This presentation gives the information about 'vibration measuring instruments' covering syllabus of Unit-5 of Theory of vibrations or mechanical vibrations for BE course under VTU, Belgaum. This presentation is prepared by Hareesha N G, Asst. Prof, Dept of Aerospace, DSCE, B'Lore-78.
Vibration and frequency measuring instrumentsPrashant thakur
This presentation is about the basic concepts of vibration & Frequency measuring instruments and their types.
The slides contains the best picture as example of the theory portion.
Dynamo meters are the electronic devices that are widely used to the purpose of force analysis in various field of operations. There is various types of dynamometers such as
Lathe tool dynamometer
Milling tool dynamometer
Drilling tool dynamometer
Unit-6: Gyroscope, of Dynamics of machines of VTU Syllabus prepared by Hareesha N Gowda, Asst. Prof, Dayananda Sagar College of Engg, Blore. Please write to hareeshang@gmail.com for suggestions and criticisms.
Whirling of shafts occurs due to rotational imbalance of a shaft, even in the absence of external loads, which causes resonance to occur at certain speeds, known as critical speeds.
Vibration is a mechanical phenomenon whereby oscillations occur about an equilibrium point. The word comes from Latin vibrationem ("shaking, brandishing"). The oscillations may be periodic, such as the motion of a pendulum—or random, such as the movement of a tire on a gravel road. here in this Presentation we can understand various vibration measurement instruments and their principals.
it is related to the subject dynamics of machinery in that measurement of vibration, instrument used for vibration measurement, control of vibration and related part is covered
Vibration and frequency measuring instrumentsPrashant thakur
This presentation is about the basic concepts of vibration & Frequency measuring instruments and their types.
The slides contains the best picture as example of the theory portion.
Dynamo meters are the electronic devices that are widely used to the purpose of force analysis in various field of operations. There is various types of dynamometers such as
Lathe tool dynamometer
Milling tool dynamometer
Drilling tool dynamometer
Unit-6: Gyroscope, of Dynamics of machines of VTU Syllabus prepared by Hareesha N Gowda, Asst. Prof, Dayananda Sagar College of Engg, Blore. Please write to hareeshang@gmail.com for suggestions and criticisms.
Whirling of shafts occurs due to rotational imbalance of a shaft, even in the absence of external loads, which causes resonance to occur at certain speeds, known as critical speeds.
Vibration is a mechanical phenomenon whereby oscillations occur about an equilibrium point. The word comes from Latin vibrationem ("shaking, brandishing"). The oscillations may be periodic, such as the motion of a pendulum—or random, such as the movement of a tire on a gravel road. here in this Presentation we can understand various vibration measurement instruments and their principals.
it is related to the subject dynamics of machinery in that measurement of vibration, instrument used for vibration measurement, control of vibration and related part is covered
Unit 6- spur gears, Kinematics of machines of VTU Syllabus prepared by Hareesha N Gowda, Asst. Prof, Dayananda Sagar College of Engg, Blore. Please write to hareeshang@gmail.com for suggestions and criticisms.
Surface roughness metrology deals with basic terminology of surface,surface roughness indication methods,analysis of surface traces, measurement methods,surface roughness measuring instruments such as Stylus Probe Instrument, Profilometer, Tomlinson Surface Meter ,The Taylor-Hobson Talysurf etc.This is very useful for diploma,degree engineering students of mechanical,production,automobile branch
Unit 5- balancing of reciprocating masses, Dynamics of machines of VTU Syllabus prepared by Hareesha N Gowda, Asst. Prof, Dayananda Sagar College of Engg, Blore. Please write to hareeshang@gmail.com for suggestions and criticisms.
PPT describes the engine performance parameters of the I.C. engine.
Engine performance is an indication of the degree of success of the engine performs its assigned task, i.e. the conversion of the chemical energy contained in the fuel into the useful mechanical work. The engine performance is indicated by the term efficiency, η. Five important engine efficiencies and other related engine performance parameters are:
Power
Indicated Thermal Efficiency (ηith)
Brake Thermal Efficiency (ηbth)
Mechanical Efficiency (ηm)
Volumetric Efficiency (ηv)
Relative Efficiency or Efficiency Ratio (ηrel)
Mean Effective Pressure (Pm)
Specific Fuel Consumption (sfc)
Fuel-Air or Air-Fuel Ratio (F/A or A/F)
Calorific Value (CV)
Power:-
The main purpose of running an engine is to obtain mechanical power.
Brake Power (B.P.)
The power developed by an Engine at the output shaft is called the brake power.
Brake Power= Brake Workdone/Time
B.P.=BWD/sec.
Indicated power (I.P.)
The total power developed by Combustion of fuel in the combustion chamber is called indicated power.
Indicated Power= Indicated Workdone/Time
I.P.=IWD/sec.
Frictional Power (F.P.)
The difference between I.P. and B.P. is called frictional power (f.p.).
FP = IP – BP
Thermal Efficiency (ηth)
Thermal efficiency is the ratio of Power to energy supplied by the fuel.
ηth= Power/ Energy
In I.C. Engine, thermal efficiency can be classified into two categories i.e.
Indicated Thermal Efficiency (ηith)
Indicated thermal efficiency is the ratio of indicated power to the heat supplied or added.
ηith= IP/Qs
2. Brake Thermal Efficiency (ηith)
Brake Thermal Efficiency is the ratio of brake power to the heat supplied or added.
ηbth= BP/Qs
Volumetric Efficiency (ηv)
This is one of the most important parameters which decide the performance of four-stroke engines. Four stoke engines have distinct suction stoke, volumetric efficiency indicates the breathing ability of the engine.
Volumetric efficiency is defined as the ratio of actual flow rate of air into the intake system to rate at which the volume is displaced by the system.
ηv= (푚 ̇"a/a" )/(푉푑푖푠푝푎푐푒푑 푋 푁/2)
"a"= Inlet density is taken atmospheric air density
N= Number of the cylinder in use
Unit 6- spur gears, Kinematics of machines of VTU Syllabus prepared by Hareesha N Gowda, Asst. Prof, Dayananda Sagar College of Engg, Blore. Please write to hareeshang@gmail.com for suggestions and criticisms.
Surface roughness metrology deals with basic terminology of surface,surface roughness indication methods,analysis of surface traces, measurement methods,surface roughness measuring instruments such as Stylus Probe Instrument, Profilometer, Tomlinson Surface Meter ,The Taylor-Hobson Talysurf etc.This is very useful for diploma,degree engineering students of mechanical,production,automobile branch
Unit 5- balancing of reciprocating masses, Dynamics of machines of VTU Syllabus prepared by Hareesha N Gowda, Asst. Prof, Dayananda Sagar College of Engg, Blore. Please write to hareeshang@gmail.com for suggestions and criticisms.
PPT describes the engine performance parameters of the I.C. engine.
Engine performance is an indication of the degree of success of the engine performs its assigned task, i.e. the conversion of the chemical energy contained in the fuel into the useful mechanical work. The engine performance is indicated by the term efficiency, η. Five important engine efficiencies and other related engine performance parameters are:
Power
Indicated Thermal Efficiency (ηith)
Brake Thermal Efficiency (ηbth)
Mechanical Efficiency (ηm)
Volumetric Efficiency (ηv)
Relative Efficiency or Efficiency Ratio (ηrel)
Mean Effective Pressure (Pm)
Specific Fuel Consumption (sfc)
Fuel-Air or Air-Fuel Ratio (F/A or A/F)
Calorific Value (CV)
Power:-
The main purpose of running an engine is to obtain mechanical power.
Brake Power (B.P.)
The power developed by an Engine at the output shaft is called the brake power.
Brake Power= Brake Workdone/Time
B.P.=BWD/sec.
Indicated power (I.P.)
The total power developed by Combustion of fuel in the combustion chamber is called indicated power.
Indicated Power= Indicated Workdone/Time
I.P.=IWD/sec.
Frictional Power (F.P.)
The difference between I.P. and B.P. is called frictional power (f.p.).
FP = IP – BP
Thermal Efficiency (ηth)
Thermal efficiency is the ratio of Power to energy supplied by the fuel.
ηth= Power/ Energy
In I.C. Engine, thermal efficiency can be classified into two categories i.e.
Indicated Thermal Efficiency (ηith)
Indicated thermal efficiency is the ratio of indicated power to the heat supplied or added.
ηith= IP/Qs
2. Brake Thermal Efficiency (ηith)
Brake Thermal Efficiency is the ratio of brake power to the heat supplied or added.
ηbth= BP/Qs
Volumetric Efficiency (ηv)
This is one of the most important parameters which decide the performance of four-stroke engines. Four stoke engines have distinct suction stoke, volumetric efficiency indicates the breathing ability of the engine.
Volumetric efficiency is defined as the ratio of actual flow rate of air into the intake system to rate at which the volume is displaced by the system.
ηv= (푚 ̇"a/a" )/(푉푑푖푠푝푎푐푒푑 푋 푁/2)
"a"= Inlet density is taken atmospheric air density
N= Number of the cylinder in use
Comparative analysis on an exponential form of pulse with an integer and non-...IJERA Editor
The theme of this paper is to make a fundamental comparative analysis on time-bandwidth product of a short
duration pulse, whose amplitude is varied with an exponent as an integer and non-integer. The time-bandwidth
product is the most significant factor in pulse compression techniques which is used very often in radar systems
for better detection of the target and resolving the ambiguities in the both range and velocity with the help of
ambiguity function. In this paper, different exponents have been used and it is observed that the non-integer
exponents are giving slightly better quantitative parameters like time-bandwidth product, relative sidelobe level
and main lobe widths. To improve these quantitative parameters, phase variations have been incorporated with
the differentiated pulses of the original exponential signal. Finally, the modulation has also been applied on the
pulses to observe the results in real practical applications. From all these analysis, it is concluded that the
differentiated non-integer exponential pulse with bi-polar variations is giving better pulse compression
requirements (time-bandwidth product, peak sidelobe level, 3-dB beamwidth and main lobe widths) compared
to all other pulse forms. The outputs of the matched filter are also observed for each pulse shape.
Electrocardiogram Denoised Signal by Discrete Wavelet Transform and Continuou...CSCJournals
One of commonest problems in electrocardiogram (ECG) signal processing is denoising. In this paper a denoising technique based on discrete wavelet transform (DWT) has been developed. To evaluate proposed technique, we compare it to continuous wavelet transform (CWT). Performance evaluation uses parameters like mean square error (MSE) and signal to noise ratio (SNR) computations show that the proposed technique out performs the CWT.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Measurement of Acceleration & Vibration :
Different simple Instruments
Principle of seismic-instruments
Geometric COSMOLOGY/PACIFIC RING OF FIRE
Vibro meter and Accelerometer
Design of Microcontroller Based Multi-Frequency Ultrasonic Pulser ReceiverIJERA Editor
Ultrasonic technique is widely accepted as a characterizing tool because of its non destructive nature. Great
technical advancement in ultrasonic apparatuses over the last few years has permitted their increased use. In the
present work, an attempt has been made to develop an ultrasonic pulser receiver for pulse echo technique which
gives pulsed RF of desired frequency on selection from PC without shifting to another oscillator. A
microcontroller (ATMega16) controlled oscillator generates required frequencies on receiving a command. A
pulse repetition frequency (PRF) is generated by microcontroller in such a way to give fixed number of RF
cycles for each selected frequency. The receiver section receives the echoes from the same transducer, rectifies
and amplifies it and is projected to oscilloscope for further study. The designed multi frequency ultrasonic pulser
receiver system has been tested in standard liquids for velocity measurements.
This presentation gives the information about introduction to control systems
Subject: Control Engineering as per VTU Syllabus of Aeronautical Engineering.
Notes Compiled By: Hareesha N Gowda, Assistant Professor, DSCE, Bengaluru-78.
Disclaimer:
The contents used in this presentation are taken from the text books mentioned in the references. I do not hold any copyrights for the contents. It has been prepared to use in the class lectures, not for commercial purpose.
This template was created for DSCE, Aeronautical students. You have to replace the institution details.
Create a separate document for each chapter, so that under numbering, you can change the sequence of chapter main heading according to chapter wise. i.e., 2.1, 2.2 etc.
Same procedure is applicable to Figure caption and Table caption.
This template can be used to generate, BE seminar report, M.Tech and Ph.D thesis also.
This template is created to assist UG students in generating their thesis without much hassle.
Contents are taken from VTU website. I don’t hold any copyright for this document.
Hareesha N G
Assistant Professor
DSCE, Bengaluru
This document is an Instruction manual for Computer aided machine drawing
Subject: Computer aided machine drawing (CAMD)
Syllabus contest is as per VTU, Belagavi, India.
Notes Compiled By: Hareesha N Gowda, Assistant Professor, DSCE, Bengaluru-78.
This document gives the class notes of Unit-8: Torsion of circular shafts and elastic stability of columns. Subject: Mechanics of materials.
Syllabus contest is as per VTU, Belagavi, India.
Notes Compiled By: Hareesha N Gowda, Assistant Professor, DSCE, Bengaluru-78.
This document gives the class notes of Unit-8: Torsion of circular shafts and elastic stability of columns. Subject: Mechanics of materials.
Syllabus contest is as per VTU, Belagavi, India.
Notes Compiled By: Hareesha N Gowda, Assistant Professor, DSCE, Bengaluru-78.
This document gives the class notes of Unit 6: Bending and shear Stresses in beams. Subject: Mechanics of materials.
Syllabus contest is as per VTU, Belagavi, India.
Notes Compiled By: Hareesha N Gowda, Assistant Professor, DSCE, Bengaluru-78.
This document gives the class notes of Unit 5 shear force and bending moment in beams. Subject: Mechanics of materials.
Syllabus contest is as per VTU, Belagavi, India.
Notes Compiled By: Hareesha N Gowda, Assistant Professor, DSCE, Bengaluru-78.
This document gives the class notes of Unit 3 Compound stresses. Subject: Mechanics of materials.
Syllabus contest is as per VTU, Belagavi, India.
Notes Compiled By: Hareesha N Gowda, Assistant Professor, DSCE, Bengaluru-78.
This document gives the class notes of Unit 2 stresses in composite sections. Subject: Mechanics of materials.
Syllabus contest is as per VTU, Belagavi, India.
Notes Compiled By: Hareesha N Gowda, Assistant Professor, DSCE, Bengaluru-78.
This document contains: Mechanics of Materials: Question bank from old VTU Question papers ; Pprepared by Hareesha N G, DSCE, Bengaluru. These questions are picked from last 06 years of old VTU question papers.
This presentation was prepared for a seminar. I have shared this with you. This is not related to curriculam. Please writre your criticisms to: hareeshang@gmail.com.
This presentation gives the information about Screw thread measurements and Gear measurement of the subject: Mechanical measurement and Metrology (10ME32/42) of VTU Syllabus covering unit-4.
This presentation gives the information about Force, Pressure and Torque measurements of the subject: Mechanical measurement and Metrology (10ME32/42) of VTU Syllabus covering unit-6.
This presentation gives the information about mechanical measurements and measurement systems of the subject: Mechanical measurement and Metrology (10ME32/42) of VTU Syllabus covering unit-5.
This CIM and automation laboratory manual covers the G-Codes and M-codes for CNC Turning and Milling operations. Some concepts of Robot programming are also introduced.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
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Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
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3. VIBRATION MEASURING INSTRUMENTS
• The instruments which are used to measure the
displacement, velocity or acceleration of a vibrating
body are called vibration measuring instruments.
• Vibration measuring devices having mass, spring, dash
pot, etc. are known as seismic instruments.
• The quantities to be measured are displayed on a
screen in the form of electric signal which can be
readily amplified and recorded.
• The output of electric signal of the instrument will be
proportional to the quantity which is to be measured.
4/5/2014 Hareesha N G, Asst. Prof, DSCE, BLore-78 3
4. VIBRATION MEASURING INSTRUMENTS (Contd..)
• Two types of seismic transducers known as vibrometer
and accelerometer are widely used.
• A vibrometer or a seismometer is a device to measure
the displacement of a vibrating body.
• Accelerometer is an instrument to measure the
acceleration of a vibrating body.
• Vibrometer is designed with low natural frequency and
accelerometer with high natural frequency.
• So vibrometer is known as low frequency transducer
and accelerometer as high frequency transducer.
4/5/2014 Hareesha N G, Asst. Prof, DSCE, BLore-78 4
7. Vibrometer
• Let us consider equation
• Let us assume ω/ωn=r in the above eqn
• Characteristics of this equation is plotted as shown in fig.
4/5/2014 Hareesha N G, Asst. Prof, DSCE, BLore-78 7
From figure, it can be seen
that for large values of
ω/ωn=r , the ratio Z/B
approaches unity for every
value of damping.
8. 4/5/2014 Hareesha N G, Asst. Prof, DSCE, BLore-78 8
The phase angle plot shown below indicates the phase
lag of the seismic mass with respect to vibrating base
of machine
9. Vibrometer (Contd..)
Let us consider equation
Let us assume ω/ωn=r in the above eqn
When the value of r is very high (more than 3), the above
equation can be written as
(as 2εr is very small term, so it is neglected for a wide
range of damping factors)
• So the relative amplitude Z is shown equal to the amplitude
of vibrating body B on the screen.
• Though Z and B are not in the same phase but B being in
single harmonic, will result in the output signal as true
reproduction of input quantity.
4/5/2014 Hareesha N G, Asst. Prof, DSCE, BLore-78 9
10. • Low natural frequency means heavy mass of the body of the
instrument which makes its rare application in practice specially
in systems which require much sophistication.
• The frequency range of a vibrometer depends upon several
factors such as damping, its natural frequency, etc.
• It may have natural frequency 1 Hz to 5 Hz.
4/5/2014 Hareesha N G, Asst. Prof, DSCE, BLore-78 10
• The instrument shown in figure
works as a vibrometer for very
large value of r.
• Vibrometer (also known as low
frequency transducer) is used to
measure the high frequency ω of
a vibrating body.
• Since the ratio r is very high, so
the natural frequency of the
instrument is low.
Vibrometer (Contd..)
11. Accelerometer
• An accelerometer is used to measure the acceleration of a
vibrating body.
• If the natural frequency ωn of the instrument is very high
compared to the frequency ω which is to be measured, the ratio
ω/ωn is very small. i.e., ω/ωn=<< 1
• The range of frequency measurement is shown in figure. Since
the natural frequency of the instrument is high so it is very light
in construction.
4/5/2014 Hareesha N G, Asst. Prof, DSCE, BLore-78 11
From figure, it can be seen
that for large values of
ω/ωn=r , the ratio Z/B
approaches unity for every
value of damping.
12. Accelerometer (Contd..)
• With the help of electronics integration
devices, it displays velocity and
displacement both.
• Because of its small size and usefulness
for determining velocity and
displacement besides acceleration, it is
very widely used as a vibration
measuring device and is termed as high
frequency transducer.
4/5/2014 Hareesha N G, Asst. Prof, DSCE, BLore-78 12
• The voltage signals obtained from an accelerometer are usually
very small which can be pre-amplified to see them bigger in size
on oscilloscope.
• For getting velocity and displacement double integration device
may be used and the results are obtained on screen.
13. Again considering equation
assuming ω/ωn=<< 1
where f is a factor which remains constant for the useful
range of accelerometer.
4/5/2014 Hareesha N G, Asst. Prof, DSCE, BLore-78 13
Where
In this equation ω2B, the acceleration of the vibrating body. It is
clearly seen that the acceleration is multiplied by a factor (1/ ωn
2 ).
To keep the value of factor f equal to 1 for very high range of
ω/ωn, ratio, ε should be high in value.
The amplitude Z becomes proportional to the acceleration
provided the natural frequency remains constant.
Thus Z is treated proportional to the amplitude of acceleration to
be measured
14. • With the help of equation figure is drawn to
show the linear response of the accelerometer.
• It is seen that for ε =0.7, there is complete linearity for
accelerometer for ω/ωn ≤ 0.25.Thus the instrument with 100 Hz
natural frequency will have a useful frequency range from 0 to
26 Hz at ε =0.7 and will provide very accurate results. For this
purpose electromagnetic type accelerometers are widely used
nowadays.
4/5/2014 Hareesha N G, Asst. Prof, DSCE, BLore-78 14
15. • The working of frequency measuring instruments is based on
the principle of resonance.
• At resonance the amplitude of vibration is found to be
maximum and then the excitation frequency is equal to the
natural frequency of the instrument.
• Two types of instruments arc discussed here
Fullarton Tachometer
Fruhm Tachometer
4/5/2014 Hareesha N G, Asst. Prof, DSCE, BLore-78 15
16. Fullarton Tachometer:
• This instrument is known as single reed instrument.
• It consists of a thin strip carrying small mass attached at one of
its free ends.
• The strip is treated as a cantilever the length of which is changed
by means of a screw mechanism as shown in figure 4.18.
4/5/2014 Hareesha N G, Asst. Prof, DSCE, BLore-78 16
The strip of the instrument is pressed
over the vibrating body to find its
natural frequency.
We go on changing the length of the
strip till amplitude of vibration is
maximum.
17. Fullarton Tachometer (contd..)
• At the instant, the excitation frequency equals the natural
frequency of cantilever strip which can be directly seen from the
strip itself.
• The strip has different frequencies for its different lengths.
• The natural frequency can be determined with the help of this
formula
4/5/2014 Hareesha N G, Asst. Prof, DSCE, BLore-78 17
3
3
2
1
ml
EI
fn
18. Fruhm Tachometer
• This is also known as multi reed instrument.
• It consists of several reed of known different natural
frequencies.
• There may be a known series of frequencies for the reeds.
• Small difference in the frequencies of successive reeds will show
more accurate results.
• The instrument is brought in contact with the vibrating body
whose frequency is to be measured and one of the reeds will be
having maximum amplitude and hence that reed will be
showing the frequency of the vibrating body.
• The mathematical analysis involved in the calculation of the
natural frequency of the vibrating body with the help of a
Frahm's Reed Tachometer is discussed below :
4/5/2014 Hareesha N G, Asst. Prof, DSCE, BLore-78 18
19. Let m be the mass attached to the end of each reed of length l and
E be the modulus of elasticity of the reed material
The static deflection of the reed considering it to be a cantilever
fixed at one end is given by
Where = moment of inertia of the reed about the base
We know that, k xst = m g
where k = stiffness of the reed
So natural frequency of the reed =
4/5/2014 Hareesha N G, Asst. Prof, DSCE, BLore-78 19
EI
mgl
xst
3
3
12
3
bd
I
m
k
fn
2
1
stst
n
x
g
mx
gm
f
2
1
2
1
33
3
2
13
2
1
ml
EI
mgl
EIg
20. 4/5/2014 Hareesha N G, Asst. Prof, DSCE, BLore-78 20
• Thus by having different values of mass 'm' or length l of the reed, we
can have a series of reeds with definite known frequencies.
• The one which has a frequency equal to the natural frequency of the
vibrating body, vibrates with a large amplitude. Thus the frequency of
the vibrating body can be determined easily by knowing the reed with
maximum amplitude.
• The accuracy of the instrument
depends upon the difference
between the value of the
natural frequency of the
successive reeds.
• The instrument will be more
accurate if the difference in the
value of frequency is smaller.
Refer figure.
Fruhm Tachometer (contd..)