity Rules • Entity –integrity: No column in a primary key may be null. The primary key provides the means of uniquely identifying a row or an entity. • A Null value means a value that is not known , not entered, not defined, or not applicable. • A zero is not considered to be a null value. • Referential-integrity: A foreign key value may be a null value, or it must exist as a value of a primary key in referenced table.
- 32. Theoretical Relational languages • Relational algebra, a procedural language. • Relational calculus, a nonprocedural language. • Third- generations high level complier languages can be used to manipulate data in a table, but they can only work with one row at a time. • The database systems non procedural structured query language is used as a data manipulation sub language
- 33. Relational algebra • The relational algebra is a procedural language • Set of operations –Union –Intersection –Difference –Projection –Selection –Product –Assignment –Join –Division
- 34. Union • Union of two tables results in retrieval of all rows that are in one or both tables. • The duplicate rows are eliminated from the resulting table. • Basic requirement • Both tables must have the same degree. • The domains of the corresponding columns in two tables must be same .
- 35. Union –Example 1 Result = Table1 Union Table 2
- 36. Union –Example 2 EMP_TESTDEISGN = EMP_TEST UNION EMP_DESIGN
- 37. Intersection • Intersection of two tables produces a table with rows that are in both tables. • The two tables must be union compatible to perform an intersection on them.
- 39. Intersection –Example 2 STUD_INS = STUDENT INTERSECTION INSTRUCTOR STUD_INS
- 40. Projection • Projection operation allows us to create a table based on desirable columns from all existing column in a table. • The projection operation returns the “Vertical Slices” of a table.
- 41. Difference • The intersection of two tables produces a table with rows that are present in the first table but not in the second table. • The difference can be performed on union compatible tables only.
- 42. Difference -Example RES_TABLE = R - S RESULT_TABLE = S - R RES_TABLE RESULT_TABLE
- 43. Selection • Selection operation selects the rows from a table based on condition or conditions. • The conditional (=,< >,>,>=,<,<=)and the logical operators(AND, OR,NOT) are used along with columns and value to create conditions. • The selection operation returns “Horizontal Slices” .
- 44. Selection -Example EMPLOYEE E_SAL E_SAL = Sel (EMPLOYEE : sal > 500)
- 45. Product Example• The product of two tables is a combination every thing in both tables. • It is also known as a Cartesian product. C= A *B A B C
- 46. Assignment • The operation creates a new table from existing table • Table_New = E_SAL Table_New Old Table Name New Table Name
- 47. Division - Example Proj No 1 2 3 Proj No PartNo 1 11 2 33 3 11 1 22 2 11 PROJECT PROJPARTS PartNo 11 PARTS PARTS = PROJPARTS / PROJECT
- 48. Join • The join is one of the most important operations because of ability to get related data from a number of tables. • The join is based on common set of values. • Other types of joins: – Natural join – Equijoin – Outer join – Non equijoin – Self join
- 49. Join – Example COM_PRO = Join(PRODUCT,COMPANY: COMPANY_ID = COMPANY_ID) PRODUCT COMPANY COM_PRO
- 50. Division • Division operation is most difficult operation to comprehend • It is not as simple as division in mathematics. • In relational algebra it identifies rows in one table that have a certain relationship to all rows in another table.
- 52. Assignment • Create Student and Department table and perform all Algebra operations