This document discusses design considerations for disaster mitigation and resilient architecture. It emphasizes designing structures to withstand natural hazards like earthquakes, floods, hurricanes, and extreme weather through measures like elevated foundations, sturdy roofs, shutters, and locating critical systems on upper floors. Resilient design also prepares for human-caused disasters by using fire-resistant materials and planning for emergencies when utilities may fail. The document stresses understanding local risks and building flexibly to adapt to varying disaster situations.

1. DESIGN AND DISASTER MITIGATION
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2. •INTRODUCTION

3. Disaster
is a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society
involving widespread human, material, economic or environmental losses and
impacts, which exceeds the ability of the affected community or society to cope
using its own resources.
Disasters are seen as the consequence of inappropriately managed risk.
These risks are the product of a combination of both hazard/s and vulnerability.
Hazards that strike in areas with low vulnerability will never become disasters, as
is the case in uninhabited regions.
Hazard
is a situation that poses a level of threat to life, health, property,
or environment. Most hazards are dormant or potential, with only a
theoretical risk of harm; however, once a hazard becomes "active", it can create
an emergency situation.

4. Hazards are routinely divided into natural or human-made, although complex
disasters, where there is no single root cause, are more common in developing
countries. A specific disaster may spawn a secondary disaster that increases the
impact.
• Natural Hazard is a natural process or phenomenon that may cause loss of life,
injury or other health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihoods and
services, social and economic disruption, or environmental damage.
Various phenomena like earthquakes, landslides, volcanic eruptions, floods,
hurricanes, tornadoes, blizzards, tsunamis, and cyclones are all natural hazards.
 Earthquake- shaking of land surface due to tectonic plate movements
 Flood- rise in water level due to heavy rains, dam burst, etc.
 Drought- severe shortage of water and failure of crop due to scarcity or
no rain period.
 Ecological Disaster-excessive mining, deforestation, etc. trigger
imbalance in environment that has cascading effect on ecology of the region.
 Landslide- results from earth
 tremors or from heavy rains that make mountain- tops weak for collaps.
 Tsunami- mainly earthquake induced

5. Human-Instigated disasters are the consequence of technological
hazards. Examples include stampedes, fires, transport accidents,
industrial accidents, oil spills, nuclear explosions/radiation, War,
deliberate and terrorism.
“All disasters are hence the result of human
failure to introduce appropriate disaster
management measures.”

6. PHILIPPINE DISASTERS
According to the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, the
Philippines were the fourth most accident prone country in the world. One of
the reasons why Philippines became one of the most disaster-prone country
because it is located along the pacific ring of fire.
Ring of Fire is an area where a large number
of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur in the basin of the Pacific Ocean

9. Mitigation is the effort to reduce loss of life and property by
lessening the impact of disasters. Mitigation is taking action now—
before the next disaster—to reduce human and financial
consequences later (analyzing risk, reducing risk, insuring against
risk). Effective mitigation requires that we all understand local risks,
address the hard choices and invest in long-term community well-
being. Without mitigation actions, we jeopardize our safety,
financial security and self-reliance.
Goals of Disaster Mitigation:
• Avoid or reduce the potential losses from hazards
• Assure prompt and appropriate assistance to victims of disaster
• Achieve rapid and effective recovery.

10. ----Mitigation is under disaster management cycle.

11. Disaster management is the discipline that involves preparing, warning,
supporting and rebuilding societies when natural or man-made disasters occur. It
is the continuous process in an effort to avoid or minimize the impact of disasters
resulting from hazards. Effective disaster management relies on thorough
integration of emergency plans at all levels of government and non-government
involvement.
• Response
Includes actions taken to save lives, prevent damage to property, and to preserve
the environment during emergencies or disasters. It is the implementation of
action plans.
• Recovery
Includes actions that assist a community to return to a sense of normalcy after a
disaster.
• Mitigation (described above)
• Risk reduction
Anticipatory measures and actions that seek to avoid future risks as a result of a
disaster.

12. • Prevention
Avoiding a disaster at the eleventh hour. Includes activities which actually
eliminate or reduce the probability of disaster occurrence, or reduce the effects
of unavoidable disasters.
• Preparedness
Plans made to save lives or property, and help the response and rescue service
operations. This phase covers implementation/operation, early warning systems
and capacity building so the population will react appropriately when an early
warning is issued.
The National Disaster Control Center (NDCC) was created on October 19, 1970,
as the forerunner of the National Disaster Coordinating Council created under
PD 1566. It serves as the highest policy-making body for disasters in the country
and includes almost all Department Secretaries as members.
It is headed by the Sec. of National Defense as Chairman.
The disaster coordinating councils (DCCs) from the regional, provincial, city and
municipal level, on the other hand, are composed of representatives of national
government agencies operating at these levels and local officials concerned.

13. ADAPTIVE ARCHITECTURE AND
DESIGNS

14. Adaptive architecture
Typhoon season has started. If there’s one thing we’ve learned from
Super Typhoon Yolanda, it’s that we need to start preparing for the worst, and we
need to think of practical and innovative ways to arm ourselves for the inevitable.
Adaptive architecture is an answer to the growing urban population and the
increasing need to adapt to the changing landscape as the country becomes
more vulnerable to natural and man-made disasters.
Look at Netherlands. Two-thirds of the country is below sea-level, yet they have
made the necessary adjustments in their infrastructure planning and architecture
in order to adapt to the changing climate.
The 2012 World Risk report has established the Philippines as the third most
vulnerable country to natural risks. Typhoons have grown in power since the
1970s, and are expected to grow stronger, as with other disaster risks.

15. Design with nature
Know your area’s flood and earthquake history. For those building their new
homes, it’s the architects and engineer’s job to know the history of the area when
it comes to flood and earthquakes. Is the area near a fault line?
Is it prone to liquefaction? ( Liquefaction is a phenomenon in which the strength
and stiffness of a soil is reduced by earthquake shaking or other rapid loading.)
When was the last big flood, and how high did the flood waters reach? If your
house is built on an incline, what is possibility of a landslide occurring? (Check
Mines and Geosciences Bureau (MGB) and the Philippine Institute of Volcanology
and Seismology (PHIVOCS) dedicated interactive websites and pages.
The most practical approach for new homeowners is to look for the oldest house
near your area and check if its entrances are built higher from the street level, the
same way I look for old churches whenever the firm has to develop a new structure
in a flood-prone area because old churches always build their altars and
tabernacles higher than the last highest recorded flood line to protect their altars
from getting wet.

16. If your house is located on a coastal area, then common sense (and lessons
learned from Super Typhoon Yolanda) should tell you to build your house
away from the coast with livable rooms tow meters higher than the worst
flood line.

17. Design considerations for a stronger home
Flat concrete roof decks and round structures have been proven most resilient
towards high-speed winds and from the destructive forces of flashfloods and
tsunamis. Elevate your house higher by building it on stilts or columns.
Usually called wet flood-proofing, this allows water to pass through the
lower/ground floor of the house and prevents lasting damage to the structural
foundation of the house.
Another method is dry flood-proofing, where all exterior walls and openings
are sealed to prevent water from entering the house, but given the extreme
weather events the world has been experiencing, the best method is still wet
flood-proofing as it is more flexible towards varying natural risks, like storm
surges and flash floods. Protect windows by installing storm shutters.

18. For protection against earthquakes, consider a load-bearing design which readily
adapts to the ground’s movement. Using a cross-bracing system for the walls, roof,
and columns provides better strength against lateral forces so that the structure
doesn’t collapse sideways. If your budget permits it, add a safe room in your house
plans that your family can take refuge from.
Elevate electricity outlets. In case of flash floods, it’s always best to install
electricity outlets away from and higher than the flood lines. For homes with more
than one floor, create separate circuits for the each floor to prevent lasting damage
to your electrical system and prevent electric shocks.
Invest in disaster mitigation technologies. Strengthen your defense against natural
disasters by installing a rainwater storage tanks or alternative sources of energy
(solar panels, wind turbines) in your home you can use these green technologies to
provide a good source of energy post-disaster. Investing in these technologies can
make a huge difference in case of a calamity.

19. DISASTER RESILIENT
DESIGN

20. So What Does ‘Resilient Design’ Entail When It Comes to Building?
To design a building with resiliency means to start the design process by thinking
carefully about the typical use scenarios of the building, common points of stress
due to normal use, as well as the most likely disaster situations in the environment
that could challenge the integrity of the building and/or endanger its occupants.
The local environment always plays a critical role in determining the factors that
make a building resilient or not, and so resilient design is always locally specific.
Emergency Resiliency & Disaster Preparedness
So how can we build resiliency into commercial buildings? The first step is to
consider all possible and likely disaster scenarios, as well as all sources of general
everyday stress, and then start the design process with all of these considerations
in mind.

21. Seismic Considerations
When it comes to devastating natural disasters, earthquakes are high up on the list, but
what many people don’t realize is that much of the damage in earthquakes occurs largely due to poorly
constructed buildings and faulty infrastructure. Fortunately, there are many new technologiesand
building methods that allow buildings to be increasingly ductile and able to withstand severe seismic
activity. Contrary to what the layperson might think, a structure’s ability to flex and absorb vibration is
just as important as how strong it is when it comes to earthquake-proof design. One of the most
popular seismic building methods is base isolation, which is exactly what it sounds like — decoupling
the base of a structure from the rest of the building so that only the base shakes during an earthquake
while the superstructure remains intact. As with all seismic construction, expansion joints are deployed
within, between, and around structures to allow the building to move without damage during seismic
activity. Chances are you have never seen an expansion joint before, but hundreds of thousands of
people walk over them everyday without realizing it due to expansion joint covers. Expansion joint
covers are designed to provide a seamless look while concealing the gaps beneath the floor’s surface.
These covers allow the day-to-day movement of a structure’s thermal expansion and contraction, but
also allow much greater movement during seismic events. Expansion joint covers are designed to
remain intact during a seismic event, to allow egress of the buildings’ occupants, and after a seismic
event, to allow entry back into the building. Above all, good seismic design not only helps a building be
resilient, but protects occupant life!

22. Seismic testing can be used on components of buildings, model representations, and even
entire buildings at actual scale to determine their resilience in withstanding earthquakes.
A common way to test the seismic resilience of a design is to use a “Shake Table”. This is a
rectangular platform which is coupled to hydraulic motion actuators to shake the platform
in different ways and therefore, test structural models or building components with a wide
range of simulated ground motions, including reproductions of recorded earthquakes
time-historie
Extreme Weather: Storms, Hurricanes, Flooding
As climate change brings rising sea levels and more extreme weather events, building
designers need to focus extra attention on the challenges of weather –
especially hurricanes and flooding. When designing commercial buildings in hurricane and
flood prone areas, special attention needs to be paid to designing to resist severe wind
load, as well as heavy precipitation, and ground-level flooding. Buildings in hurricane
prone areas need to be very well-sealed, as well as have adequate drainage solutions for
roofs, terraces, basements, and any other areas which may collect water. For mechanical
rooms, where adequate ventilation and outside air-intake is important, storm-resistant
louvers are a good choice for maximizing air intake while blocking wind and driving rain.
They’re designed specifically to let air in and keep wind and driven-rain out.

23. Flood barrier walls are obvious solutions to the threat of flooding on the ground
level, as well as not locating emergency backup generators, or anything else
important, in the basement. On this note, smart building designers would do
well to locate all important mechanicals on the tops of buildings rather than in
the basement, in flood-prone regions. As previously mentioned, if New York
City’s east river hospitals were built more resiliently, with important
mechanicals on top floors rather than basement, they would have fared far
better during Hurricane Sandy and not had to close operations and evacuate.
The Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital in Boston, designed by Perkins + Will (and
awarded LEED gold), is a great example of what to do when it comes to the
location of important mechanical systems. As you can see from the above photo,
the hospital’s mechanicals are housed in the top floor of the building, so in the
event of flooding or storm surges, the hospital is much less likely to lose power
and need to evacuate its patients.

24. Extreme Heat & Cold
The same types of passive design strategies that can be employed in homes to make them
super energy efficient and green, can also be used in commercial buildings to result in
everyday energy savings as well as life-saving natural heating and cooling options in a
disaster situation without access to electrical power (and therefore mechanical HVAC). For
example, if electricity is knocked out due to a flood or earthquake, or even if there is just a
common “blackout”, an all-glass office building can quickly become like an oven on a hot
summer day, potentially risking the health and lives of occupants inside. Proper insulation,
natural ventilation with operable windows, solar shading devices, and employing stack
ventilation can help buildings remain comfortable for inhabitants even when there is no
mechanical heating and cooling available.
Implementing solar shading devices is critical – not only for the unlikely event of a power
outage or natural disaster, but also just to increase occupants comfort and to help to reduce
the energy and cooling costs of a building during normal year round use.

25. Fire Resistance
Fire is a danger as old as architecture itself — as long as humanity has had buildings, we’ve
faced the threat of them catching fire. Most building code adequately addresses common
fire hazards with mandatory fire-resistant stairwells, fire-resistant building materials and
proper escape methods, but these days we also need to plan carefully to address fires
caused by earthquakes, lightning and other natural disasters. In addition to urban fire
hazards, wildfires are a growing threat in the Western United States, and steps that can be
taken to protect commercial buildings against wildfire include fire-resistant landscaping,
brush-clearing, and barrier zones in wildfire prone areas.
Everyday Resiliency & Normal Wear and Tear
Now that we’ve scared you with our focused look at natural disasters, let’s get back to the
facts of day-to-day life. On average, a commercial building has a lifespan of 73 years
(Source: 2010 Buildings Energy Data Book, US DOE), meaning over almost a century, many
commercial structures will see millions of human feet trudging through its spaces. Truly
resilient buildings need to not just withstand natural disasters, but they need to last
through years of constant, unremitting use. So how do you make a building last longer?
Designers need to build in day-to-day durability with tight building envelopes and long-
lasting, low-maintenance interior finishes.

27. Durable Building Envelopes
First and foremost, commercial building needs to be built to last, and external building
stressors start at the building envelope. A resilient, durable building employs proper
sealing and insulation, especially at windows, doors and roofs, including the use of highly
insulated windows (double or triple pane, often with a low-E seal and/or inert gas
between panes), as well as adequate moisture protection, including flashing, drainage
and moisture barriers.
Not all disasters are natural. Sometimes there is human error or mechanical failure.
Another concept which is important to consider when it comes to the building envelope
is explosion venting.Explosion venting is often used in industrial and power generation
facilities where there can be a rapid pressure release or explosion (power plants,
manufacturing operations, grain mills). These types of buildings need field-testable,
resettable pressure relief vents that activate at very low pressures (5psf) to protect the
structural integrity of the building. Explosion vents help release pressure, helping
buildings to survive the natural and manmade disasters involving explosions and excess
internal pressure.

28. Construction Specialties Entrance Flooring (GridLine, DesignStep & PediTred) at 525
William Penn Place in Pittsburgh, PA

29. Interior Finishes
Doors and entrance points need to be made especially durable, as they are the
most highly-trafficked parts of a commercial building, and the most common
points of failure. Think about your local bank or workplace, and how many people
walk through the entrance on a daily basis, doors whipping open and closed
hundreds of times in an hour, thousands of dirty (sometimes wet) feet trudging
throughout the building yearly. Doors and entrance flooring take a lot of abuse,
so if you want a durable building, it is imperative to have robust entrance doors
and flooring be to withstand a high level of traffic. Durable entrance floor
systems help buildings stand the test of time by effectively stopping dirt, water
and foreign contaminants from entering a building’s interior.Specialty
flooring that use tread rails, grids or robust carpeting have the ability to collect
large amounts of dirt and moisture. Dirt and particulates damage floor finishes
throughout the entire building, so stopping it at the door helps extend the life of
all the floor finishes and reduce cleaning and replacement costs.

30. Construction Specialties Acrovyn Doors at the Digestive Health Waldon Endoscopy Center
in Tacoma, WA

31. Another way to build resilience into a building is with interior doors that will
endure years upon years of use. Most commercial interiors use standard wood
doors. Occasionally, high pressure laminate doors are used for greater longevity,
but for true durability an architect needs to really invest in doors with a long-
lasting product that is built resistant to tearing, chips and cracks. The
most resilient doors are those that employ a “kit of parts” approach so that when
damage does occur, only the damaged piece needs to be replaced and not the
entire door.
Interior walls take almost as much abuse as floors, but in the case of walls, the
culprits are more often wheeled objects than feet. While thousands of scuffling
feet may sound bad, walls have a unique challenge in withstanding thousands of
bumps and scrapes with moving objects (eg. food carriers, carts, luggage). If
building longevity is a goal, protecting interior walls is especially important, and
one way this can be done is with interior wall guards such as handrails, crash rails
and corner guards.

32. Constuction Specialties’ Acrovyn Wall Protection at the Avera Behavioral
Health Center in Sioux Falls, SD

33. In Conclusion
As we’ve explored in this article, resilient design is a complex and many-faceted
paradigm that involves long-term thinking about worst-case disaster scenarios,
as well as more common, everyday wear. Though the variables which contribute
to resilience are many, and often complicated – the larger lesson is simple:
buildings need to be resilient in order to be truly sustainable. Photovoltaics and
low-flow toilets are not enough for ‘sustainability’ – a building needs to be able
to stand the test of time. As architect Carl Elefante once said, “The greenest
building is the one that’s already built,” so our goal should be, as architects, to
design buildings that last longer than we do.
(feeling ko magagamit ntin to sa major plate nten n resort) - master

34. Sustainable Building Design
Building construction requires a great deal of energy and material resources,
which obviously has an impact on the environment. Every building, as a result of
its construction, operations, and maintenance, has its own indoor environmental
issues and challenges that must be managed. The concept of Sustainable Building
Design has grown out of concern to save energy and resources as well as the
need to provide healthier indoor environments. Combining our architectural
background with our expertise in materials science, IEQ, and moisture dynamics,
MAI provides unique insights into building sustainability.

35. Selection of building materials and methods directly impacts building sustainability
and performance. Sustainability involving the use of recycled materials and energy
efficiency requiring high levels of insulation, for example, are the current trends in
architecture. In recent years, mold has increasingly become a source for indoor air
quality problems in buildings. In the past, exterior walls were uncomplicated
structures without insulation, and with vast capability for storing any water that
entered the wall assembly; this kept water away from sensitive building materials.
Modern construction methods and materials, however, combined with the need to
insulate, have changed this. More organic materials that can support mold growth
are now used in wall construction. Construction practices moving toward lighter
assemblies have removed materials that are able to store water that enters the
wall. These trends have resulted in a stock of buildings with the potential to be
sensitive to moisture problems and mold growth. MAI addresses problems dealing
with such issues as material selection and building envelope design.

36. MAI provides complete architectural support and building commissioning services,
including healthy building and sustainable building design. MAI's services include
site design ranging from residential to commercial to industrial settings. In addition
to licensed architects and engineers, MAI's staff includes LEED AP (Leadership in
Energy and Environmental Design Accredited Professionals) as well as experts in
construction management, building materials, and indoor environmental quality
(IEQ).
Licensed to practice architecture in numerous states, including Florida and New
York, MAI provides architectural support or design-build services on new projects
as well as projects involving renovation or site restoration. MAI provides
comprehensive project planning services, including feasibility studies, scheduling,
and cost estimating services.

37. In addition to new construction, existing buildings are candidates for "greening."
MAI has a thorough understanding of sustainable building practices and principles
and is familiar with guidelines and rating systems for optimum building
performance, such as LEED and other systems. Working in conjunction with The
Environmental Institute in Atlanta, Georgia, MAI has developed and regularly
instructs a course in Mold Assessment and Remediation that attracts contractors,
building owners, and facility managers from across the United States. MAI is the
author of "Mold and Moisture Damage in Building Envelopes" in The Whole
Building Design Guide, published by the National Institute of Building Sciences.
MAI's disaster recovery planning services are linked to sustainability.
Consideration of hurricane readiness in sustainable design, specifically in the use
of building materials and construction techniques, is critical for new buildings as
well as existing buildings. Some buildings in New Orleans, for example, suffered
building envelope damage and also encountered water intrusion due to wind-
driven rain as a result of Hurricane Katrina; other buildings fared better. The issues
faced by building owners and managers, as well as insurers and lenders, in
Hurricane Katrina's aftermath ranged from structural concerns to mold
remediation to insurance claims to re-occupancy monitoring.

38. In sustainable design, there obviously needs to be a consideration of the cost
implications of "green" building decisions. MAI applies Life Cycle Costing
techniques to optimize the trade-offs between first costs and operating costs to
arrive at a facility design that has the lowest possible cost of operation.

39. DESIGNS AND
INVENSIONS

40. Design against the Elements
Design Against the Elements is a global architectural design contest formed by
a partnership of the Quezon City government, Climate Change Commission,
MyShelter Foundation, United Architects of the Philippines, and Philippine
White Helmets. The contest was open to local and international architects,
with separate categories for professionals and students.
Launched in May 2010, the contest was spurred by the devastation caused by
the tropical storm Ondoy which notoriously flooded many of Metro Manila
cities in September 2009. The design competition is geared towards innovative
and green design for urban poor communities.
The following are two of the winning projects for the green design award in the
professional and student categories, respectively.

41. Disaster-Proof Bamboo Housing
This bamboo-made housing community is made of cluster housing units, two community
centers, prayer and meditation space, a library, and plenty of open green space.

42. Designed by an Indian group of architects (Vasanth Packirisamy, Monish Kumar, Vikas
Sharma, Sakshi Kumar, and Komal Gupta), this is a master-planned eco community built
for sustainability, with features such as bioswales, rainwater collection, grey water
recycling, and plantations intended for community food supply.
The housing units and community halls are built on stilts with side elevation designed to
avoid flooding and withstand storms. Moreover, the landscape is designed to direct the
water from the cluster housing units toward the lower elevation and to absorb
stormwater as much as it can.
The housing concept for this design is that each apartment unit is built around a core
which holds the kitchen and the bathroom, along with necessities such as water lines,
power, and staircases. Plugin units made up of large bamboo decks radiate from the core
and function as living room and bedroom/s.
The idea is that in the event of a dreadful typhoon when plugin units are destroyed, the
core refuge areas would remain intact. As they are made of bamboo, plugin units can be
easily and inexpensively rebuilt and plugged into the existing core.
Other cool features of the housing structure is that it’s designed to collect rainwater
through the roof funnel which goes down to a storage tank at the bottom. Meanwhile
emergency food stores and a fresh water tank is secured at the top of the building.

43. Green Design by Nikola Enchev and Stefan Vankov
This Green Design community has facilities such as multi-purpose hall, market, school/day
care center, waste treatment, plantation, and waste management facilities.

44. This master-planned community is carefully designed to overcome the rough
topography and highly irregular shape of its site, at the same time, create local
focus points, a communal small scale employment, and allow floodwaters to drain
properly
Reinforced concrete makes up the ground story base of the community structures,
which with its lateral stability in all directions, provide earthquake resistance and
protects against water and insects. The concrete base is securely connected to the
upper storeys which are made of bamboo, intended to be easily maintained by
future residents.
What is amazing about the designed community is that the dwelling structures are
built as hexagonal modules. According to the designers, the hexagonal shape is
naturally stable, braced in all directions with equal sides. Since it can be mirrored
along its side, it can share the same frame with another hexagonal module, thus
increasing its stability.

45. Build Forward
Build Forward is a nationwide competition launched through the partnership of
the Department of Science and Technology (DOST), property developer Ortigas &
Co., and Habitat for Humanity. As a rallying response to the wake of destruction
left by the super typhoon Yolanda, it encouraged architectural students to submit
climate-adaptive designs for houses and public schools.
The design specifications emphasize low-cost and the speed by which the project
can be built within a short period of time. It required that the materials be locally
sourced and sustainable, can withstand wind gusts of 250 km/h, and an intensity 8
earthquake.
Here are the two projects that won Build Forward’s house and school design. The
winning entries will serve as design models for the houses and public schools in
areas badly affected by typhoon Yolanda.

46. Bambox Hut
Bambox Hut: Amphibious Housing for Taclobenos.

47. University of Santo Tomas’s architecture student Lara Therese Cruz house design won first
place for the piece called Bambox Hut, an amphibious house that floats on water.
What makes the house float are the welded metal drums attached to the concrete platform,
pushed by the buoyant force of the water while the vertical movement is guided by side
steel posts which keeps the whole house from bobbing out of control
Going even further, the structural concept of her piece is built to resist the onslaught of
strong winds and earthquakes. The roof shape offers an aerodynamic feature that rides the
wind while remaining firmly attached to the structural hollow steel frame. The frame is
designed to hold the whole house structure together without chances of the roof tearing
from the wall. In effect, the roof and wall is built as one, grounded securely to the concrete
pier which increases the unit’s overall stability.
The architect creatively combined local materials such as bamboo, cocoboard, lumber, and
abaca with steel, metal, and reinforced concrete to produce not only a disaster-resilient
house but also a pleasing one to look at. Other features such as roof insulation, rainwater
harvesting, and the small details that go into the house’s envelope, further enhance the
overall design.

48. Taklob
An entry from a trio of University of the Philippines architecture students Mervin Afan,
Corenne Martin, and Rafael Khemlani, Taklob is a school which also doubles as an
evacuation center.

49. The school design ingeniously mimics the concave, half-cylinder roofing
structure of airplane hangars designed to weather the pressure of plane
streams. With its steel framing system, built-up arches, aerodynamic roof form,
and its 1-meter elevation from the ground, the school is designed to survive
strong typhoon winds and keep out from the storm surges.
Wide jalousie windows and clerestory allows cross-ventilation and natural light
to pour in the interiors. Really cool features include roll-down storm shutters and
retractable clerestory windows which provide cover against the typhoon up to
ground level. In action, they serve like a movable cover or lid, which the Filipino
word “taklob” means and from which the design is named after.

50. Pop-Up Apartments: Post-Disaster Housing Prototype
PROJECT INFO
Name: Urban Post Disaster Housing Prototype
Location: Brooklyn, NY
Country: USA
Type: Modular Housing
Status: Complete
Size: 2,100 sq. ft.
Client: NYC Office of Emergency Management
Project Manager: Army Corps of Engineers
General Contractor: American Manufactured
Structures and Services
Architect: Garrison Architects

51. This modular cable cabins can be stacked vertically or
set side-by-side in a variety of urban settings, from
vacant lots to public spaces.
The units were designed to meet the strictest zoning
requirements in the United States so they can be
quickly deployed to any location in the country within
hours.
Each individual unit is self-contained and can host
families of various sizes, expanding from a one
bedroom up to a three bedroom. Prefabricated in
Indiana, the units also feature a living room,
bathroom, fully-equipped kitchen, storage space and
balcony.