1. Educational technology refers to the study and ethical practice of facilitating learning through the use of technology. It involves applying instructional design principles and cognitive psychology to assess, design, implement and evaluate the use of technological tools and resources for learning. 2. Instructional technology is a subset of educational technology that focuses more narrowly on the teaching and learning process. It involves using technology tools to improve student learning and assessing their progress towards defined learning objectives. 3. While instructional technology deals with applying technology to instruction, educational technology has a broader scope that also includes developing human capabilities through other technological systems and processes beyond just teaching and learning.

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07-08-2016
DE-604 Educational technology & Instruction (ETI)
Unit -1
Definitions: Educational technology;
Is the effective use of technological tools in learning, as a concept, it concerns an array of
tools, such as media, machines and networking hardware, as well as considering theoretical
perspectives for their effective application.
The study and ethical practice of facilitating learning and improving performance by creating
using, and managing, appropriate technological processes and resources" (AECT. 2004. P.3).
A combination of the processes and tools involved in addressing educational needs and
problems, with an emphasis on applying the most current tools: computers and their related
technologies. (M. D. Roblyer, 2000)
The combination of instructional, learning, developmental, managerial, and other
technologies as applied to the solution of educational problems
Is a complex, integrated process involving people, procedures, ideas, devices, and
organization, for analyzing problems, and devising, implementing, evaluating, and managing
solutions to those problems, involved in all aspects of human learning
Involves the applications of systems, techniques, and aids to improve the process of human
learning
Body of knowledge resulting from the application of the science of teaching and learning to
the real classroom, together with the tools and methodologies developed to assist in these
applications
It can become a medium through which change can happen
The systematic application of scientific knowledge to practical tasks
Facilitate learning processes and increase performance of the educational system(s) as it
regards to effectiveness and/or efficiency.
Systematic, process for designing instruction or training used to improve performance
Opportunities for teachers to develop new teaching tools and environments, and for learners
to use as an enhancing learning aid
(Association for Educational Communications & Technology (AECT))

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IMPORTANCE.
 Access to variety of learning resources
 Nearness to information
 Anytime& Anywhere learning
 Collaborative learning
 Multimedia approach to education
 Authentic and up to date information
 Access to online libraries
 Teaching of different subjects made interesting
 Educational data storage
 Distance education
 Access to the source of information
 Multiple communication channels-e-mail, chat, forum, blogs, etc.
 Access to open courseware
 Reduces time on many routine tasks.
What is Educational Technology?
Educational technology (also called learning technology) is the study and ethical practice of
facilitating learning and improving performance by creating, using and managing appropriate
technological processes and resources."[1] The term educational technology is often associated with,
and encompasses, instructional theory and learning theory. While instructional technology
covers the processes and systems of learning and instruction, educational technology includes other
systems used in the process of developing human capability. Educational Technology includes, but is
not limited to, software, hardware, as well as Internet applications and activities.
What is Instructional Technology?
Instructional technology is "the theory and practice of design, development, utilization, management,
and evaluation of processes and resources for learning," according to the Association for Educational
Communications and Technology (AECT) Definitions and Terminology Committee.
 It is a part of educational technology. It also covers the processes and systems of learning and
instruction, educational technology includes other systems used in the process of developing human
capability.
 It is the use of a variety of teaching tools to improve student learning. We usually think of computers
and computer software when we think of instructional technology, but instructional technologies are
not limited to computers in the classroom.
 It describes all tools that are used for teaching and learning such as: cameras, CD players, PDA's,
GPS devices, computer-based probes, calculators and electronic tools we have yet to
discover.Students and teachers use computer software and Internet resources to locate, process, and
present information, learn and assess their skills.
Students can locate information from millions of sources using a computer, online encyclopedias,

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databases, and the Internet. Computer-based tool software, such as spreadsheets and databases,
help students organize and report information. Students create professional-looking products as they
report information they have learned using word processing and presentation software. Students use
computers as electronic tutors to improve skills such as reading and math.
Teachers use computers and other instructional technologies to present information they want
students to know. They also use computers to assess students' learning and identify and report
students' learning needs.
Educational Technology:
 Is specific to the development of teaching and learning
 Applies theories of instruction, learning, behavioral and cognitive psychology to
assessment, design, implementation, and evaluation of instructional material
 Applies research, theory, technologies, and psychology to solve instructional and
performance problems
 Is an approach used to achieve the ends of education
Instructional Technology, a broader term, that:
 Deals with the process of using technology for instruction
 Describes the technologies that facilitate access to information of all types
 Acquisition, processing, storage, and dissemination of information in all of its
forms.
 Evaluation, management, and integration of instruction with tools available.
Summarising the above points …. though instructional technology and educational
technology appear to be synonymous, instructional technology is the tool while
educational technology is the procedure for using that tool.
Hope it helps!
The difference between educational technology and instructional technology has to
do the scope of the fields. Educational technology embraces all areas of technology in
any field of education. Instructional technology covers a more narrow field dealing
with all types of teaching and learning.
In education, instructional technology is "the theory and practice of design,
development, utilization, management, and evaluation of processes and resources for
learning," according to the Association for Educational Communications and
Technology (AECT) Definitions and Terminology Committee. Instructional
technology is often referred toas a part of educational technology but the use of these
terms has changed over the years. Educational technology is the study and ethical
practice of facilitating learning and improving performance by creating, using and
managing appropriate technological processes and resources." Labels do matter!
While instructional technology covers the processes and systems of learning and
instruction, educational technology includes other systems used in the process of
developing human capability.
Instruction technoligy covers more narrow field dealing with all types of teaching and
learning. Educational technoligy is the study ethical practice of learning and
improving performance by creating using and managing a propriate technological
processes resource.
If I may say simply, Educational technology is to use your brain to learn and observe
and Instructional technology is to use your brain with the hands on learning.

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Objectives of Educational Technology (E.T) are as follows:
1. To Develop proficiency with the tools of technology
3. To Design and share information for global communities to meet a variety of purposes
4. To manage, analyze and synthesize multiple streams of simultaneous information
5. To create, critique, analyze, and evaluate multi-media texts
6. To Attend to the ethical responsibilities required by these complex environments
7. To determine the goals and formulate the objectives in behavioral terms.
8. To analyze the characteristics of learner.
9. To organize the content in logical or psychological sequence.
10. To mediate between content and resources of presentation.
11. To provide the feedback among other components for the modification of learners.
12. To evaluate the learners performance in terms of achieving educational objective
References: hhttp://teaching.monster.com/benefits/articles/3468-the-importance-of-
teaching-technology-to-teachers.
What are some examples of educational technologies?
12 Answers
Michael Connell, CEO and Co-Founder, Native Brain
Answered Jun 2 2014
Hmmm...this is a harder question than it might seem.
There is no stable or standard definition of the term - nor of its component words
(education, technology). Some people refer to Skype as an educational technology, for
example, presumably because it can in theory be used to enable students to video chat with
scientists and other professionals remotely. Under this definition, almost any electronic
device or piece of software could conceivably be included under the "educational technology"
umbrella. For example, if Skype is an educational technology then isn't a telephone also an
educational technology of the same sort? Wouldn't two tin cans connected by a string also be
an educational technology of generally the same sort?
As another example, there is a whole "Education" category of apps in the iTunes app store.
Many people seem to consider any app that is categorized into that category as an

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"educational technology." There is nothing preventing someone from putting any app at all
into the Education category, however (and indeed many people do). The publishers of
"Clash of Clans," "Candy Crush," and "Penultimate" could move their apps into the
Education category if they wanted. Would that suddenly make them more educational than
when they were in the Games or Productivity categories? Hardly. So these kinds of self-
applied, ad hoc categories are also not a meaningful basis to identify which technologies are
educational technologies.
The term "educational technology" is pretty problematic, in fact. Ingeneral it's not the
technology that is inherently educational, but the way in which it is used that makes it
an educational application of a technology.
It's possible to define some useful definitions, although any attempt to do that will surely
spark arguments from people with differing views.
But let's give it a go anyway.
First, we need operational definitions of "education" and "technology."
Education
Education is not a well-defined concept. It is sometimes used, for example, to refer to a
process (e.g., systematic instruction), and at other times it is used to refer to a product or
outcome (e.g., knowledge gained). Sometimes people mean a formal system of instruction
with explicit learning objectives, sometimes people mean any formal or informal
experience that stimulates learning, and sometimes people would include under
"education" a certain kind of experience - or any experience, whether there's any reason to
believe learning occurred or not.
Technology
Broadly construed, technology could include a very diverse array of tools and artifacts. A
pencil, a piece of paper, or a chalkboard, for example, could reasonably be considered
educational technologies under the broadest definition.
When people talk about "educational technology" today, they typically mean "high
technology" and, more specifically, they usually mean electronic technologies like computers
and the internet.
Educational Technology
If we want a definition of educational technology that makes meaningful distinctions
(doesn't include everything) and reflects how people commonly use the term, then we might
define it something like this:
Educational Technology is:
1) an electronic device or computer application that
2) leverages unique affordances of the technological medium and
3) is designed specifically for the purpose of supporting explicit learning objectives OR
provides a standard paradigm for supporting learning objectives defined by a teacher,
tutor, mentor, or the student himself/herself.

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Ideally, the technology should provide some way to verify that the learning objectives have
been met and/or to assess incremental progress toward the objectives.
We might go further and define Instructional Technology as a special case of Educational
Technology that:
1) Is designed to support learning toward a set of explicitly defined objectives
2) Provides instruction to the user/student to help them achieve the learning objectives
3) Allows the user/student to respond or express their understanding in some way
4) Provides feedback on their performance against the explicit objectives
The Carnegie Tutors (http://www.carnegielearning.com) are examples of instructional
technologies.
If you are interested in finding lots of curated examples of Instructional Technology, you
should check out Balefire Labs (Finding Apps that Help Kids Learn). They use evidence-
based instructional design criteria aligned with the above list to evaluate which apps labeled
"Educational" are more or less likely to provide effective instruction. Interestingly, they have
found that only two of the top 10 Education Apps in iTunes have even minimal instructional
value (Only Two of Top 10 EdApps in iTunes are Worth Buying). This underscores my point
above about the problems with using the "Education" category in app stores as a guide to
what is and is not educational technology.
[Note: I am not affiliated with Balefire Labs in any way.]
If you are interested in an example of educational technology that supports education
without specifying specific learning objectives, check out Socrative
(http://www.socrative.com). They provide a general-purpose platform enabling formative
assessment using any kind of web-enabled device. This qualifies as an educational
technology because it wouldn't be feasible to do what they do without the technology.
Differentiate between technology of education
and technology in education.
Technology of educationdealswith systematic applicationof the resourcesof scientific
knowledge of the processesof learning that eachindividual has to pass through in order to
acquire and use knowledge. Technology ineducationrefersto the use of technologicalhardware
in education.
Technology Education vs Educational Technology
Technology Education is the area of education that specifically concerns the professional
organization, the International Technology Education Association (ITEA), and for which ITEA’s
Technology for All Americans Project (TfAAP) developed the set of technological literacy
standards contained in Standards for Technological Literacy: Content for the Study of

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Technology (STL) and Advancing Excellence in Technological Literacy: Student
Assessment, Professional Development, and Program Standard (STL).
 Technology Education is also called the Study of Technology or Technological Studies.
 Technology Education teaches about technology as an educational area of content.
 Technology Education is concerned with a broad spectrum of technology, which is any
innovation, change, or modification of the natural environment to satisfy perceived human
needs and wants, and how technology accomplishes this through the interrelated
disciplines of math, science, engineering, and others.
 The primary goal of Technology Education in grades K—12 is to develop technological
literacy in all students. Technological literacy is the ability to use, manage, understand,
and evaluate technology in general.
Educational Technology focuses on the use of computers, information systems*, audiovisual
equipment, and other media.
 Educational Technology is also called Instructional Technology or Information
Technology (IT)
 Educational Technology is mainly concerned with the narrow spectrum of technologies
used for communication and the dissemination of information.
 Educational Technology teaches through technology, instructing students in the use of a
relatively small set of tools developed by technology.
 The primary goal of Educational Technology in grades K—12 is to enhance the teaching
and learning process.
Additional clarification between technology education and educational technology is provided by
the following article, which appeared in The Technology Teacher, a professional* journal*
published by ITEA. The article is reproduced with permission from ITEA (PDF format, 5 pages,
131 KB).
Difference Between Technology of Education
and Technology in Education
Posted on March 16, 2011 by admin Last updated on: August 21, 2014
Technology of Education vs Technology in Education
Technology of Education and Technology in Education are two phrases that are
confusing to many. Education has come a long way since early days though it
encompasses a lot more than what was there to be taught in earlier times, and
technology has made it easier for both the teachers and students to learn easily. The

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advancements in technology are not limited to gadgets and appliances used by
people in daily life, it has reached schools and classrooms to ease the way
education is imparted and absorbed by students. There are two phrases in this
connection that are often confusing for people as they sound similar but are different.
This article intends to find the difference between technology of education and
technology in education.
What is Technology of Education?
Technology of education is also referred to as educational technology and is in
reality incorporation of IT into the realm of classroom. This is a constantly evolving
field that depends upon technological advancements. The use of technology in
education has many advantages just as technology has enriched the world in all
walks of life. One can see and feel the change in air as classrooms are becoming
modern and teachers and students are benefiting with gadgets such as smart boards
and computers.
The advent of the internet has made a sea of change in the way teachers can
demonstrate concepts and ideas to children and make learning almost fun.
Information today has been encapsulated in the internet which can be beautifully
used to allow learning be a fun rather than being a drudgery which it used to be in
earlier times.
What this has meant is that education is no longer limited to the privileged few, and
even those who are downtrodden and poor can learn all the ideas and concepts
which were like a dream to them in earlier times. Internet today has become very
commonplace and its true potential can be realized by disseminating knowledge
through it to all, without any discrimination.

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What is Technology in Education?
Technology in education is not limited to making use of technology to make learning
and imparting of education easier in all possible ways but also a field of study in itself
for those who are involved with developing technological tools for educational
purposes. Keeping in mind the end user which are the students and teachers,
technologists are busy inventing tools and gadgets for use in classrooms. These are
the people who are behind this revolution and are working overtime in the field of
educational technology to cover all the processes of learning and instruction.
Technology in education refers to but is not limited to the use of hardware and
software, including internet and other related activities, for the purpose of increasing
human capabilities. The use of technology in education is always welcome as it
enables both teachers and students to gain knowledge in a much better and faster
rate. Nevertheless, ultimately it is teachers who make use of all the technology and
hence, they will remain as important as ever, and technology can never even think of
replacing teachers.
What is the difference between Technology of
Education and Technology in Education?
• Technology of education is the incorporation of IT into the realm of classroom.
• Technology in education is not limited to making use of technology to make
learning and imparting of education easier in all possible ways but also a field of
study in itself for those who are involved with developing technological tools for
educational purposes. It is a much broader area that technology of education.

10. 10
Using Technology to Enhance Teaching &
Learning
Technology provides numerous tools that teachers can use in and out of the classroom to enhance
student learning. This page provides an introduction to some of the most common.
Faculty members should consult SMU's office of Academic Technology Services, which provides
many kinds of support, including hands-on training in using classroom technology. (Click here
for classroom-specific information about the setup in many campus buildings). SMU's STAR (Student
Technology Assistant in Residence) Program is also available to help with short-term instructional
technology projects.
There are also numerous on-line resources about using technology to enhance teaching in a number
of different ways. For example, Teaching with Technology 2, from the Learning Technology
Consortium, offers 17 peer-reviewed essays on using different kinds of educational technology, and
the book can be downloaded for free. MERLOT is a huge, peer-reviewed, multi-disciplinary resource
for learning and online teaching. Here's a curated list, from About.me to Zotero, of free online tools
that you can use in your teaching.
Below are links to resources on using specific types of teaching and learning tools.
Blackboard
SMU uses the course management system Blackboard. For help creating Blackboard courses and
learning the basics, consult Academic Technology's Blackboard help page, as well as this
Blackboard online tutorial. Access your Blackboard courses here.
Presentation Software
Sometimes it's helpful to provide visual aids to complement teaching, stimulate discussion, or allow
out-of-class teaching. Tools designed for this purpose, such as PowerPoint, can be used well or used
badly. Click here for resources that provide advice for thoughtful use of PowerPoint, as well as a few
additional presentation tools.
Classroom Response Systems ("clickers")
One way to encourage student engagement is by using electronic devices that allow students to
record their answers to multiple choice questions and allow you to instantly display the results. The
anonymity encourages participation, and their answers help the teacher know when further discussion
is needed. Use of clickers can also serve as a catalyst for discussion. Click here to learn more about
using response systems effectively.
Online Projects and Collaboration Tools
Technology can support student collaboration on creating new knowledge, reflecting on what they are
learning, or working together to achieve a deeper understanding of course material. These
articles provide ideas about their use and misuse.
Information Visualization Tools
Technology can also clarify and stimulate thought through transforming words into pictures. Here are
some tools to help lead your students to think more critically by encouraging them to visually structure
information.

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Flipping the Classroom
How can we make the best use of the classroom time we have with our students? Sometimes a great
way to move them toward higher levels of understanding is to move the lecture out of the classroom,
and use in-person time for interactions that require applying, synthesizing, and creating. "Flipping"
doesn't have to use technology, but tools such as videos, podcasts, online quizzes and the like can
help in and out of class activity work together. These resources explain the theory underlying this
teaching method and provide practical suggestions for making it work.
Podcasts
Whether for a flipped class or just as a resource for your students, you may want to create a podcast
that conveys information students need for initial learning or review. SMU's Academic Technology
Service can provide instruction on creating podcasts, and will loan you a podcasting kit. These
articles discuss how to make and use podcasts effectively.
Games
What could be more engaging than a good game, used well? These articles discuss why a game may
lead to deeper learning and give some examples of their use in higher education.
Teaching with Tablet Computers
We're only beginning to explore their many possibilities for higher education. Here are some ideas.
Converting a Face-to-Face Course to an Online Course
Teaching online, whether in a hybrid course or a wholly-online course, requires different techniques
and different tools. Without the F2F contact, professors will need to be even clearer about setting and
articulating expectations for digital work and participation. Encouraging interaction between professor
and student and among students is an additional challenge, as is monitoring student learning as the
course progresses. The online environment requires the use of basic technologies to digitize course
materials as well as mastery of the university's learning management system. And various tools
like Skype allow synchronous communications, while blogs and Twitter can encourage asynchronous
interaction. Here are some ideas to get you started.
Educational Technology is:
1) an electronic device or computer application that
2) leverages unique affordances of the technological medium and
3) is designed specifically for the purpose of supporting explicit learning objectives
OR provides a standard paradigm for supporting learning objectives defined by a
teacher, tutor, mentor, or the student himself/herself.
Ideally, the technology should provide some way to verify that the learning
objectives have been met and/or to assess incremental progress toward the
objectives.
We might go further and define Instructional Technology as a special case of
Educational Technology that:
1) Is designed to support learning toward a set of explicitly defined objectives
2) Provides instruction to the user/student to help them achieve the learning
objectives

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3) Allows the user/student to respond or express their understanding in some way
4) Provides feedback on their performance against the explicit objectives
The Carnegie Tutors (http://www.carnegielearning.com) are examples of
instructional technologies.
If you are interested in finding lots of curated examples of Instructional Technology,
you should check out Balefire Labs (Finding Apps that Help Kids Learn). They use
evidence-based instructional design criteria aligned with the above list to evaluate
which apps labeled "Educational" are more or less likely to provide effective
instruction. Interestingly, they have found that only two of the top 10 Education
Apps in iTunes have even minimal instructional value (Only Two of Top 10 EdApps
in iTunes are Worth Buying). This underscores my point above about the problems
with using the "Education" category in app stores as a guide to what is and is not
educational technology.
[Note: I am not affiliated with Balefire Labs in any way.]
THE DOMAINS IN EDUCATIONAL TECHNOLOGY
(SEELS & RICHEY, 1994)
There are five domains in educational technology.
1. Design: refers to the process of specifying conditions for learning
2. Development: refers to the process of translating the design specifications into
physical form
3. Utilization: refers to the use of processes and resources for learning
4. Management: Management refers to processes for controlling instructional technology
5. Evaluation & Analysis: is the process for determining the adequacy of instruction.

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These are used to enhance or improve the instructional process and there by facilitate
learning.
References:
(http://wikieducator.org/Need_and_Importance_of_Information_Technology_in_Education/
Historical Background Education Technology.
The history of “Educational technology … can be traced back to the time when tribal priests
systemized bodies of knowledge, and early cultures invented pictographs or sign writing to
record and transmit information.” (Paul Saettler, 1990)
History of Technology. (Computers)
 Abacus---Approximately 3000 BC
 Calculators---1600s
 Punched Card Devices---1800s

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 First Electronic Computers---1940s
 Mainframes---1950s
 Minicomputers---1960s
 Microcomputers---1970s
 Microcomputer Systems---1980s
 Internet---1990s
Quintilian Roman Teacher (2 Oct 100): Quintilian uses competition to encourage student
improvement rather than corporal punishment. He actually lived in 68 C.E. but the timeline
will not let me go below 100 C.E.
Moveable Metal Print Technology (1 Jan 1377): In 1377, a Korean monk named Begum
invented a metal moveable type technology to produce the book "Jikiji" containing Zen
philosophy. Each character or letter was cast in a separate metal piece and could then be
reused. His moveable type press precedes the Guten burg press by over 300 years.
The Gutenberg Printing Press (1 Jan 1454): While Johannes Gutenberg did not invent
moveable type; he developed a machine capable of producing pages of text using a mobile,
reusable set of type. His commercial printer combined the use of metal print technology and
the traditional screw press and marked the beginning of the printing revolution.
The Chinese Abacus (1 Jan 1500): The Chinese Abacus as we know it today was invented
by during the Ming Dynasty (1388-1644) by mathematician Cheng Dawei. It was used to
teach basic math skills including finding square and cube roots. It remains an important
instructional tool in parts of the world today and is celebrated with a national holiday in
China!
Invention of the Slide Rule (1 Jan 1622): In 1622, Anglican minister and mathematician
William Oughtred developed the slide rule, a precursor to the modern calculator. He
inscribed logarithms on two pieces of wood or ivory, which were used to perform complex
calculations.
Orbus pictus (The World in Pictures): (1 Jan 1658): John Amos Comenius was
recognized as the pioneer of instructional technology. He was an educational reformer who
wrote Orbus pictus (The World in Pictures) published in 1658. This book illustrated how to
teach children for studying Latin and Sciences with visual aids.
Lancaster publishes manuals focused on classroom and economics management.(1 Jan
1803): An improvement in Education Joseph Lancaster publishes Improvements in Education
- a manuals focused on classroom management and economics. Schools in America began to
focus on mass instruction and more efficient management.
First use of the chalkboard in a classroom. (1 Jan 1817): Claude Crozet developed the first
chalkboard by painting a wall black and writing on it with chalk. West Point Academy was
one of the first places to use chalkboards in the classroom.

15. 15
First Normal School Established (1 Jan 1839): First state-funded school for public school
teacher education - also known as a "normal school” - was founded in Lexington,
Massachusetts. The normal schools provided a laboratory for learning using model
classrooms as a place for students to "practice" their new teaching skills.
First American Kindergarten established (1 Jan 1855): The first American kindergarten
was established in 1855 by Mrs. Carl Schurz in Watertown, Wisconsin.
Invention of the Microphone (14 Apr 1877): This drum like device is a carbon-button
microphone, patented by Emile Berliner in 1877. It was one of the first ever created and by
far the most usable. He worked with Thomas Edison on this invention.
Invention of the Phonograph (12 Aug 1877): Thomas Alva Edison created many
inventions, but his favorite was the phonograph. While working on improvements to the
telegraph and the telephone, Edison figured out a way to record sound on tinfoil-coated
cylinders. In 1877, he created a machine with two needles: one for recording and one for
playback. When Edison spoke into the mouthpiece, the sound vibrations of his voice would
be indented onto the cylinder by the recording needle.
First School Museum in St. Louis, Missouri (3 Oct 1905): The first school museum opened
in St. Louis, Missouri. It served as a central place to distribute slides, films, charts, and other
instructional materials.
DEAC established (1 Jan 1926): Distance Education Accrediting Commission is founded to
promote education quality and ethical business practices for correspondence education
programs.
Jean Piaget introduces Cognitive Development Theory (30 Sep 1929): Jean Piaget
introduces Cognitive Development Theory, which proposed four primary stages of cognitive
development: sensor motor stage (birth to age 2), preoperational stage (ages 3-7), concrete
operational stage (ages 7-11) and a formal operational stage (age 11 and up). This creates a
focus on age appropriate curriculum to match the students’ cognitive abilities.
World War II (1 Sep 1939): Training films and filmstrips were used extensively to prepare
military personnel during World War II. Millions watched the films on overhead projectors
with sound equipment to receive training at a very fast pace. Simulators were also introduced
to train US Air Force personnel in as realistic an environment as possible.
Bloom's Taxonomy of Educational Objectives (4 Oct 1956): Bloom publishes the
Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, which proposes three learning domains (cognitive,
affective, and psychomotor) and six levels (knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis,
synthesis, and evaluation).

16. 16
Erik Erikson presents his Psychosocial Development Theory (30 Sep 1959): Erik Erikson,
influenced by Freudian psychology, took Piglets stages a step further; postulating his
Psychosocial Development Theory. Which consist of eight stages of development that span
the entire life of an individual? “Erikson’s contribution is the extension of cognitive
development theory beyond adolescence into adulthood, maturity, and old age.”
Classroom Response Systems Originate (1 Jan 1960): Classroom response systems are
becoming an integral part of most K-12 and higher education classrooms. They were
originally used in higher education classrooms during the 1960s.
Invention of the Computer Mouse (1 Jan 1963): The computer mouse was invented and
developed by Douglas Engelbart with the help of Bill English. Although he invented it in
1963, he did not receive a patent on it until November 17, 1970.
Electronic handheld calculator invented (1 Dec 1966): In late 1966, Texas Instruments,
Inc. introduced the first, electronic handheld calculator known as “Cal Tech.” It was the first
miniature calculator with circuitry able to perform addition, subtraction, multiplication, and
division. It had a small keyboard with 18 keys and a visual output that displayed up to 12
decimal digits. Results were printed to a paper tape. It was also “compact” enough to be held
in your hand!
Scriven coins terms formative assessment and summative evaluation (1 Jan 1967):
Types of Evaluations in Instructional Design Michael Scriven coins formative evaluation
(testing materials during the design process) and summative evaluation (at the final stage).
Apple Computer, Inc. is born (1 Apr 1976): Apple Computer, Inc. was created by Steve
Jobs and Steve Wozniak in 1976. Their first computer - Apple I - was created in a garage and
was sold without a monitor keyboard or casing! Their goal was to create an easy-to-use
computer for home and office. The company has evolved over the years and remains a
dominant force and leader in computers and other related technologies.
Oregon Trail debuts as educational computer game (3 Dec 1971): Written for an 8th
grade history class in Minnesota, the Oregon Trail used computer gaming as an instructional
tool. Players lead a family of settlers to Oregon and encounter realistic obstacles that would
be encountered during travels of this magnitude in the 1800s'.
Scantrons were invented (1 Oct 1972): Scantrons were invented to make grading easier for
teachers. They are graded by machines.
ADDIE model introduced (1 Jan 1976): ADDIE model Florida State University designs the
ADDIE model for instructional design - analyze, design, development, implementation,
evaluation.
SMART Board introduced (1 Jan 1993): SMART Board site: SMART Boards currently
play an integral part of some teacher's every day activities. By making and providing

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interactive materials the teacher doesn't need to spend the whole time at the board, students
can take charge and lead discussions with interactive materials and projects.
Launch of Wikipedia (15 Jan 2001): Wikipedia has been a revolutionary tool in the modern
history of educational technology, as it is a free encyclopedia that allows all users to
contribute to, edit, and take in information on all manner of topics. Wikipedia is increasingly
being found in scholarly research (Huggett, 2012).
Launch of YouTube (14 Feb 2005): YouTube has allowed all users to create and share
educational and informative videos on any given topic. YouTube videos have changed the
face of modern education and educational technology, as teachers can readily and easily point
their students to a helpful YouTube videos for supplemental instruction, or rely on YouTube
videos in the course of regular instruction (Jaworksi, 2012).- Contributed by Jennifer
Richardson
Launch of Khan Academy (1 Sep 2006): Khan Academy is one of the world's most popular
educational websites, providing free access to video and interactive learning material to users.
No longer can education only be obtained from traditional schools or teachers. Go right to
Khan Academy!
First iPhone Available to the Public (29 Jun 2007): First iPhone Available to the public.
(Alba, 2015). The advent of smart phone technology has given all owners access to the world
at their fingertips. Users virtually carry "encyclopedias” and access to the entire world's
information in our back pockets.
iPad Introduced to the World (3 Apr 2010): iPods in Education iPods in
Education</a>The iPad is first sold, and immediately used in classrooms to support learning.
Banister, S. (2010). Integrating the iPad touch in K–12 education: Visions and vices.
Distance learning over 5.6 million (1 Aug 2012): In the fall of 2012, over 5.6 million
postsecondary students are enrolled in some type of distance learning.
Kahoot! Officially Launches (1 Jan 2013): Kahoot Website: Kahoot! A game based review
tool for teacher’s launches. Currently used across many countries in different languages
where both students and teachers can create mini assessments to use as review guides and
participation activities.
Term "Digital Native" is Coined. (30 Sep 2015): Coining of the term “digital native”, for
the youth who have grown up in the digital age. This generation is technically proficient and
capable of auto-didactic learning with the use of modern tools. These students ability to
utilize those tools threatens the nature of a traditional education and even “adult-child
relationships”

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References:
(http://wikieducator.org/Need_and_Importance_of_Information_Technology_in_Education/)
http://teaching.monster.com/benefits/articles/3468-the-importance-of-teaching-technology-to-
teachers.
(http://www.csuchico.edu/idts/addie.php)
(http://www.psia-nw.org/newsletter-articles/)
Claremont Graduate University (http://cgu.edu/pages/4745.asp)