Introduction To Pollution, Types of pollution,Water Pollution & Sources of Water Supply, Source of water pollution, Effects on health of water pollution, Water Born Disease, Treatment of water pollution or Purification of water , Importance of safe drinking water,Introduction To Air Pollution,Functions & Composition of Air, Source of air pollution, Effects on health, Control of Air Pollution, Introduction To Noise Pollution,Source of noise pollution, Effects on health, Control of Noise Pollution,Sewage And Solid Waste Disposal, Sewage Treatment Plant, Occupational Illness, Precaution against occupational disease, Environmental pollution due to pharmaceuticals,
Introduction To Pollution, Types of pollution,Water Pollution & Sources of Water Supply, Source of water pollution, Effects on health of water pollution, Water Born Disease, Treatment of water pollution or Purification of water , Importance of safe drinking water,Introduction To Air Pollution,Functions & Composition of Air, Source of air pollution, Effects on health, Control of Air Pollution, Introduction To Noise Pollution,Source of noise pollution, Effects on health, Control of Noise Pollution,Sewage And Solid Waste Disposal, Sewage Treatment Plant, Occupational Illness, Precaution against occupational disease, Environmental pollution due to pharmaceuticals,
Effect of Nanoporous Anodic Aluminum Oxide (AAO) Characteristics On Solar Abs...A Behzadmehr
Nanoporous anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) has been used in many different fields of science and technology, due to its great structural characteristics. Solar selective surface is an important application of this type porous material. This paper investigates the effect of nanoporous AAO properties, including; film thickness, pore area percentage and pore diameter, on absorption spectra in the range of solar radiation. The parameters were verified individually depending on anodization condition, and the absorption spectra were characterized using spectrophotometer analysis. The results showed that the absorptivity was increased with growth of the film thickness. Furthermore, increasing the pore diameter shifted the absorption spectra to the right range, and vice versa. The investigation revealed the presence of an optimum pore area percentage around 14% in which the absorptivity was at its maximum value.
A SHORT REVIEW ON ALUMINIUM ANODIZING: AN ECO-FRIENDLY METAL FINISHING PROCESSJournal For Research
Protection of aluminium alloys is most commonly done by forming anodic films. Anodic films can also be formed on metals like titanium, zinc, magnesium, niobium, and tantalum. Aluminium alloy parts are anodized to greatly increase the thickness of the natural oxide layer for corrosion resistance. A thin aluminium oxide film, that seals the aluminium from further oxidation when it is exposed to air. The anodizing process increases the thickness of the oxidized surface. Anodizing is accomplished by immersing the aluminium into an acid electrolyte bath and passing an electric current through the medium. In an anodizing cell, the aluminium work piece is made the anode by connecting it to the positive terminal of a dc power supply and the cathode is connected to the negative terminal of the dc source. Sealing is needed to seal the pores in oxide layer to prevent further corrosion. Oxide layer on the anodized aluminium has a highly ordered, porous structure that allows for secondary processes such as dyeing, printing and sealing. Nanowires and nanotubes can be made by using the pores in the oxide layer as templates.
This lecture describes the process of anodic oxidation of aluminium, which is one of the most unique and commonly used surface treatment techniques for aluminium; it illustrates the weathering behaviour of anodized surfaces. Some familiarity with the subject matter covered in TALAT This lectures 5101- 5104 is assumed.
10 Digital Hacks Every Marketer Should KnowMark Fidelman
I've spent the last 10 years discovering the best digital marketing hacks to move the awareness and revenue needle. I'm giving you 3 examples and 10 hacks to improve your marketing game dramatically.
A presentation giving the basic principles of corrosion. Electrochemical nature of corrosion, anodic and cathodic reactions, electrode potentials, mixed potential theory and kinetics of corrosion, thermodynamics of corrosion and Pourbaix diagrams, and passivization behavior of metals are outlined.
Protection des métaux contre la corrosionCHTAOU Karim
Cette présentation présentent tout d’abord les principaux types de la corrosion et il présente une description détaillée des trois grandes méthodes, préventives et curatives, utilisées en anticorrosion.
Présentation de la plate-forme d'éco-conception CORINEBrice Kosinski
Eurocopter, leader mondial de la filière hélicoptère, a pris l’initiative du projet CORINE pour réduire l’impact environnemental sur la chaîne d’approvisionnement de ses produits civils.
Planifié sur trois ans, CORINE a pour objectif de fournir aux PME un outil d’éco-conception collaboratif entre donneurs d’ordre et fournisseurs. Il permettra d’identifier et d’intégrer de nouveaux matériaux et procédés tout au long du cycle de vie de l’hélicoptère.
CORINE est un outil collaboratif d'éco-conception unique en son genre. Les points clés innovants de l’outil d’éco-conception :
- Interface collaborative entre donneurs d’ordre et fournisseurs permettant de faire des choix en matière d’éco-conception
- Outil simple d’utilisation pour sélectionner les matériaux et procédés améliorant la performance environnementale
- Outil conçu pour la filière aéronautique et adaptable à des secteurs similaires
AIR POLLUTION GRADE 6 ASSIGNMENT INTRO BY E. BAIRD (C) 2008Errol Baird
basics of modern concerns about pollution of the atmosphere - adapated from my Natural Sciences workbooks for South African Schools Gr 4 - 7 - beggs@vodamail.co.za or on Facebook
Environmental Changes and their Impact on ForestGhulam Asghar
Climate change is affecting our natural environment. This presentation deals with understanding of effects of environmental changes on forests and mitigation methods.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
17. LIQUID AIR IS SEPARATED BY FRACTIONAL
DISTILLATION METHOD
THE GASES ARE SEPARATED ACCORDING TO
THEIR BOILING POINTS
CO₂ AND H₂O ARE SEPARATED IN SOLID
FORM
He AND Ne IN LIQUID FORM
THEN THE OTHER GASES ARE SENT INTO THE
FRACTIONATING COLUMN
H₂ ,O₂ , Ar , Xe IN GASEOUS FORM
18.
19.
20. GASES THAT POLLUTES THE AIR ARE CALLED AS AIR
POLLUTANTS
22. IT IS A VERY POISONOUS GAS
IT IS PRODUCED DUE TO INCOMPLETE COMBUSTION OR
LACK OF OXYGEN
IT REACTS WITH HEAMOGLOBIN AND STOPS CARRYING
OXYGEN TO THE BLOOD
24. IT IS A GREEN HOUSE GAS
IT IS PRODUCED BY
COMPLETE COMBUSTION
IT CAUSES GREEN HOUSE EFFECT
25. IT IS ALSO A GREEN HOUSE GAS
IT IS PRODUCED DUE TO ROTTING WASTE
IT ALSO CAUSES GREEN HOUSE EFFECT
NATURAL GAS CONTAINS
MORE % OF METHANE
26. IT IS A CHOKING SMELL POISONOUS GAS
IT IS PRODUCED DUE TO VOLCANIC ERUPTION
AND ALSO BY BURNING FOSSIL FUELS
IT CAUSES ACID RAIN
27. IT IS ALSOMA POISONOUS GAS
AT HIGH TEMP. ATM. O₂ REACTS WITH N₂ TO
PRODUCE OXIDES OF NITROGEN
EXHAUST FUMES FROM VEHICLES
POWER STATIONS
LIGHTNING
28. ITS SYMBOLIS O₃
IN THE UPPER ATMOSPHERE IT PROTECT US
FROM HARMFUL U.V RAYS
U.V.RAYS CAUSES SUN BURN,SKIN CANCER,ETC
31. IN THE LOWER ATMOSPHERE OZONE IT
PRODUCES PHOTOCHEMICAL SMOG WITH OXIDES
OF N₂
IT CAUSES IRRITATION OF EYES , NOSE,
BREATHING DIFFICULTIES , ETC
39. EFFECTS OF ACID RAIN
IT KILLS THE MARINE ORGANISMS
IT DISSOLVES THE LIMESTONE BUILDING
IT CORRODES THE METALS
IT DESTROYS THE STONE WORKS
IT DAMAGES THE CROPS
42. THE DISCOVERY
In 1985, using satellites, balloons, and surface
stations, a team of researchers had discovered a
balding patch of ozone in the upper stratosphere,
the size of the United States, over Antarctica.
Team who discovered the hole 1985.
From left: Joe Farman, Brian Gardiner, and Jonathan Shanklin
British Atlantic Survey Research station, Holly Bay, Antarctic coast
43. •Ozone is a triatomic form of
oxygen (O3) found in Earth’s upper
and lower atmosphere.
•The ozone layer, situated in the
stratosphere about 15 to 30 km
above the earth's surface.
•Ozone protects living organisms by
absorbing harmful ultraviolet
radiation (UVB) from the sun.
•The ozone layer is being destroyed
by CFCs and other substances.
• Ozone depletion progressing
globally except in the tropical zone.
The ozone layer
www.epcc.pref.osaka.jp/apec/ eng/earth/ozone_layer_depletion/susumu.html
44. TOO MUCH ULTRA-VIOLET LIGHT CAN RESULT IN:
Skin cancer
Eye damage such as cataracts
Immune system damage
Reduction in phytoplankton
Damage to the DNA in various life-forms
this has been as observed in Antarctic ice-fish that lack
pigments to shield them from the ultra-violet light (they've
never needed them before)
Possibly other things too that we don't know about at
the moment
50. WHAT ARE SOME REAL-LIFE EXAMPLES OF COMBUSTION
REACTIONS?
When people are or
a candle.
Or burn wood to
make a fire.
51. HOW ARE COMBUSTION REACTIONS USED IN OUR
DAILY LIVES?
People use fire
everyday to
People burning
paper.
Burning trash
52. 2 TYPES OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS!!!
Complete
Clean combustion with
a hydrocarbon produces
carbon dioxide and
water
Incomplete
Dirty combustion with a
hydrocarbon produces
carbon or carbon
monoxide also carbon
dioxide.
53. • Carbon is the key element of life, thus its
cycle is the most fundamental biogeochemical
cycle
• CO2 is the most important greenhouse
gases (or called trace gases)
Why Study the Carbon Cycle?
54. • Carbon has two stable isotopes: 12C (98.9%),
13C (1.1%); one unstable isotope: 14C
• Carbon Cycle is the process by which carbon is
exchanged between the biosphere, geosphere,
hydrosphere and atmosphere of the Earth.
What Is the Carbon Cycle?
55. Diagram of the Carbon Cycle
Source: http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Library/CarbonCycle/carbon_cycle4.html
57. WATER USE AND MANAGEMENT
Cunningham - Cunningham - Saigo:
Environmental Science 7th Ed.
58. INTRODUCTION
The water is a chemical substance with the
formula H2O.
The water is very important for life,
because it is vital. The animals or humans
drink water because the body needs 75%
water to do exercise for example: walk.
Water covers 70% of the Earth. Like two
thirds parts of the earth.
59. WATER RESOURCES
Water, liquid and solid, covers more than 70%
of world’s surface.
More than 370 billion billion gallons.
Cunningham - Cunningham - Saigo:
Environmental Science 7th Ed.
61. Cunningham - Cunningham - Saigo:
Environmental Science 7th Ed.
Sources of water
Surface fresh water:
3% of liquid water,
which is 13% of fresh water,
which is 2.4% of water
62. THE IMPORTANCES OF THE WATER
Human uses the water in:
- Agriculture: The most important for the agriculture is for
irrigation.
- For drinking: Because the body need 75% of water to do
exercise.
- Washing: Washing is also an important component of
several aspects of personal body hygiene.
- Fire extinction: One of the important use of the water is
the fire extinction.
- Recreation: For example swimming, waterskiing, boating,
surfing and diving.
- Industrial applications: Water is used in power
generation.
64. GROUNDWATER
Second largest reservoir of fresh water.
Infiltration - Process of water percolating through the soil
and into fractures and permeable rocks.
Zone of Saturation - Lower soil layers where all spaces are filled
with water.
Water Table - Top of Zone of Sat.
Cunningham - Cunningham - Saigo:
Environmental Science 7th Ed.
65. INDUSTRIAL USE
For processing, washing, and cooling
Most water is returned to the system, however
we need to concerned about the quality:
industrial pollution and heat pollution
66. THERMOELECTRIC POWER
Water used in the generation of electricty from
fossil fuels, nuclear and geothermal sources
About 98% of the water is returned to system,
but it is hotter than it should be
67. THE IMPORTANCES OF THE WATER FOR
THE ANIMALS
In the animal life the water is essential
to life.
The animals uses are:
- Temperature regulation: The
temperature of the animals should be
between a specific range.
- Digestion: Water also serves for
the lining to the acid in the stomach.
69. WATER ON THE EARTH
· Water cycle: Water cycle consist in this three process:
Evaporation: from oceans and other water bodies into the air
and transpiration from land plants and animals into air.
Precipitation: from water vapor condensing from the air and
falling to earth or ocean.
Runoff: from the land usually reaching the sea.
74. Pollutant Harmful effects
Acid
marine life cannot survive in low PH water, low pH
water results in poor growth of vegetation
Nitrates and
phosphates
causes eutrophication,
Sewage
health problem
Oil
kill marine life as the oxygen passes into water is
sealed off
Heavy metal ions poisonous to mankind
76. Eutrophication is a process whereby water bodies,
such as lakes, estuaries,
or slow-moving streams receive excess nutrients
that stimulate excessive plant growth
(algae, periphyton attached algae, and nuisance
plants weeds).
This enhanced plant growth, often called an algal
bloom, reduces dissolved oxygen in the water
when dead plant material decomposes and can
cause other organisms to die.
84. Algal blooms during the Summer months. Note that dissolved oxygen levels are at
their lowest at night when plants respire rather than photosynthesis.
85. Development of anoxic conditions and release of noxious gases such as
hydrogen sulphide, thioalcohols and ammonia.
Eutrophication process, the movie summary
86. Effects on water quality, treatment costs,
compliance and recreational activities
87. • Bad taste and odor : some of the algal species that "bloom" produce
toxins (geosmin, MIB), water taste and odor deteriorates.
• Oxygen depletion: penetration of light into the water is diminished.
This occurs because the algae forms mats as a result of being
produced faster than they are consumed. Diminished light
penetration decreases the productivity of plants living in the deeper
waters and hence their production of oxygen.
• DBP precursors : As the water becomes depleted in oxygen, the
abundant algae and fish die and decompose, further oxygen is
consumed by this process.
• Under anoxic conditions iron, manganese, ammonia and
phosphorous are released into the water column, anaerobic bacteria
flourish, producing hydrogen sulfide.
Effects on water quality
88. Effects on treatment costs and compliance
• Bad taste, odor, and high organics increase operational
costs
• Compliance with local and federal regulations becomes
more difficult to achieve
89. • Recreation : Lowered oxygen results in the death
of fish that need high levels of dissolved
oxygen "DO"), such as trout, salmon and other
desirable sport fish. The community
composition of the water body changes, with fish
that can tolerate low DO, such as carp
predominating.
• Changes in fish communities have ramifications
for the rest of the aquatic ecosystem like the
explosion of mosquitoes.
Effects on recreational activities
