Environmental Pollution PowerPoint

1. ENVIRONMENTAL
POLLUTION
Engr. Donna T. San Antonio, MET

2. Introduction
Pollution
 It is the effect of undesirable changes in our surroundings that
have harmful effects on plants, animals and human beings
 Any addition to air, water, soil, etc. that threatens the health,
survival of humans or other living organisms
Pollutants
 Any thing (solid, liquid or gas) that cause pollution is called
pollutant
 Ex. Lead, sulfuric acid, carbon monoxide

3. Introduction
Types of Pollution:
DEGRADABLE
• Those can be readily broken down by natural processes
• Ex. Discarded vegetables
NON-DEGRADABLE
• Those can not be degraded by natural processes
• Ex. Plastics

4. TYPES OF POLLUTION
WaterAir
Land/
Soil
Noise
NuclearPersonal
Introduction

5.  is the introduction of particulates, biological molecules, or other
harmful materials into Earth's atmosphere, causing disease,
death to humans, damage to other living organisms such as food
crops, or the natural or built environment
 Occurs due to the presence of undesirable solid or gaseous
particles in the air in quantities that are harmful to human health
and environment
Air Pollution

6. Types of Air Pollutants:
 Primary pollutants
• Pollutants that are emitted directly from identifiable sources –produced
by both natural events or human activities
• Ex. Dust storms, emission from vehicles
 Secondary pollutants
• When certain chemical reactions take place among the primary pollutants
• Ex. Sulfuric acid
Air Pollution

7. Air Pollution

8. Primary Pollutants:
 Carbon oxides (CO2 and CO)
 Nitrogen oxides
 Sulfur oxides
 Volatile organic compounds –
hydro carbons
 Suspended particulate matter
Air Pollution

9. Vehicles
Industries
Dust and
storm
Air crafts,
jet
Sources of Air Pollution
Air Pollution

10. Air Pollution
Effects of Air Pollution:
 On HUMANS
◦ Nitrogen oxides and suspended particles both can irritate lungs, aggravate asthma or
chronic bronchitis and increase respiratory infections
◦ Sulfur dioxide irritates respiratory tissues, chronic exposure causes a condition similar to
bronchitis
◦ It also reacts with water, oxygen and other materials to form sulfur containing acids –The
acids can become attached to particles which when inhaled are very corrosive to the lung
◦ Cigarette smoking is responsible for the greatest exposure to carbon monoxide. Exposure
to air containing even 0.001% of carbon monoxide for several hours can cause collapse,
coma and even death
◦ CO is attached to blood hemoglobin for a long time, it accumulates and reduces the oxygen
carrying capacity of blood. This impairs perception and thinking, slows reflexes and causes
headaches, drowsiness, dizziness and nausea and blurred vision
◦ Many volatile organic compounds such as benzene and formaldehyde and toxic particulates
such as lead and cadmium can cause mutations, reproductive problems and cancer,
breathlessness and irritation of the eye, nose and throat

11. Air Pollution
 On PLANTS
◦ Chronic exposure of the leaves to air pollutants can break down the waxy
coating that helps prevent excessive water loss and leads to damage from
diseases, pests, drought and frost
◦ It also affects photosynthesis, respiration and other metabolisms

12. Ozone Layer
• The upper stratosphere consists of
considerable amounts of ozone which
works as an effective screen for UV light.
Air Pollution

13. Air Pollution
 The CFCs and Halons migrate into the upper atmosphere after they are
released. As they are heavier than air, they are carried by air currents and
reach upper atmosphere. This is a slow process and even take few to many
years
 In the stratosphere unfiltered UV radiation severs the chemical bonds
releasing chlorine from CFCs
 This attacks the ozone molecule resulting in its splitting into oxygen
molecule and an oxygen atom
 Thus leading to ozone depletion

14. Air Pollution
Ozone Depletion
 The ozone thus formed is constantly broken down by naturally occurring
processes that maintain its balance in the ozone layer. But the presence of
certain pollutants can accelerate the breakdown of ozone.
(chlorofluorocarbons, halons)
 The Chloro-fluoro-carbons (CFCs) are extremely stable, non-flammable, non-
toxic and harmless to handle. It is ideal for air conditioners, refrigerators and
fire extinguishers etc
 Halons are similar to the CFCs dangerous to ozone layer

15. •sunburn, cataract, skin cancer, weakens
the immune systemOn Human
•UV radiation causes reduction in
photosynthesis –reduces nutrient
contents and the growth of plantsFood Production
Effects of Ozone Depletion
Air Pollution

16. Air Pollution
•Damages paints and fabrics causing them to fade
fasterOn Materials
•Global warming –Green house effect-
•increase in concentration of certain gases
like carbon di oxide, nitrogen oxides,
methane, CFCs trap heat in the form of
infra red radiation near the earth’s surface-
Green house effect.
On Climate

17. Air Pollution
Effects of Greenhouse Effect
• Polar ice caps will melt causing rise in ocean level
• Fall in agricultural produce
• Changes in habitats –climatic conditions.

18. Air Pollution
SMOG
 It is a type of large-scale outdoor pollution
caused by chemical reactions between
pollutants derived from different sources,
primarily automobile exhaust and industrial
emissions
 Cities are often centers of these types of
activities, and many suffer from the effects
of smog, especially during the warm
months of the year

19. Air Pollution

20. Air Pollution
Control Measures
 Proper fuel and exhaust system in vehicles
 Use of dry and wet collectors, filters, electrostatic precipitators
 Providing greater height to the stacks –discharge pollutants away from
the ground
 Substitution of raw materials that cause more pollution.

21. Water Pollution
“When the quality or composition of water changes directly or indirectly as a
result of man’s activities such that it becomes unfit for any purpose it is said to
be polluted.”
 71% of earth’s surface is covered by water-but only a tiny fraction is available as
fresh water
 97% of total water is found in oceans and 3% is fresh water
 Out of this 2.997% is locked in ice caps, only 0.003% of total volume is available
as soil moisture, ground water, water vapor, water in lakes, streams, rivers
and wetlands

22. Types of Water
•water found in streams, rivers and lakes etc.
Surface Water
•Water that percolates into ground
Ground Water
•porous water-saturated layers of sand, gravel or
bedrock through which ground water flows. It is
replenished naturally by rainfall.
Aquifers
Water Pollution

23. •–source is known-
ex. Municipal and industrial discharge
pipes
Point Source
•-source is unknown-
ex. Agricultural runoff, acid rain
Non-point Source
Types of Source
Water Pollution

24. Water Pollution
Sources of Water Pollution
 Industrial Effluents
-Water is discharged from industries after having been used in production
processes that contain acids, alkalis, salts, poisons, oils and in some cases harmful
bacteria
 Mining and Agricultural Wastes
-Mines, especially gold and coal mines, are responsible for large quantities of
acid water
 Agricultural pesticides, fertilizers and herbicides
-It may wash into rivers and stagnant water bodies
 Sewage Disposal and Domestic Wastes
-Sewage as well as domestic and farm wastes were often allowed to pollute
rivers and dams

25. Water Pollution

26. Disease causing agents –bacteria, viruses, protozoa and parasitic worms enter
water from domestic sewage and untreated human and animal wastes.
Oxygen depleting wastes-large populations of bacteria use up the oxygen
present in water to degrade wastes. The amount of oxygen required to
break down a certain amount of organic matter is called Biological Oxygen
Demand (BOD).
If too much organic waste is added, all the available oxygen is used up
and causes organisms like fish to die.
Anaerobic bacteria begin to break down the wastes producing
chemicals that have a foul and unpleasant odor.
Causes of Water Pollution
Water Pollution

27. Inorganic plant nutrients-water soluble nitrates and
phosphates that cause excessive growth of algae and other
aquatic plants-called eutrophication.
Biomagnification-pesticides-reach water-phytoplanktons-
herbivorous fish-carnivorous fish-water birds-animals-
human beings.
At each stage the chemicals are concentrated resulting
Biomagnification.
Water Pollution

28. Water Pollution

29. Control Measures
Root Zone
Process –using
reefs
Setting up
treatment
plants
Water Pollution

30. Soil pollution
Soil is a thin covering
over the land consisting
of a mixture of minerals,
organic materials, living
organisms, air and
water.
Under ideal climatic
conditions soft parent
material may develop
into a centimeter of soil
in 15 years.

31. Soil profile
 The top layer –O horizon-freshly fallen and
decomposed leaves, twigs, animal wastes,
fungi and other organic materials-brown or
black in color
 Uppermost layer-A horizon-partially
decomposed organic matter and inorganic
mineral particles –darker and looser
 B horizon –subsoil contains less aquatic
material and fewer organisms than A zone.
 C horizon –weathered parent material
Soil Pollution

32. Causes of soil degradation
Erosion
By wind and water accelerated by
human activities such as farming,
construction, overgrazing by
livestock, burning of grass cover,
deforestation.
Soil Pollution

33. Excess use of fertilizers
Fertilizers, insecticides, herbicides,
pesticides, fungicides, rodenticides
Soil fertility is lost
Kill beneficial insects
Soil Pollution

34. Integrated Pest Management
 Organic farming
 Use of biofertilzers
 Earthworms-vermicomposting
 Pest control through microbes –Bacillus thrungiensis, Azadirachta
indica-Neem
Soil Pollution

35. The introduction of substances to the marine
environment directly or indirectly by man resulting
in adverse effects.
Marine Pollution

36. Causes:
 Direct discharge of wastes into sea –sewage
 Washed off materials-fertilizers, pesticides
 Petroleum, oils washed off from roads
 Spill of Toxic substances from ships
 Offshore oil exploration and extraction
Marine Pollution

37. Effects:
 Eutrophication - phytoplankton blooms
 Oil slick –affect plants and fish
 Destroys flora and fauna
Marine Pollution

38. Control Measures
 Introduction of sewage treatment plants
 Primary treatment - physical process such as
screening and sedimentation to remove pollutants
that will settle, float etc.
 Secondary treatment to remove BOD
Marine Pollution

39. Control measures for oil pollution
 Process of emulsification through chemical dispersants
- sprayed on the oil.
 Biological methods-use of bacteria
Marine Pollution

40.  Noise is unwanted and undesirable sound
 Permitted noise level is 125 decibels
Noise Pollution

41. Noise Pollution

42. Noise Pollution

43. Ambient noise levels dB
Noise Pollution

44. Safe time exposure in dB
Noise Pollution

45. Effects
 Physical damage to ear - temporary thresh
hold shift-TTS –hearing loss
 Mental fatigue
Noise Pollution

46. Control techniques
Reduce noise at source
Block the path of noise
Increase the path length and
protect the recipient
Noise Pollution

47. Nuclear hazards
 Nuclear fission – splitting of the nucleus of the
atom – resulting energy is used for a variety of
purposes
 Hot water
 Uranium waste – ionizing material
Nuclear Pollution

48. Effects of nuclear pollution
 Lethal
 Mutation
 Plants and animals
 Marine organisms-fish
 Skin diseases, cancer, eye disorders etc.
Nuclear Pollution

49. Control measures
Away from the cities
Proper disposal mechanisms
Safety measures
Nuclear Pollution

50.  means the harmful effect of a bad and improper
lifestyle on the human body which can lead to diseases
and disorders.
 Smoking, drinking and irregular eating habits are the
main causes of personal pollution.
 It is not just harming our body it can also be harm in our
environment.
Personal Pollution

51.  Types of Personal Pollution
◦ Food Additives
◦ Medicines
◦ Smoking
◦ Alcohol
◦ Cosmetics
◦ Bad living conditions and habits
◦ Poor personal attitudes
Personal Pollution

52.  Food Additives
◦is a substances added to food to
improve its flavour, colour, texture
or resistance to spoilage, it
enhances the shelf-life if food
products, it also makes food
attractive to consumers.
Personal Pollution

53.  Medicines
◦is a substance used to treat a
disease. Medicine can have
undesirable effects. This might
happen if it is taken in too large
quantities or for too long period of
time.
Personal Pollution

54.  Smoking
◦Smoking is dangerous to our health because it can affect
to our lungs.
◦It is also one of the causes of global warming.
Personal Pollution

55.  Alcohol
◦ It is ethanol also called ethyl alcohol or
grain alcohol, is present in varying
amounts in beers and wine. It is
produced by the natural process of
fermentation.
◦ Alcoholism is a chronic disorder
characterized by an uncomfortable need
to drink alcohol beverages. The disease is
a serious form a drug abuse since it alters
the functions in causing accidents
particularly in the road.
Personal Pollution

56.  Cosmetic
◦ It is the chemical substances that can be
harmful to us.
◦ For example, shampoos, creams,
ointments and phenylenediamine in hair
dyes can cause allergic contact
dermatitis, a kind of skin allergy.
Personal Pollution

57. Personal pollution on several levels:
 Environmental - littering, burning waste, smoking, aerosol cans
(hairspray), farting (methane release), driving, plastics and using
non recyclables.
 Physical - eating bad unhealthy foods, not exercising, smoking,
drug use/abuse, not sleeping properly.
 Mental - negative thinking, negative talking, putting down others,
not supporting others or self, general negative attitudes.
Personal Pollution

58. What are the effects?
 Smoking: Chain smokers and passive smokers are prone to
respiratory disorders, such as asthma, bronchitis, throat cancer
and lung cancer.
 Drinking: People who drink excessive alcohol suffer from liver
cirrhosis and heart ailments.
 Drug abuse: People addicted to drugs suffer from neurological
and mental disorders.
Personal Pollution

59. What are the effects?
 Irregular eating habits: People with unhealthy eating habits are
prone to obesity, diabetes, blood pressure, anorexia, bulimia, high
cholesterol and heart ailments.
 Toxic chemical pollutants: According to SEHN, most chemical
pollutants are carcinogenic, causing cancers and tumors.
Disorders such as autism and ADHD in children have also been
linked to chemical pollutants.
Personal Pollution

60. How to prevent?
Positive actions.
Self discipline.
Take care of yourself.
Avoid smoking, drinking, and get high.
Prevent personal pollution causes.
Personal Pollution

61. Role of an individual in
prevention of pollution
 Develop respect to all forms of life
 Try to plant trees where ever you can
 Reduce the use of paper and wood products where ever possible
– use recycled paper
 Do not buy furniture, doors etc., made from teak –forest based
 Help in restoring a degraded area
 Join in an afforestation program

62.  Advocate organic forming
 Avoid use of pesticides
 Reduce fossil fuel –coal, petrol etc. save petrol
 Shut of the lights and fans when not needed-save electricity
 Do not use aerosol spray products
 do not pour chemicals, paints pesticides in the drain

63.  Use rechargeable batteries
 Do not use cans, avoid plastics –plastic carry bags
 Recycle paper, aluminum, plastics
 Set up compost bin in your garden
 Start community composting
 Keep you and your place clean

64. Environmental protection begins with you!