It’s a power electronics project. It is able to give output voltage(DC) more and less than input voltage as per requirement.
We can generate variable DC voltage which is less than input, but, the special things about this converter is, it has capability to produce variable DC voltage as high as twice the input voltage.
We have specially designed and manufactured inductor for this project.
Construction & E.M.F. eqn. of transformerJay Baria
In this ppt, construction and emf equation of transformer is shown and also the types of transformer and its various losses and its application is given in the presentation.
Distribution System Voltage Drop and Power Loss CalculationAmeen San
Distribution System Voltage Drop and Power Loss
Calculation
Comparison of Overhead Versus Underground System
Power Loss Calculation,Voltage Drop Calculation
In this slide I have explained how two watt meters can be used to measure 3 phase power. Some of the added advantage of this method is that we can calculate 3 phase reactive power and power factor of load as well.
It’s a power electronics project. It is able to give output voltage(DC) more and less than input voltage as per requirement.
We can generate variable DC voltage which is less than input, but, the special things about this converter is, it has capability to produce variable DC voltage as high as twice the input voltage.
We have specially designed and manufactured inductor for this project.
Construction & E.M.F. eqn. of transformerJay Baria
In this ppt, construction and emf equation of transformer is shown and also the types of transformer and its various losses and its application is given in the presentation.
Distribution System Voltage Drop and Power Loss CalculationAmeen San
Distribution System Voltage Drop and Power Loss
Calculation
Comparison of Overhead Versus Underground System
Power Loss Calculation,Voltage Drop Calculation
In this slide I have explained how two watt meters can be used to measure 3 phase power. Some of the added advantage of this method is that we can calculate 3 phase reactive power and power factor of load as well.
• The concept of prepaid energy meters has been introduced in the power sector to effectively record the units consumed for billing purposes and also monitor several other factors to reduce and minimize losses that occurs due to conventional electromechanical energy meters.
• Prepaid Energy meter is a multipurpose project which can integrate all the functions like billing and automatic message response to user and respective electricity providing company.
Tariff
The electrical energy produced by a power
station is delivered to a large number of
consumers. The consumers can be per-
suaded to use electrical energy if it is sold at rea-
sonable rates. The tariff i.e., the rate at which
electrical energy is sold naturally becomes atten-
tion inviting for electric supply company. The
supply company has to ensure that the tariff is
such that it not only recovers the total cost of
producing electrical energy but also earns profit
on the capital investment. However, the profit
must be marginal particularly for a country like
India where electric supply companies come un-
der public sector and are always subject to criti-
cism. In this chapter, we shall deal with various
types of tariff with special references to their ad-
vantages and disadvantages.
ppt of Three phase fault analysis with auto reset for temporary fault and tri...Vikram Rawani
it's the final ppt which we have made for the project hope you will like it and make use most of it. it will definitely help you guys .
all the best (Y) :)
• The concept of prepaid energy meters has been introduced in the power sector to effectively record the units consumed for billing purposes and also monitor several other factors to reduce and minimize losses that occurs due to conventional electromechanical energy meters.
• Prepaid Energy meter is a multipurpose project which can integrate all the functions like billing and automatic message response to user and respective electricity providing company.
Tariff
The electrical energy produced by a power
station is delivered to a large number of
consumers. The consumers can be per-
suaded to use electrical energy if it is sold at rea-
sonable rates. The tariff i.e., the rate at which
electrical energy is sold naturally becomes atten-
tion inviting for electric supply company. The
supply company has to ensure that the tariff is
such that it not only recovers the total cost of
producing electrical energy but also earns profit
on the capital investment. However, the profit
must be marginal particularly for a country like
India where electric supply companies come un-
der public sector and are always subject to criti-
cism. In this chapter, we shall deal with various
types of tariff with special references to their ad-
vantages and disadvantages.
ppt of Three phase fault analysis with auto reset for temporary fault and tri...Vikram Rawani
it's the final ppt which we have made for the project hope you will like it and make use most of it. it will definitely help you guys .
all the best (Y) :)
The stability of 3 phase alternators synchronized to the Electrical Grid is affected by the inductive reactance of the transmission lines. Alternator voltage is controlled by an automatic voltage regulator which adjusts rotor excitation current to aid in maintaining stable synchronous operation during steady state and transient conditions.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
5. Errors in Electrodynamometer wattmeter
(i) Pressure Coil Inductance
(ii) Pressure coil capacitance
(iii) Error due to Mutual Inductance Effects
(iv) Errors caused because of Connections
(v) Eddy current Errors
(vi) Stray magnetic field errors
(vii) Errors caused by Vibration of Moving system
(viii) Temperature Errors
5
6. Errors in Electrodynamometer wattmeter…….
(i) Pressure Coil Inductance
error
For lagging load (wattmeter will read higher than
actual)
Error Cosφ/ cos β.cos (φ – β)
For leading load (wattmeter will read lower than
actual)
tanφ.tanβ x VI Cosφ,
Compensation
6
7. Errors in Electrodynamometer wattmeter…..
7
(a) Power indicated by wattmeter=
power consumed by load + power loss in current
coil (small current)
(b) Power indicated by wattmeter=power
consumed by load + power loss in pressure coil
(large current)
8. Low power factor wattmeter
(electrodynamometer type)
Measurement of power by ordinary electrodynamometer is
difficult in case of circuit having low power factor
Because
(i) The deflecting torque on the moving system is
small (owing to low power factor) even when
the current and pressure coils are fully excited.
(ii) Errors introduced because of inductance of
pressure coil tend to be large at low power
factors
10. Low power factor wattmeter…….
Features incorporated in an electrodynameter to
make it a low power factor type wattmeter.
(a) Pressure coil current.
The pressure coil circuit is designed to have a low
value of resistance, so that the current, flowing
through it, is increased to give and increased
operating torque.
The pressure coil current in a low power factor
wattmeter may be as much as 10 times the value
employed for high power factor wattmeter.
10
11. Low power factor wattmeter…….
(b) Compensation for pressure coil current
The power being measured in a low power
factor circuit is small and current is high on
account of low power factor, connection of fig
(a) cannot be used because owing to large load
current there would be a large power loss in
the current coil and ,therefore ,the wattmeter
will give a large error. 11
12. Low power factor wattmeter…….
(c) If we use connection of fig (b) ,the power loss in
the pressure coil circuit is included in the reading
given by the wattmeter.
Thus with this connection also the wattmeter
will give a serious error as the power loss in the
pressure coil may be a large percentage of the
power being measured.
There fore ,it is absolutely necessary to
compensate for the pressure coil current in a low
power factor wattmeter.
12
13. Low power factor wattmeter…….
(c) Compensation for Inductance of Pressure coil
The error caused by pressure coil inductance is
VI.sinφ.tanβ
Now, with low power factor, the value of φ is large
and, the error is correspondingly large.
Hence in a low power factor wattmeter we must
Compensate for the error caused by inductance of the
pressure coil.
This is done by connecting a capacitor across a part
of series resistance in the pressure coil circuit
(d) Small control torque
Low power factor wattmeter are designed with to
have a small control torque so that they give full scale
deflection for power factor as low as 0.1
13
14. 14
A wattmeter has a current coil of 0.1Ω resistance and a pressure coil of 6500 Ω
resistance. Calculate the percentage error due to resistance only (a) when the
pressure coil is connected on supply side (b) when pressure coil is connected on
load side. a)when the input 12A at 250V with unity power factor b) when the input
12A at 250V with 0.4 power factor
a) power = Vicosφ = 250x12x1=3000w
when the pressure coil is connected on supply side
Power loss in current coil = I2R = 122x0.1=14.4 w
Error =(14.4/3000)x100=0.48%
when pressure coil is connected on load side
power loss in pressure coil V2/Rp= (250)2/6500=9.6w
Error =(9.6/3000)x100=0.32%
b) power = Vicosφ = 250x12x0.4=1200w
when the pressure coil is connected on supply side
Power loss in current coil = I2R = 122x0.1=14.4 w
Error =(14.4/1200)x100=1.2%
when pressure coil is connected on load side
power loss in pressure coil V2/Rp= (250)2/6500=9.6w
Error =(9.6/1200)x100=0.8%
15. Three wattmeter method
15
at common pt V=0
V1=v1’, v2=v2’, v3=v3’
Sum of the instantaneous reading of the wattmeter
P=v1i1+v2i2+v3i3
16. Two wattmeter method (star connection)
16
Instantaneous power of P1 wattmeter P1=i1(v1-v3)
Instantaneous power of P2 wattmeter P2=i2(v2-v3)
Sum of instantaneous power P=P1+P2=v1i1+v2i2-v3(i1+i2)
kirchhoff ‘s law i1+i2+i3=0
i1+i2= -i3
Hence P=v1i1+v2i2+v3i3
17. Two wattmeter method (delta connection)
17
Instantaneous power of P1 wattmeter P1= - v3(i1-i3)
Instantaneous power of P2 wattmeter P2= v2(i2-i1)
Sum of instantaneous power P=P1+P2=v2(i2-i1) - v3(i1-i3)
kirchhoff ‘s law v1+v2+v3=0
v2+v3= -v1
Hence P=v1i1+v2i2+v3i3
19. In a dynamometer wattmeter the moving coil has 500 turns of
mean diameter 30mm. Estimate the torque if the axes of the field
and the moving coils are at (a) 60° (b) 90° when the flux density
produced by field coils is 15x10-3 wb/m2, the current in moving coil
is 0.05A and the power factor is 0.866.
19
flux linking with moving coil= area x component of flux
perpendicular to area
=(Π/4)D2xBxcosθ
flux linkages with moving coil = N x(Π/4)D2xBxcosθ=Mmaxcosθ
Td=(VI/Rp) x (dM/dθ) cosθ =
= N x(Π/4)D2xBxIpx sinθ cosφ
a) θ=60, sin60=0.866
Td=500 x (Π/4) x (30x 10-3)2 x 15x10-3 x0.05x0.866x 0.866
=198.8 x 10-6 Nm
b) θ=90, sin90=1
Td=500x(Π/4)x(30x10-3)2 x15x10-3x0.05x0.866 =229.5x 10-6 Nm
20. A 220V, 5A dc energy meter is tested at its marked rating. The
resistance of Pressure coil is 8,800 Ω and that of current coil is 0.1
Ω. Calculate the power Consumed when testing the meter with:
(a) direct load arrangement. (b) Phantom loading with current
circuit excited by 6V battery.
20
Direct loading:
Power consumed in pressure circuit=2202/8800=5.5 w
Power consumed in current circuit=220 x5=1100 w
Total power consumed =1100+5.5 =1105.5 watts
phantom loading:
Power consumed in pressure circuit=2202/8800=5.5 w
Power consumed in current circuit=6 x5=30 w
Total power consumed =30+5.5 =35.5 watts
24. Phantom loading
When the current rating of a meter under test is high, a
test with actual loading arrangements would involve a
considerable waste of power. In order to avoid phantom
loading or Fictitious Loading is used.
24
25. A 230V, single phase watt-hour meter has a constant load of 4A
passing through it for 6 hours at unity power factor. If the meter
disc makes 2,208 revolutions during this period, what is the meter
constant in revolutions per KWH? Calculate the power factor of
the load if the numbers of revolutions made by the meter are
1,472 when operating at 230V, 5A for 4 hours. .
25
Energy supplied= VICosφ x t x 10-3
= 230 x 4 x 6 x 10-3 = 5.52 kwh
Meter constant = revolutions / Kwh
= 2208/5.52 = 400 rev/Kwh
Energy consumed when meter makes 1472 rev=1472/400 = 3.68Kwh
Now energy consumed = VICosφ x t x 10-3
230 x 5 x Cosφ x 4 x 10-3 = 3.68
Cosφ = 0.8
