The document provides an introduction to disaster management. It aims to serve as a reference guide for governments and others responsible for dealing with disasters. The focus is on Southeast Asia and the Pacific region. It draws on real disaster management activities in the region. The document uses a standard disaster management cycle as a framework and discusses different types of natural disasters like earthquakes, cyclones, floods, and landslides as well as man-made disasters like fires. It provides characteristics and considerations for managing each type of disaster.
The document discusses natural and man-made hazards. Natural hazards such as earthquakes, floods, and wildfires are caused by physical elements in the environment and are inevitable natural events. Man-made or technological hazards like bomb explosions and chemical spills are caused by human factors. The Philippines is prone to natural hazards like earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and typhoons due to its location along the Pacific Ring of Fire and Philippine Fault Zone. Hazards can have various impacts on physical, socioeconomic, and environmental elements. Their impacts need to be assessed to reduce disaster risks.
This document discusses disaster risk reduction and management for schools in the Philippines. It begins by outlining the natural hazards the country faces, such as earthquakes, typhoons, floods, and volcanic eruptions. It then focuses on typhoons, explaining what they are and detailing some of the most destructive ones to hit the Philippines like Super Typhoon Haiyan. The document also discusses earthquakes, noting the Philippines is at high risk being located on the Pacific Ring of Fire, and outlines recent damaging quakes. It emphasizes the need for disaster preparedness and management in schools given the country's exposure to natural hazards.
Disasters can be natural or man-made. Natural disasters include meteorological events like floods, droughts and tornadoes, topographical events like avalanches and landslides, and environmental catastrophes like volcanic eruptions and earthquakes. Developing countries are most vulnerable as over 95% of disaster deaths occur there. Disaster management aims to coordinate an organization's response through strategic planning rather than direct control. It focuses on reducing risks and vulnerabilities to minimize the harmful impacts of disasters.
A hazard is any situation or event that poses a threat to life, health, property, or the environment. Hazards can involve stored energy, such as chemical, mechanical, thermal, or radioactive energy, that can be released and cause damage. They can also involve hazardous situations without stored energy, like confined spaces. Hazards are categorized as either natural, such as earthquakes or droughts, or anthropogenic/man-made, like deforestation or climate change. The Philippines is prone to natural hazards due to its location along the Pacific typhoon belt and in the seismically active "Ring of Fire". Hazards can be dormant, armed, or active depending on whether people, property, or the environment are
environment disaster management concpt and applicationTessaRaju
This document discusses disaster management concepts and applications. It defines a disaster and outlines the phases of disaster management: mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery. It also categorizes different types of disasters as natural (meteorological, geological, environmental) or man-made (technological, industrial, warfare) and provides examples of specific disaster types like floods, earthquakes, chemical spills and attacks. Principles of disaster management are also outlined.
1. Various monitoring techniques are used to predict volcanic eruptions, including measuring seismic activity, ground deformation, gas emissions, and changes in nearby streams. This allows for evacuation planning and hazard mapping.
2. Primary volcanic hazards like lava flows and pyroclastic flows directly impact people. Secondary hazards like lahars and acid rain can also harm people and the environment. Monitoring and evacuation are the most effective hazard management strategies.
3. While some attempts have been made to control lava flows, volcanic eruptions cannot fully be controlled. The most effective approaches are hazard mapping, land use planning, education and preparedness activities to reduce vulnerability and respond to eruptions.
Natural Hazards, Classification and AnalysisPaul Wozney
An introduction to the concept of natural hazards,, a look at some of the ways they are classified and information about criteria used to analyze and compare natural hazards for Global Geography 12 at Charles P. Allen High School.
The document discusses natural and man-made hazards. Natural hazards such as earthquakes, floods, and wildfires are caused by physical elements in the environment and are inevitable natural events. Man-made or technological hazards like bomb explosions and chemical spills are caused by human factors. The Philippines is prone to natural hazards like earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and typhoons due to its location along the Pacific Ring of Fire and Philippine Fault Zone. Hazards can have various impacts on physical, socioeconomic, and environmental elements. Their impacts need to be assessed to reduce disaster risks.
This document discusses disaster risk reduction and management for schools in the Philippines. It begins by outlining the natural hazards the country faces, such as earthquakes, typhoons, floods, and volcanic eruptions. It then focuses on typhoons, explaining what they are and detailing some of the most destructive ones to hit the Philippines like Super Typhoon Haiyan. The document also discusses earthquakes, noting the Philippines is at high risk being located on the Pacific Ring of Fire, and outlines recent damaging quakes. It emphasizes the need for disaster preparedness and management in schools given the country's exposure to natural hazards.
Disasters can be natural or man-made. Natural disasters include meteorological events like floods, droughts and tornadoes, topographical events like avalanches and landslides, and environmental catastrophes like volcanic eruptions and earthquakes. Developing countries are most vulnerable as over 95% of disaster deaths occur there. Disaster management aims to coordinate an organization's response through strategic planning rather than direct control. It focuses on reducing risks and vulnerabilities to minimize the harmful impacts of disasters.
A hazard is any situation or event that poses a threat to life, health, property, or the environment. Hazards can involve stored energy, such as chemical, mechanical, thermal, or radioactive energy, that can be released and cause damage. They can also involve hazardous situations without stored energy, like confined spaces. Hazards are categorized as either natural, such as earthquakes or droughts, or anthropogenic/man-made, like deforestation or climate change. The Philippines is prone to natural hazards due to its location along the Pacific typhoon belt and in the seismically active "Ring of Fire". Hazards can be dormant, armed, or active depending on whether people, property, or the environment are
environment disaster management concpt and applicationTessaRaju
This document discusses disaster management concepts and applications. It defines a disaster and outlines the phases of disaster management: mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery. It also categorizes different types of disasters as natural (meteorological, geological, environmental) or man-made (technological, industrial, warfare) and provides examples of specific disaster types like floods, earthquakes, chemical spills and attacks. Principles of disaster management are also outlined.
1. Various monitoring techniques are used to predict volcanic eruptions, including measuring seismic activity, ground deformation, gas emissions, and changes in nearby streams. This allows for evacuation planning and hazard mapping.
2. Primary volcanic hazards like lava flows and pyroclastic flows directly impact people. Secondary hazards like lahars and acid rain can also harm people and the environment. Monitoring and evacuation are the most effective hazard management strategies.
3. While some attempts have been made to control lava flows, volcanic eruptions cannot fully be controlled. The most effective approaches are hazard mapping, land use planning, education and preparedness activities to reduce vulnerability and respond to eruptions.
Natural Hazards, Classification and AnalysisPaul Wozney
An introduction to the concept of natural hazards,, a look at some of the ways they are classified and information about criteria used to analyze and compare natural hazards for Global Geography 12 at Charles P. Allen High School.
The document discusses landslide disaster management in the Philippines. Landslides regularly occur in mountainous regions near cities like Baguio City, caused by prolonged rainfall and earthquakes. Several major disasters have occurred, such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, floods, and typhoons, which have destroyed property and killed many Filipinos. As a result, the Philippines has developed a disaster management plan focused on mitigation, preparedness, rehabilitation, and response.
The document defines different types of hazards and disasters. It discusses natural disasters such as earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, landslides, tropical cyclones, floods, storms, mudslides, avalanches, droughts, and wildfires. It also covers technological disasters, environmental disasters, and complex disasters involving terrorism, civil unrest, and refugee problems. The document provides descriptions and examples of each type of hazard and disaster.
Disaster management involves preparing for, responding to, and recovering from both natural and man-made disasters. It includes preparedness training for citizens to lessen the impact of disasters. All aspects of disaster management work to protect populations from consequences of disasters, wars, and terrorism. While threats cannot always be prevented, emergency management focuses on search and rescue efforts. Major disasters like Chernobyl and the 2011 Japan earthquake and tsunami were extremely costly and challenging to manage.
This document discusses different types of natural and man-made disasters. It defines a disaster as a sudden misfortune that damages infrastructure and impairs functions. Disasters can be caused by natural hazards like earthquakes, floods and hurricanes, or by human-related incidents like fires, explosions and transportation accidents. The document then outlines various types of natural disasters including earthquakes, cyclones, floods, volcanic eruptions, wildfires, landslides, droughts and famines. It also discusses man-made disasters such as chemical spills, industrial accidents, terrorism, wars, epidemics and radiation exposure.
This document discusses different types of natural and human-made disasters. It provides details on several specific disaster types including floods, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, land instabilities, droughts, and technological hazards. For each disaster type, it outlines typical causes, parameters for measuring severity, elements at risk, onset and warning signs, and main mitigation strategies. The goal is to assess hazards, map risks, and reduce impacts of disasters through preparedness and prevention measures.
This document provides an introduction to natural hazards. It discusses the 1985 eruption of Nevado del Ruiz volcano in Colombia, which killed over 21,000 people and caused $200 million in damage. The document outlines various natural processes including internal processes like earthquakes and volcanoes from plate tectonics, and external processes from solar energy like storms. It defines hazards, risk, disasters and catastrophes, and discusses how human settlement can increase risk. The role of history in understanding hazards is described.
The document discusses disaster risk reduction and preparedness in the Philippines. It notes that the Philippines is at high risk for various natural hazards like earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, typhoons and floods due to its location in the Pacific Ring of Fire. It provides information on the different hazards the country faces and discusses the importance of preparedness, response, rehabilitation and recovery efforts to build resilience against disasters.
The document discusses disasters and their impacts. It defines a disaster as a sudden event that disrupts normal life and exceeds available resources. Disasters can be natural or man-made. The impacts of disasters include physical damage and injury as well as social and economic disruption. A disaster impact assessment evaluates development projects to identify risks and ways to reduce damages from potential disasters. It considers natural hazards like floods as well as technological hazards caused by infrastructure failures. The assessment aims to incorporate appropriate countermeasures into project design, construction, and management.
This document defines and provides examples of different types of natural and man-made disasters. It discusses natural disasters such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, floods, droughts and tornadoes. It also covers man-made disasters and technological hazards like industrial accidents, fires and oil spills. The document emphasizes that while hazards may occur naturally, it is the vulnerability of human settlements and lack of emergency management that turns these events into disasters that cause loss of life and property damage. Developing nations are often the most impacted due to greater exposure and fewer resources to build resilience against disasters.
Overview on risks and disasters from a holistic perspective. How to cope with risks? The GRF Davos integral risk reduction and disaster management approach
The TDRM is a 6 Step Process to manage natural disasters, viz., 1. Establishing the Disaster Risk Context - strategic, and
organizational, 2. Identifying the DRs - what, why and how hazards or certain events translate into disasters including the sources of risks, areas at risk, and the existing measures.
3. Analyzing the DRs - existing controls in terms of likelihood and consequences. 4. Assessing and Prioritizing the DRs - estimating levels of risk and ranking it for prioritization.
5. Treating the DRs - identifying a range of options for treating
the priority risks, e.g., prevention, preparedness, response,
and recovery, selecting the options, planning and
implementing relevant strategies and funding.
6. Lastly, it is important to monitor and review the Performance of
the DRMS, the changes that might affect it, and ensure that
the DRMP is relevant. The entire process is iterative.
Disaster management involves preparing for, responding to, and recovering from disasters. The main goal is to minimize losses during a disaster through organized and efficient response. This involves understanding potential hazards, establishing early warning systems, coordinating response teams and resources, and securing critical utilities. Conducting mock drills helps improve preparedness by clarifying roles and testing response procedures.
This document outlines disaster risks in India and disaster management. It notes that India is one of the most disaster prone countries in the world, facing various natural disasters including droughts, floods, cyclones, earthquakes, landslides, and tsunamis. The document categorizes India into 5 sub-divisions based on disaster risks. It then discusses common disasters like drought, earthquakes, cyclones, floods, landslides, and fires. The aims of disaster management are reducing losses from hazards and providing prompt assistance to victims. Key players in disaster management include local communities, government departments, NGOs, and a proposed national disaster risk management knowledge network.
The document discusses disaster preparedness and management for schools. It outlines several key steps:
1. Hazard mapping, awareness campaigns, training teachers and students, and acquiring emergency equipment.
2. Formulating a comprehensive school disaster risk reduction management plan (SDRRMP) with four thematic areas: prevention and mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery.
3. Conducting multi-hazard drills and establishing school watch teams to strengthen disaster preparedness capacities as mandated by DepEd orders.
Geology Based natural Disasters in sri LankaAshan Dilshan
This document summarizes geology based natural disasters that occur in Sri Lanka. It discusses the main types of natural disasters seen in the country, which include landslides, subsidence, and tsunamis. Landslides are the most common geology based disaster, making up around 30% of the country's land area. The document outlines the different types of landslides that typically happen, including falls, slides, and topples. It also discusses the causes of landslides and methods for mitigating landslide risks. Subsidence and tsunamis are also briefly covered.
Introduction to Disasters, Hazards, Key factors, Types of Disasters, Characteristics of Hazards, Vulnerability, Capacity and Risk.
It also contains Disaster management techniques, Risk mapping, Vulnerability Analysis, Role of NGOs in Disaster Mitigation and Management.
Earthquake and its impacts, Protection against Earthquakes, Earthquake Risk in India and Mitigation Strategy,
Brief Case study of Bhuj Earthquake, 2001
Floods, impact of Flooding, Problem of Floods in India, Flood control and Government policies and Mitigation practices.
Brief Case Study of Uttarakhand Flash Floods, 2013
The document discusses natural hazards in the Philippines under three sections: natural processes and hazards, hydrometeorological phenomena and hazards, and marine and coastal processes and hazards. It describes various natural hazards like earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides, tsunamis, tropical cyclones, floods, erosion, submersion and saltwater intrusion. It provides details on government agencies that monitor these hazards and measures taken to mitigate risks like hazard maps, storm warning signals, flood prevention projects. Overall, the document comprehensively covers natural hazards prevalent in the Philippines and efforts to build resilience against disasters.
This document provides an overview of different types of disasters and their characteristics. It discusses earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis, floods, landslides, droughts, major accidents, and civil unrest. For each type of disaster, it outlines general characteristics, general countermeasures, and special problem areas for disaster management. The purpose is to analyze the effects of disasters and define requirements for the disaster management cycle of prevention, mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery.
The document discusses landslide disaster management in the Philippines. Landslides regularly occur in mountainous regions near cities like Baguio City, caused by prolonged rainfall and earthquakes. Several major disasters have occurred, such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, floods, and typhoons, which have destroyed property and killed many Filipinos. As a result, the Philippines has developed a disaster management plan focused on mitigation, preparedness, rehabilitation, and response.
The document defines different types of hazards and disasters. It discusses natural disasters such as earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, landslides, tropical cyclones, floods, storms, mudslides, avalanches, droughts, and wildfires. It also covers technological disasters, environmental disasters, and complex disasters involving terrorism, civil unrest, and refugee problems. The document provides descriptions and examples of each type of hazard and disaster.
Disaster management involves preparing for, responding to, and recovering from both natural and man-made disasters. It includes preparedness training for citizens to lessen the impact of disasters. All aspects of disaster management work to protect populations from consequences of disasters, wars, and terrorism. While threats cannot always be prevented, emergency management focuses on search and rescue efforts. Major disasters like Chernobyl and the 2011 Japan earthquake and tsunami were extremely costly and challenging to manage.
This document discusses different types of natural and man-made disasters. It defines a disaster as a sudden misfortune that damages infrastructure and impairs functions. Disasters can be caused by natural hazards like earthquakes, floods and hurricanes, or by human-related incidents like fires, explosions and transportation accidents. The document then outlines various types of natural disasters including earthquakes, cyclones, floods, volcanic eruptions, wildfires, landslides, droughts and famines. It also discusses man-made disasters such as chemical spills, industrial accidents, terrorism, wars, epidemics and radiation exposure.
This document discusses different types of natural and human-made disasters. It provides details on several specific disaster types including floods, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, land instabilities, droughts, and technological hazards. For each disaster type, it outlines typical causes, parameters for measuring severity, elements at risk, onset and warning signs, and main mitigation strategies. The goal is to assess hazards, map risks, and reduce impacts of disasters through preparedness and prevention measures.
This document provides an introduction to natural hazards. It discusses the 1985 eruption of Nevado del Ruiz volcano in Colombia, which killed over 21,000 people and caused $200 million in damage. The document outlines various natural processes including internal processes like earthquakes and volcanoes from plate tectonics, and external processes from solar energy like storms. It defines hazards, risk, disasters and catastrophes, and discusses how human settlement can increase risk. The role of history in understanding hazards is described.
The document discusses disaster risk reduction and preparedness in the Philippines. It notes that the Philippines is at high risk for various natural hazards like earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanic eruptions, typhoons and floods due to its location in the Pacific Ring of Fire. It provides information on the different hazards the country faces and discusses the importance of preparedness, response, rehabilitation and recovery efforts to build resilience against disasters.
The document discusses disasters and their impacts. It defines a disaster as a sudden event that disrupts normal life and exceeds available resources. Disasters can be natural or man-made. The impacts of disasters include physical damage and injury as well as social and economic disruption. A disaster impact assessment evaluates development projects to identify risks and ways to reduce damages from potential disasters. It considers natural hazards like floods as well as technological hazards caused by infrastructure failures. The assessment aims to incorporate appropriate countermeasures into project design, construction, and management.
This document defines and provides examples of different types of natural and man-made disasters. It discusses natural disasters such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, floods, droughts and tornadoes. It also covers man-made disasters and technological hazards like industrial accidents, fires and oil spills. The document emphasizes that while hazards may occur naturally, it is the vulnerability of human settlements and lack of emergency management that turns these events into disasters that cause loss of life and property damage. Developing nations are often the most impacted due to greater exposure and fewer resources to build resilience against disasters.
Overview on risks and disasters from a holistic perspective. How to cope with risks? The GRF Davos integral risk reduction and disaster management approach
The TDRM is a 6 Step Process to manage natural disasters, viz., 1. Establishing the Disaster Risk Context - strategic, and
organizational, 2. Identifying the DRs - what, why and how hazards or certain events translate into disasters including the sources of risks, areas at risk, and the existing measures.
3. Analyzing the DRs - existing controls in terms of likelihood and consequences. 4. Assessing and Prioritizing the DRs - estimating levels of risk and ranking it for prioritization.
5. Treating the DRs - identifying a range of options for treating
the priority risks, e.g., prevention, preparedness, response,
and recovery, selecting the options, planning and
implementing relevant strategies and funding.
6. Lastly, it is important to monitor and review the Performance of
the DRMS, the changes that might affect it, and ensure that
the DRMP is relevant. The entire process is iterative.
Disaster management involves preparing for, responding to, and recovering from disasters. The main goal is to minimize losses during a disaster through organized and efficient response. This involves understanding potential hazards, establishing early warning systems, coordinating response teams and resources, and securing critical utilities. Conducting mock drills helps improve preparedness by clarifying roles and testing response procedures.
This document outlines disaster risks in India and disaster management. It notes that India is one of the most disaster prone countries in the world, facing various natural disasters including droughts, floods, cyclones, earthquakes, landslides, and tsunamis. The document categorizes India into 5 sub-divisions based on disaster risks. It then discusses common disasters like drought, earthquakes, cyclones, floods, landslides, and fires. The aims of disaster management are reducing losses from hazards and providing prompt assistance to victims. Key players in disaster management include local communities, government departments, NGOs, and a proposed national disaster risk management knowledge network.
The document discusses disaster preparedness and management for schools. It outlines several key steps:
1. Hazard mapping, awareness campaigns, training teachers and students, and acquiring emergency equipment.
2. Formulating a comprehensive school disaster risk reduction management plan (SDRRMP) with four thematic areas: prevention and mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery.
3. Conducting multi-hazard drills and establishing school watch teams to strengthen disaster preparedness capacities as mandated by DepEd orders.
Geology Based natural Disasters in sri LankaAshan Dilshan
This document summarizes geology based natural disasters that occur in Sri Lanka. It discusses the main types of natural disasters seen in the country, which include landslides, subsidence, and tsunamis. Landslides are the most common geology based disaster, making up around 30% of the country's land area. The document outlines the different types of landslides that typically happen, including falls, slides, and topples. It also discusses the causes of landslides and methods for mitigating landslide risks. Subsidence and tsunamis are also briefly covered.
Introduction to Disasters, Hazards, Key factors, Types of Disasters, Characteristics of Hazards, Vulnerability, Capacity and Risk.
It also contains Disaster management techniques, Risk mapping, Vulnerability Analysis, Role of NGOs in Disaster Mitigation and Management.
Earthquake and its impacts, Protection against Earthquakes, Earthquake Risk in India and Mitigation Strategy,
Brief Case study of Bhuj Earthquake, 2001
Floods, impact of Flooding, Problem of Floods in India, Flood control and Government policies and Mitigation practices.
Brief Case Study of Uttarakhand Flash Floods, 2013
The document discusses natural hazards in the Philippines under three sections: natural processes and hazards, hydrometeorological phenomena and hazards, and marine and coastal processes and hazards. It describes various natural hazards like earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides, tsunamis, tropical cyclones, floods, erosion, submersion and saltwater intrusion. It provides details on government agencies that monitor these hazards and measures taken to mitigate risks like hazard maps, storm warning signals, flood prevention projects. Overall, the document comprehensively covers natural hazards prevalent in the Philippines and efforts to build resilience against disasters.
This document provides an overview of different types of disasters and their characteristics. It discusses earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis, floods, landslides, droughts, major accidents, and civil unrest. For each type of disaster, it outlines general characteristics, general countermeasures, and special problem areas for disaster management. The purpose is to analyze the effects of disasters and define requirements for the disaster management cycle of prevention, mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery.
natural disaster project by mirza ibrahim from greenwich academy199917
This document provides an introduction to disaster management. It discusses that while disasters have always occurred, their frequency and damage has increased significantly in recent decades. It then outlines different types of natural disasters like floods, tornadoes, cyclones, volcanic eruptions, and landslides. For each disaster, it provides examples of management strategies like developing emergency plans and preparing supplies. The document also discusses man-made disasters, fires, and industrial hazards, and strategies for responding to them. Finally, it outlines key aspects of disaster management like preparedness, mitigation, and the full disaster management cycle.
Here one will know the detail concepts of Hazards and Disaster, their characteristics, types, identification, nature with mechanisms of occurence like risks and vulnerable factors, their types- natural disaster and human and also their characteristics of hazards and disaster
This document discusses various aspects of disasters including definitions, types, impacts, management and mitigation. It defines a disaster as a natural or man-made hazard that causes substantial damage and destruction. Developing countries suffer greatest costs from disasters, with over 95% of disaster deaths occurring in developing nations. Effective disaster management relies on emergency plans integrated across all organization levels. Preparedness, response, rehabilitation and prevention are key to disaster mitigation. A 72-hour emergency kit with supplies like food, water and medicine is recommended.
India is vulnerable to both natural and human-induced disasters. Natural disasters that commonly occur in India include floods, cyclones, earthquakes, landslides, and droughts. These disasters can be categorized as slow-onset like droughts or rapid-onset like earthquakes. They cause widespread damage and disruption. India has developed systems for disaster management but remains at risk given factors like its large population, urbanization, and effects of climate change. The economically weak face greater vulnerabilities during disasters. After disasters, rehabilitation and reconstruction aim to restore affected communities while encouraging necessary adjustments. Various agencies in India are responsible for managing different types of disasters.
Natural and human-caused disasters can cause widespread damage and loss of life. The document defines key terms related to disaster management including disaster, hazard, vulnerability, risk, and defines several types of disasters including earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tsunamis, floods, tropical cyclones, droughts, landslides, bushfires. For each type of disaster, the characteristics, potential effects, and general countermeasures are described. The goal of disaster management is to reduce risks and impacts of disasters through preparedness, mitigation and effective response.
Natural disasters can happen anytime and anywhere. It is essential for small businesses to have an emergency preparedness plan in place to protect employees and property. While homeowners often prepare disaster plans, small business owners sometimes neglect this important task. However, 1 in 3 small business owners report being affected by a natural disaster. Simple steps can be taken to prepare, such as creating evacuation plans and identifying shelter locations. Having a plan in place can help businesses respond quickly and reduce risks to health and safety.
This document provides an overview of disaster management concepts from a lecture by Dr. P. Sureshkumar. It defines key terms like hazard, risk, vulnerability and disasters. It describes different types of natural and human-induced disasters that occur in India. It discusses India's vulnerability to earthquakes, cyclones, floods, droughts and other hazards. Some major historical disasters in India are also listed, highlighting increasing impacts with time. The objectives are to educate students on coastal hazards and disaster preparedness strategies.
This document outlines the syllabus for a disaster management course. The syllabus covers 5 units: (1) introduction to disasters including definitions, causes and impacts of disasters like earthquakes, floods and droughts; (2) approaches to disaster risk reduction including the disaster cycle and roles of different stakeholders; (3) relationship between disasters and development; (4) disaster risk management in India; and (5) case studies and field works related to different disasters. Key concepts covered include hazards, vulnerability, resilience, and structural vs non-structural disaster risk reduction measures. The syllabus aims to equip students with knowledge on different types of disasters, their impacts and management.
This document discusses geo-hazards, their impacts, and strategies for mitigation and management. It begins by defining natural hazards and categorizing them as geophysical or biological. Geophysical hazards include geological events like earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides, and tsunamis. The document then provides examples of hazards caused by earthquakes, such as ground shaking, surface faulting, and tsunamis. Volcanic eruptions can also cause hazards like lava flows, domes, and lahars. Statistics are presented on deaths and damage from natural disasters from 1995-2004. The remainder discusses approaches for hazard mitigation, including prevention, property protection, and public education. Hazard management strategies
The document discusses disaster management and defines different types of disasters. It defines disaster management as the organization and management of resources to deal with humanitarian aspects of emergencies, including preparedness, response, and recovery. There are four main types of disasters discussed: natural disasters like floods and earthquakes, environmental emergencies like industrial accidents, complex emergencies involving conflict, and pandemic emergencies involving disease outbreaks. Local, national, and international organizations all have disaster management plans covering prevention, preparedness, relief, and recovery.
The document provides an introduction to disaster management. It discusses that while disasters have always occurred, their frequency and damage has increased significantly in recent decades. It outlines that there are two main types of disasters - natural disasters which are caused by environmental hazards, and examples include floods, tornadoes, cyclones, volcanic eruptions and landslides. The second type is man-made disasters, which result from human factors like fires or industrial accidents. For each hazard, the document provides details on the hazard and recommendations for management and mitigation. It also introduces key concepts in disaster management like preparedness, mitigation and the disaster management cycle of pre-disaster, disaster occurrence and post-disaster phases.
The document discusses tectonic hazards and their impacts on communities. It explores the different types and levels of challenges posed by varying forms of tectonic activity such as earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanic eruptions. It examines how the impacts of tectonic hazards vary depending on location and economic development through case studies of contrasting locations. Approaches to reducing risks from tectonic hazards are also discussed.
The document summarizes a presentation by Dr. Riyanti Djalante on urban disaster risk reduction. It provides an overview of her background and research interests, which include conceptual frameworks for hazards, risks, vulnerability and resilience. It then outlines key concepts related to disaster risk reduction and frameworks such as the Hyogo Framework and Sendai Framework. The presentation discusses how cities face increased disaster risks due to factors like population concentration, infrastructure development, and effects of climate change. It analyzes the risks cities face from hazards like flooding, earthquakes and storms. The presentation emphasizes the importance of understanding risk and implementing measures to strengthen urban resilience and disaster preparedness.
The document provides an introduction to disaster management, discussing the increasing frequency of natural and man-made disasters globally. It defines two main types of disasters - natural disasters caused by events like floods, tornadoes, cyclones, volcanic eruptions and landslides, and man-made disasters such as fires and industrial hazards. For each type of disaster, examples are given and management recommendations are provided, such as making evacuation plans, sheltering safely during events, and accessing important supplies. The full disaster management cycle is also outlined, encompassing pre-disaster preparedness, emergency response during events, and post-disaster recovery activities.
This document discusses design considerations for disaster mitigation and resilient architecture. It emphasizes designing structures to withstand natural hazards like earthquakes, floods, hurricanes, and extreme weather through measures like elevated foundations, sturdy roofs, shutters, and locating critical systems on upper floors. Resilient design also prepares for human-caused disasters by using fire-resistant materials and planning for emergencies when utilities may fail. The document stresses understanding local risks and building flexibly to adapt to varying disaster situations.
This document discusses various concepts related to hazards, disasters, vulnerability, exposure, and risk. It provides examples, definitions, and explanations for different terminology. Some key points covered include:
- A hazard only becomes a disaster when it negatively impacts human lives and properties. Vulnerability, defined as characteristics that make something susceptible to hazards, determines the level of impact.
- Factors like physical exposure, socioeconomic status, and demographics contribute to a community's overall vulnerability. Marginalized groups are especially at risk due to lack of resources and ability to respond.
- Structures can be engineered, non-engineered, or owner-built, and factors like location, design complexity, and height influence
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Low power architecture of logic gates using adiabatic techniquesnooriasukmaningtyas
The growing significance of portable systems to limit power consumption in ultra-large-scale-integration chips of very high density, has recently led to rapid and inventive progresses in low-power design. The most effective technique is adiabatic logic circuit design in energy-efficient hardware. This paper presents two adiabatic approaches for the design of low power circuits, modified positive feedback adiabatic logic (modified PFAL) and the other is direct current diode based positive feedback adiabatic logic (DC-DB PFAL). Logic gates are the preliminary components in any digital circuit design. By improving the performance of basic gates, one can improvise the whole system performance. In this paper proposed circuit design of the low power architecture of OR/NOR, AND/NAND, and XOR/XNOR gates are presented using the said approaches and their results are analyzed for powerdissipation, delay, power-delay-product and rise time and compared with the other adiabatic techniques along with the conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) designs reported in the literature. It has been found that the designs with DC-DB PFAL technique outperform with the percentage improvement of 65% for NOR gate and 7% for NAND gate and 34% for XNOR gate over the modified PFAL techniques at 10 MHz respectively.
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning an...gerogepatton
International Conference on NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning and Applications (NLAIM 2024) offers a premier global platform for exchanging insights and findings in the theory, methodology, and applications of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their applications. The conference seeks substantial contributions across all key domains of NLP, Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and their practical applications, aiming to foster both theoretical advancements and real-world implementations. With a focus on facilitating collaboration between researchers and practitioners from academia and industry, the conference serves as a nexus for sharing the latest developments in the field.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
A SYSTEMATIC RISK ASSESSMENT APPROACH FOR SECURING THE SMART IRRIGATION SYSTEMSIJNSA Journal
The smart irrigation system represents an innovative approach to optimize water usage in agricultural and landscaping practices. The integration of cutting-edge technologies, including sensors, actuators, and data analysis, empowers this system to provide accurate monitoring and control of irrigation processes by leveraging real-time environmental conditions. The main objective of a smart irrigation system is to optimize water efficiency, minimize expenses, and foster the adoption of sustainable water management methods. This paper conducts a systematic risk assessment by exploring the key components/assets and their functionalities in the smart irrigation system. The crucial role of sensors in gathering data on soil moisture, weather patterns, and plant well-being is emphasized in this system. These sensors enable intelligent decision-making in irrigation scheduling and water distribution, leading to enhanced water efficiency and sustainable water management practices. Actuators enable automated control of irrigation devices, ensuring precise and targeted water delivery to plants. Additionally, the paper addresses the potential threat and vulnerabilities associated with smart irrigation systems. It discusses limitations of the system, such as power constraints and computational capabilities, and calculates the potential security risks. The paper suggests possible risk treatment methods for effective secure system operation. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the significant benefits of implementing smart irrigation systems, including improved water conservation, increased crop yield, and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, based on the security analysis conducted, the paper recommends the implementation of countermeasures and security approaches to address vulnerabilities and ensure the integrity and reliability of the system. By incorporating these measures, smart irrigation technology can revolutionize water management practices in agriculture, promoting sustainability, resource efficiency, and safeguarding against potential security threats.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoring
Unit .1 introduction to disaster
1. UNIT-1(INTRODUCTION
ON DISASTER )
Aim
The aim of the handbook is to provide a reference and guide to those
who, within governments and outside, may hold key responsibilities for
dealing
with disaster.
Thus, its underlying purpose is to assist disaster managers in attaining
standards of professionalism that will enable them to deal with day-to-day
disaster management circumstances and with actual disaster situations.
2. Mr. PARAS NEGI
GRAPHIC ERA UNIVERSITY-
2015,CIVIL
FOCUS
The focus of the handbook is primarily on countries
of Southeast Asia
and the Pacific region. It draws on factual disaster
management activities
within this region and endeavors to relate
realistically to the needs of disaster
managers within this region. Thus, the handbook is a
practical reference, not a
collection of theoretical propositions.
4. Mr. PARAS NEGI
GRAPHIC ERA UNIVERSITY-
2015,CIVIL
The Disaster Management Cycle
A standard cycle of disaster events has been used
throughout the handbook.
The cycle can be, and often is portrayed in other forms.
Moreover, alternative
terminology may be used. The important factor is that the
format should indicate
that disaster and its management is a continuum of
interlinked activities;
it is not a series of events which start and stop with each
disaster occurence.
5. Mr. PARAS NEGI
GRAPHIC ERA UNIVERSITY-
2015,CIVIL
TYPES OF DISASTER
A) NATURAL DISASTER B) MAN MADE DISASTER
Earthquake Fire accident
6. NATURAL DISASTER
THESE ARE DISASTERS CAUSED DUE TO NATURAL FORCES OR
NATURAL HAPPENINGS.
FOLLOWING ARE THE EXAMPLES:
1. EARTHQUAKE
2. CYCLONE
3. FLOOD
4. LANDSLIDE
8. •Earthquake
1. An earthquake (also known as a quake, tremor or temblor) is the shaking
of the surface of the Earth, resulting from the sudden release of energy in
the Earth's lithosphere that creates seismic waves. Earthquakes can range in
size from those that are so weak that they cannot be felt to those violent
enough to toss people around and destroy whole cities. The seismicity,
or seismic activity, of an area is the frequency, type and size of
earthquakes experienced over a period of time. The word tremoris also used
for non-earthquake seismic rumbling.
2. At the Earth's surface, earthquakes manifest themselves by shaking and
displacing or disrupting the ground. When the epicenter of a large earthquake
is located offshore, the seabed may be displaced sufficiently to cause
a tsunami. Earthquakes can also trigger landslides, and occasionally volcanic
activity
9. EARTHQUAKE
MAJOR EFFECTS:
ARISE MAINLY FROM LAND MOVEMENT , FRACTURE OR
SLIPPAGE, SPECIFICALLY THEY INCLUDE DAMAGE TO
STRUCTURE AND SYSTEMS AND CONSIDERABLE
CASUALITIES DUE TO LACK OF WARNING.
10. EARTHQUAKE
SPECIAL PROBLEM AREAS FOR DISASTER MANAGEMENT:
1. SEVERVE AND EXTENSIVE DAMAGE , CREATING THE NEED FOR
URGENT COUNTERMEASURES, ESPECIALLY SEARACH AND RESCUE
, AND MEDICALASSISTANCE.
2. DIFFICULTY OF ACCESS AND MOVEMENT
3. WIDESPREAD LOSS OF OR DAMAGE TO INFRACSTRUCTURE,
ESSENTIALLY SERVICES AND LIFE-SUPPORT SYSTEMS.
4. RECOVERY REQUIREMENTS (E.G., RESTORATION AND REBUILDING)
5. RARITY OF OCCURRENCE IN SOME AREAS MAY CAUSE PROBLEMS
FOR ECONOMICS OF COUNTERMEASURES AND PUBLIC
AWARNESS.
15. Mr. PARAS NEGI
GRAPHIC ERA UNIVERSITY-
2015,CIVIL
CYCLONE
A cyclone is a large scale air mass that
rotates around a strong centre of
low atmospheric pressure.[1][2]Cyclones
are characterized by
inward spiralling winds that rotate about a
zone of low pressure.[3][4]
16. CYCLONE
CHARACTERISTICS:
1. USUALLY LONG WARNING
2. SPEED OF ONSET GRADUAL
3. TENDS TO CONFORM TO SEASONAL PATTERN
4. ,AJOR EFECTS ARISE MAINLY FROM DESTRUCTIVE FORCES
WINDS AND STORM SURGE,
5. DESTRUCTION AND SEVERE DAMAGE TO BUILDING AND
OTHER STRUCTURES.
17. CYCLONE
Special Problems Areas For Disaster Management
1. ASSESSING EFFECTS AND NEEDS MAY BE DIFFICULT
2. WIDE SPREAD DESTRUCTION OR LOSS OF COUNTER –
DISASTER RESOURCES.
3. SEARCH AND RESCUE
4. WIDESPREAD DESTRUCTION OF ESSECNTIAL SERVICES
5. EVACUATING
REHABILATION AGRICULTURE, ESPECIALLY TREES CROPS.
21. FLOOD
It is an Overflow of a large amount of water beyond its
normal limits, Especially over what is normally dry land.
22. Mr. PARAS NEGI
GRAPHIC ERA UNIVERSITY-
2015,CIVIL
FLOOD
CHARACTERISTICS:
1. Long, short or no warning , depending on the types
of flood.
2. Speed of onset may be gradual or sudden.
3. There may be seasonal patterns to flooding.
4. Major effects arise mainly from erosion.
23. General Countermeasures
•Flood control
•Land Use regulation
•Building regulations
•Forecasting,monitering and warming system.
•Relocating population
•Planning and arranging evacuation.
•Public awareness and education programs.
24. Mr. PARAS NEGI
GRAPHIC ERA UNIVERSITY-
2015,CIVIL
Special problem areas for disaster
management
Difficulties of access and movement
Rescue
Medical and health difficulties.
Evacuating
Loss of relief supplies
Large scale relief may be required until
next crop harvest .
27. LANDSLIDE
A landslide or landslip are a natural disaster, something
which is unfortunately unavoidable. ... A landslide can occur
on shore or off shore and usually at coastal lines but it is the
gravity that forces the debris and rocks to fall and for a
total landslideto occur.
28. Mr. PARAS NEGI
GRAPHIC ERA UNIVERSITY-
2015,CIVIL
Landslide
CHARACTERISTICS:
Warning period may vary . Little or no
warning may be available if the cause is
earthquake.
Speed of on set is mostly rapid
Damage to structures and systems may be
severe.
Rivers may be blocked causing flooding.
Crops may be affected.
Movement of debris due to heavy rain and
flooding.
29. Mr. PARAS NEGI
GRAPHIC ERA UNIVERSITY-
2015,CIVIL
Counter measures
Land use and building regulations.
Monitoring systems
Evacuating and relocating communities.
Public awareness Programs.
30. Mr. PARAS NEGI
GRAPHIC ERA UNIVERSITY-
2015,CIVILSpecial problem areas for disaster
management-
Difficulties of access and movement in
affected areas search and rescue.
Risk of follow up land slides may hamper
response operations.
Relocation.
Rehabilitation and Recovery.
35. CHARACTERISTICS
•Speed of onset may vary.
•It can be rapid under conditions of high temperatures and high
wind.
•Effects can be vary destructive, especially in loss of buildings,
timber and Livestock.
36. Mr. PARAS NEGI
GRAPHIC ERA UNIVERSITY-
2015,CIVIL
Recovery from effects on the environment
may take several years in case of big fire.
Evacuating communities may be difficult
and dangerous in the case of a major fire
front.
37. Mr. PARAS NEGI
GRAPHIC ERA UNIVERSITY-
2015,CIVIL
Counter measures
Effective monitoring and warning
systems.
Fire Prevention regulations
Building Regulations.
Public awareness and education programs
, especially to ensure that individuals,
families and communities cooperate in
applying measures for
prevention/prevention.
38. Mr. PARAS NEGI
GRAPHIC ERA UNIVERSITY-
2015,CIVILSpecial problem areas for
disastter management.
Maintaining adequate community
awareness and preparedness.
Establishing and maintaining adequate
firefighting resources, especially.
Establishing an adequate warning system.
Timely dissemination of warning.
43. NUCLEAR DISASTER
IT CAN BE DUE TO NUCLEAR EXPLOSION OR NUCLEAR POWER
PLANT ACCIDENT
A nuclear and radiation accident is defined by the International
Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) as "an event that has led to
significant consequences to people, the environment or the facility."
Examples include lethal effects to individuals, radioactive isotope to
the environment, or reactor core melt." The prime example of a
"major nuclear accident" is one in which a reactor core is damaged
and significant amounts of radioactive isotopes are released, such
as in the Chernobyl disaster in 1986
45. WAR AND TERRORISM
Depiction of Violence
We reflect the reality of the situations we report. We also respect the sensibilities of
our viewers, listeners and readers.
Scenes of violence and suffering are part of our coverage of wars, disaster, crime and
conflict.
We respect our audience by assessing the impact of our images according to time of
day and the context of the program where such material is appearing.
If it is necessary to use graphic images, we will add a warning ahead of their use.
We should familiarize ourselves with any laws or regulations about the depiction of
violence.
46. Mr. PARAS NEGI
GRAPHIC ERA UNIVERSITY-
2015,CIVIL
Kidnapping
A kidnapping presents a difficult challenge because it
requires us to balance our professional duty to report
what we know with the concern to protect innocent
people from additional harm.
A news blackout could be requested by the
authorities or people involved in negotiations with
the kidnappers. Decisions about respecting a news
blackout or breaking one should be referred to the
General Manager and Editor in Chief.
47. Mr. PARAS NEGI
GRAPHIC ERA UNIVERSITY-
2015,CIVIL
Origins of Terrorist Groups
Many terrorist groups have originated out
of troubled areas of the world
Middle East
Northern Ireland
Political radicalism is a source of terrorism
Terrorism can have its origin in cults
Terrorism can originate out of the State to
maintain power
48. Mr. PARAS NEGI
GRAPHIC ERA UNIVERSITY-
2015,CIVIL
Terrorism, Global and Domestic
Terrorism involves the unlawful use of force and
violence against person, property to intimidate or
coerce a government to achieve political or social
objectives
Narcoterrorism - use of violence in the
trafficking of drugs
State terrorism refers to the terrorism of the
government against their own people
Revolutionary terrorism - to bring about total
political change
49. Mr. PARAS NEGI
GRAPHIC ERA UNIVERSITY-
2015,CIVIL
Terrorism’s Impact on Society
The primary impact of terrorism on
society are:
Increased fear and heightened
security
Erosion of civil liberties
Economic consequences
Health consequences
Political consequences
50. Mr. PARAS NEGI
GRAPHIC ERA UNIVERSITY-
2015,CIVIL
War and Its Effects
Between 1100 and 1925, about 35 million
soldiers were killed in 862 wars
During World War II, 17 million soldiers
and 35 million civilians were killed
In 2006, about 2 million veterans were
receiving compensation from the U.S.
government for war-related disabilities
War takes a psychological toll on soldiers
Posttraumatic stress disorder