This document provides information about database management systems (DBMS) and relational database management systems (RDBMS). It defines key concepts like data, information, tables, records, fields, primary keys, foreign keys and relationships. It also describes how to create and manage databases using MS Access. Functions like queries, forms, reports and SQL are explained. Different data types, creating and manipulating tables, inserting, updating and deleting records are covered.
These slides cover the following concepts:
~ RDBMS vs DBMS
~ RDBMS structure
~ RDBMS basics for beginners
~ RELATIONAL DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
~ DATA, SCHEMA, AND DATABASE
~ WHAT IS RDBMS?
~ FEATURES OF RDBMS
~ RELATIONSHIPS IN DATABASE
~ RULES OF RDBMS
~ ELEMENTS OF RDBMS
~ SQL COMMANDS
~ SQL CONSTRAINTS
~ COMMON SQL CONSTRAINTS
~ DATA DEFINITION LANGUAGE SCRIPT (DDL)
~ DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE SCRIPT (DML)
~ DATA CONTROL LANGUAGE SCRIPT (DCL)
~ PRIMARY KEY, FOREIGN KEY
~ EXAMPLE OF PRIMARY AND FOREIGN KEY
~ DBMS VS RDBMS
~ RDBMS NORMALIZATION
~ BENEFITS OF NORMALIZING
~ SQL JOINS
~ INNER JOIN
~ LEFT OUTER JOIN
~ RIGHT OUTER JOIN
~ FULL OUTER JOIN
~ CROSS JOIN
~ SELF JOIN
These slides cover the following concepts:
~ RDBMS vs DBMS
~ RDBMS structure
~ RDBMS basics for beginners
~ RELATIONAL DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
~ DATA, SCHEMA, AND DATABASE
~ WHAT IS RDBMS?
~ FEATURES OF RDBMS
~ RELATIONSHIPS IN DATABASE
~ RULES OF RDBMS
~ ELEMENTS OF RDBMS
~ SQL COMMANDS
~ SQL CONSTRAINTS
~ COMMON SQL CONSTRAINTS
~ DATA DEFINITION LANGUAGE SCRIPT (DDL)
~ DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE SCRIPT (DML)
~ DATA CONTROL LANGUAGE SCRIPT (DCL)
~ PRIMARY KEY, FOREIGN KEY
~ EXAMPLE OF PRIMARY AND FOREIGN KEY
~ DBMS VS RDBMS
~ RDBMS NORMALIZATION
~ BENEFITS OF NORMALIZING
~ SQL JOINS
~ INNER JOIN
~ LEFT OUTER JOIN
~ RIGHT OUTER JOIN
~ FULL OUTER JOIN
~ CROSS JOIN
~ SELF JOIN
Consists of the explanations of the basics of SQL and commands of SQL.Helpful for II PU NCERT students and also degree studeents to understand some basic things.
Structured Query Language
SQL Commands:
• The standard SQL commands to interact with relational databases are CREATE, SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE and DROP
A database management system (DBMS) is a collection of programs that enables users to create and maintain databases and control all access to them. The primary goal of a DBMS is to provide an environment that is both convenient and efficient for users to retrieve and store information.
Consists of the explanations of the basics of SQL and commands of SQL.Helpful for II PU NCERT students and also degree studeents to understand some basic things.
Structured Query Language
SQL Commands:
• The standard SQL commands to interact with relational databases are CREATE, SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE and DROP
A database management system (DBMS) is a collection of programs that enables users to create and maintain databases and control all access to them. The primary goal of a DBMS is to provide an environment that is both convenient and efficient for users to retrieve and store information.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
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Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
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Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
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3. • DATA: MEANINGLESS (10,20,30, TASHI)
• INFORMATION: MEANINGFUL (TASHI HAS
SCORED 10, 20 AND 30 MARKS IN EXAM)
DATA🡪 process 🡪 INFORMATION 🡪
DATABASE (Collection of information & data)
4. For example
Library
• The system or program where all the data
regarding the books and its entries are stored in
database.
School Record :
Storage of student record
5. Data Base
• Data is a collection of data, which is stored in
a systematic manner, i.e. , in the form of
tables so that we can retrieve and manipulate
the information quickly and efficiently from a
large set of data.
• A database consists of one or more tables. A
table holds information in the form of rows
and columns.
6. ROLL
NO
NAME MARKS
1 Tashi 25
2 Lhamo 35
3 Nyima 45
Fields/ Attributes/Column Headings
Records/
Tuples/ rows
Data
7. Database
• Rows are referred to as records. A record is a set
of related information that belongs to a
particular object. A single record is also known
as tuple
• Columns are referred to as fields. A fields
describes a specific property of a record, that is
why a field is also known as an attribute.
• A set of characters that represents a valid values
are known as data.
8. A database is basically used by developer ,
administrator , and the end users.
Database
DBMS
END USER
ADMINISTRATOR
DESIGNER Person who design the database
Person who provides manage, access to others (
The person who uses
9. REVISION
• Data (raw facts and figures, unprocessed,
meaningless)
• Information (meaningful/ processed
• Database (place where data are stored,
collection of tables, table of combination of
records and tuples)
• Databse management system (software to
handles the data)
10. Database Management System
• Database Management system (DBMS) is a
computerised record keeping system or a
software that enabls you to create, store,
modify and extract information from a
database.
• It allows different use application program to
access the same database, concurrently.
• Data handling using becomes fast and
efficient
11. Advantages
• Enforcement of data standards (use standard
formats, e.g. dd/mm/yyyy)
• Data availability
• Reduced data redundancy (duplication)
• Minimized data inconsistency (accuracy)
• Data concurrency (accessing data simultaneously)
• Ensure data security
• Backup and recovery management
12. Different types of Database
Management System
• Relational Database Management System
(MS Access program, Data stored in table)
• Network Database Management System
(data connected in different area via links)
• Hierarchical Database Management System
(tree link structure arranged)
• Object Oriented Database Management System
(data recorded in object form used in other
programming language)
13. Relational Databse Mangement
System
● Relational database management system (RDBMS) is a
type of DBMS software that uses the Relational
Database (RDB) model for its database.
● RDBMS provides the features to create update, and
administer a relational database. this makes it easy to
search and retrieve the data within the database and
ensures that data integrity is maintained.
● the relational structure makes it possible to run
queries across multiple tables at once. some examples
of RDBMS are Oracle, LibreOffice Base, MS Access,
Sybase, MySQL and MS SQL.
14. Concept of Keys
● a key plates an important role in relational
database. it is used for identifying unique
records (rows or tuples) from a table.
● it also establishes a relationship among
the tables.
● relationships are links that associate a
field in one table with a field in another
table.
15. Primary Key
● a primary key is a set of one of more fields
that uniquely identifies each record in a
table
● it does not contain any duplicate data
● a table can have only one primary key.
● the value in the primary key field is
different for every tuple this helps in
uniquely identifying the records
16. ● primary key field should be unique
● the primary key field cannot be NULL, i.e.
every row must have a value
● the value in a primary key field can never be
modified or updated if any foreign key refers
to the primary key.
Rules of primary key
17. Composite key
A composite key or composite primary key refers
to a combination of two or more attributes
(fields) that uniquely identify the records in a
table . it may be a candidate key or primary key.
Customer_ID Product_ID Product count
001 p001 158
002 p002 356
001 p003 65
18. Foreign key
● in other words, it consists of one or
more fields whose value matches
with a primary key in another table.
● basically, a foreign key in one table
is use to point at a primary key in
another table. it acts as a cross-
reference between the tables.
19.
20. Candidate Key
A table might have one or more fields may
uniquely identify the records(tuples). Such fields
are called candidate key as they are eligible to
become a primary key. Thus, a table can have
more than one candidate key.
21. Ms Access
• TABLE : to store the complete data
• QUERIES : to ask questions from the
records
• FORMS: accepts data from the user and
inserts in the corresponding table or
query.
• REPORTS: to display the selected data in a
printable format
22. CREATING AND USING TABLE
GO TO MS ACCESS
EXTENSIONS ARE
•Open office: .odb
•Ms access: .accdb
24. REFERENTIAL INTEGRITY- rule
• It states that a foreign key must have a primary
key, i.e , all its references must be valid and the
users cannot accidently delete or modify data
25. • table can have only one matching
record and vice versa
• a record of one table is associated
with several matching records.
• multiple records of one table are
associated with several records.
29. Using Queries
• Retrieve data using Queries
• Queries are based on tables and the result of
a query is also displayed in the form of table.
• Using Query Wizard
• Using Query Design
31. WILDCARDS
Wild cards are the special characters that are used
as substitutes for one or more characters in a
string(text value).
Two wildcards often used are
* and ?
*
?
[ ]
!
-
37. STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE(SQL)
SQL is the language used in RDBMS for
writing queries. Using SQL , a user can
create queries to fetch and manipulate the
data of the database.
Two types
• Data Definition Language (DDL)commands
• Data Manipulation Language(DML)
commands
39. SELECT * FROM STUDENT;
SELECT * FROM STUDENT ORDER BY
std_name ASC;
SELECT * FROM STUDENT ORDER BY
std_name DESC;
Names and other details in ascending order
Names and other in descending order
41. SELECT stud_roll,stud_name,stud_fee from
STUDENTS;
SELECT stud_roll,stud_name,stud_fee FROM STUDENTS
WHERE stud_birthplace='Delhi';
WHERE clause
ORDER BY clause
SELECT stud_roll,stud_name,stud_fee FROM
STUDENTS WHERE stud_fee=(5000);
43. DATA TYPES
• VARCHAR(size)
A VARIABLE length string (can contain letters,
numbers, and special characters).
The size parameter specifies the maximum string
length in characters - can be from 0 to 65535
• INTEGER(size)
Equal to INT(size)
• DATE
A date. Format: YYYY-MM-DD. The supported
range is from '1000-01-01' to '9999-12-31'