Fluid power systems use liquids or gases to transmit power and control movement. This document discusses fluid power applications and different fluid power systems. It compares hydraulic and pneumatic systems, lists their advantages and disadvantages, and explains their industrial uses. Key points covered include properties of hydraulic fluids, types of hydraulic fluids and factors influencing fluid selection, components of hydraulic systems, and distribution of fluids through pipes, tubes, hoses and connectors.
This document provides an overview of hydraulics and pneumatics systems. It discusses key concepts like Pascal's law and system components. Specific topics covered include basic laws governing hydraulics and pneumatics, applications of Pascal's law, hydraulic and pneumatic system components, comparisons of hydraulic and pneumatic systems to conventional transmission systems, hydraulic fluids and their properties, hydraulic filters, symbols and energy losses. Pump types, operation, performance and selection criteria are also examined.
Hydraulics and Pnuematics Basics and Pumps.pptxsadha sivam
for need of basics in hydraulics and pneumatics in UG students as well as research in fluid society.this becomes highly viewed in industry oriented division
Water was the first fluid used for hydraulic transmission due to its availability and low cost, but it has disadvantages like corrosion and supporting bacterial growth. Mineral oils were later used but are flammable. Various hydraulic fluids were then developed including fire-resistant water-based and synthetic fluids. Key properties of hydraulic fluids include viscosity, density, lubrication, compatibility with materials, and oxidation and chemical stability. The appropriate fluid depends on the operating conditions and safety requirements.
Applied Hydraulics and Pneumatics - Unit-1- Fluid Power system and FundamentalsDr.S.SURESH
This document provides an overview of applied hydraulics and pneumatics. It discusses fluid power systems and their advantages over other transmission methods. The objectives are to understand fundamental principles and applications of hydraulic and pneumatic machines. Key topics covered include properties of hydraulic fluids, fluid power symbols, basics of hydraulics like Pascal's law and fluid flow, and losses in valves and fittings. Examples of industrial applications are also provided.
Introduction to hydraulic and pneumaticsAshish Kamble
This document discusses hydraulic fluids used in hydraulic systems. It describes the primary tasks of hydraulic fluids as power transmission and signal transmission for control. It outlines the requirements for hydraulic fluids, including good lubrication, temperature and pressure stability, safety properties like high flash point, and environmental friendliness. The document categorizes hydraulic fluids as petroleum-based, synthetic-based, or water-based and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each type. Key properties of hydraulic fluids discussed are viscosity, viscosity index, lubricating power, chemical stability, flash point, and fire point.
This document discusses the properties and functions of hydraulic fluids used in machinery. It outlines that hydraulic fluids must effectively transmit power while providing lubrication, sealing, and heat dissipation. The key properties of good hydraulic fluids include good lubricity, ideal viscosity, chemical/thermal stability, compressibility, fire resistance, heat transfer ability, low density/foam resistance, and non-toxicity. It then examines viscosity and viscosity index in depth, as well as other important properties like pour point, lubricating ability, rust/corrosion protection, and the role of additives and inhibitors.
Hydraulic oils are liquids, typically mineral oil-based, that are used to transfer power in hydraulic systems. They have properties like low compressibility, viscosity stability, lubrication, and resistance to oxidation and corrosion. Hydraulic systems use hydraulic oils to convey power to machinery like backhoes, aircraft controls, and industrial equipment. Hydraulic oils must effectively transfer power while also lubricating and protecting system components from damage and wear. Specialty hydraulic oils made from natural oils can provide biodegradability for environmental applications. Proper handling and maintenance is required to prevent hydraulic fluid contamination, which could damage systems or cause injuries.
This document provides an overview of hydraulics and pneumatics systems. It discusses key concepts like Pascal's law and system components. Specific topics covered include basic laws governing hydraulics and pneumatics, applications of Pascal's law, hydraulic and pneumatic system components, comparisons of hydraulic and pneumatic systems to conventional transmission systems, hydraulic fluids and their properties, hydraulic filters, symbols and energy losses. Pump types, operation, performance and selection criteria are also examined.
Hydraulics and Pnuematics Basics and Pumps.pptxsadha sivam
for need of basics in hydraulics and pneumatics in UG students as well as research in fluid society.this becomes highly viewed in industry oriented division
Water was the first fluid used for hydraulic transmission due to its availability and low cost, but it has disadvantages like corrosion and supporting bacterial growth. Mineral oils were later used but are flammable. Various hydraulic fluids were then developed including fire-resistant water-based and synthetic fluids. Key properties of hydraulic fluids include viscosity, density, lubrication, compatibility with materials, and oxidation and chemical stability. The appropriate fluid depends on the operating conditions and safety requirements.
Applied Hydraulics and Pneumatics - Unit-1- Fluid Power system and FundamentalsDr.S.SURESH
This document provides an overview of applied hydraulics and pneumatics. It discusses fluid power systems and their advantages over other transmission methods. The objectives are to understand fundamental principles and applications of hydraulic and pneumatic machines. Key topics covered include properties of hydraulic fluids, fluid power symbols, basics of hydraulics like Pascal's law and fluid flow, and losses in valves and fittings. Examples of industrial applications are also provided.
Introduction to hydraulic and pneumaticsAshish Kamble
This document discusses hydraulic fluids used in hydraulic systems. It describes the primary tasks of hydraulic fluids as power transmission and signal transmission for control. It outlines the requirements for hydraulic fluids, including good lubrication, temperature and pressure stability, safety properties like high flash point, and environmental friendliness. The document categorizes hydraulic fluids as petroleum-based, synthetic-based, or water-based and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each type. Key properties of hydraulic fluids discussed are viscosity, viscosity index, lubricating power, chemical stability, flash point, and fire point.
This document discusses the properties and functions of hydraulic fluids used in machinery. It outlines that hydraulic fluids must effectively transmit power while providing lubrication, sealing, and heat dissipation. The key properties of good hydraulic fluids include good lubricity, ideal viscosity, chemical/thermal stability, compressibility, fire resistance, heat transfer ability, low density/foam resistance, and non-toxicity. It then examines viscosity and viscosity index in depth, as well as other important properties like pour point, lubricating ability, rust/corrosion protection, and the role of additives and inhibitors.
Hydraulic oils are liquids, typically mineral oil-based, that are used to transfer power in hydraulic systems. They have properties like low compressibility, viscosity stability, lubrication, and resistance to oxidation and corrosion. Hydraulic systems use hydraulic oils to convey power to machinery like backhoes, aircraft controls, and industrial equipment. Hydraulic oils must effectively transfer power while also lubricating and protecting system components from damage and wear. Specialty hydraulic oils made from natural oils can provide biodegradability for environmental applications. Proper handling and maintenance is required to prevent hydraulic fluid contamination, which could damage systems or cause injuries.
This document provides an overview of hydraulics and pneumatics systems. It defines the terms, explains basic concepts like Pascal's law and fluid power transmission. It describes the working principles of hydraulic and pneumatic systems, including components like pumps, valves, actuators. Examples of applications in various industries like manufacturing, automobiles are given. The advantages and disadvantages of both systems are listed. Overall it serves as a introductory guide to the fundamentals and applications of hydraulics and pneumatics.
Fluid power systems use liquids or gases under pressure to generate, control, and transmit power. They have several advantages over electric or mechanical systems including force multiplication, precise control, and ability to produce constant torque regardless of speed changes. Key components include reservoirs, pumps, valves, actuators, and piping. Hydraulic systems typically use oil while pneumatic systems use compressed air. Proper selection of seals and hydraulic fluids is important for efficient system operation and component longevity. Temperature and pressure affect fluid viscosity so conditioning is required. Fluid power finds applications in agriculture, construction, manufacturing and more.
Tư vấn miễn phí & Đặt hàng dầu nhớt : 0908.131.884 Anh Quyền. Công ty TNHH TMDV Hoài Phương là Tổng đại lý dầu nhớt AP Oil , Saigon Petro khu vực miền đông nam bộ, Cam kết giá tốt nhât, chất lượng tốt nhất, Giao hàng nhanh chóng nhất, Hậu mãi chu đáo nhất.
Hydraulic System :- A hydraulic system is a system that uses pressurized hydraulic fluid to power hydraulic machinery.
Pneumatic System :- In Pneumatic system Compressed air is Used instead of Liquid
introduction to hydraulic fluid and its properties.pptxadik1617
This document provides an introduction to hydraulic fluids, including their key properties, types, and considerations for choosing the right fluid for an application. Hydraulic fluids are incompressible liquids that transmit power in hydraulic systems through minimal volume change under pressure. Their properties like viscosity, incompressibility, lubricity, and fire resistance each play an important role. Common types include mineral oil, synthetic oil, and water-based fluids. Choosing the right fluid depends on factors like operating temperature, pressure, application requirements, and manufacturer recommendations.
They have the following primary tasks:
– Power transmission (pressure and motion transmission) – Signal transmission for control
• Secondarytasks:
Lubrication of rotating and translating components to avoid friction and wear
Heat transport, away from the location of heat generation, usually into the reservoir
Transport of particles to the filter
Protection of surfaces from chemical attack, especially corrosion
Introduction to hydraulics and pneumaticsPranit Mehta
In this students will understand basic of hydraulic and pneumatic systems with their advantages and disadvantages. They also will able to know ISO symbols used in hydraulics and pneumatics.
This document provides an introduction to fluid power and hydraulics. It discusses what fluid power is, its uses in modern industry, and basic hydraulic principles like Pascal's law. The document also outlines the basic components of a hydraulic system including a pump, reservoir, valves, actuators, and piping. It discusses the differences between hydraulic and pneumatic systems and lists some advantages and drawbacks of fluid power. Key terms related to hydraulics like fluid, pressure, viscosity, and hydraulic fluid properties are also introduced.
This document provides an introduction to fluid power and hydraulics. It discusses what fluid power is, its uses in modern industry, and basic hydraulic principles like Pascal's law. The document also outlines the basic components of a hydraulic system including a pump, reservoir, valves, actuators, and piping. It discusses the differences between hydraulic and pneumatic systems and lists some advantages and drawbacks of fluid power. Key terms related to hydraulics like fluid, pressure, viscosity, and hydraulic fluid properties are also introduced.
This document provides an introduction to fluid power and hydraulics. It discusses what fluid power is, its uses in modern industry, and basic hydraulic principles like Pascal's law. The document also outlines the basic components of a hydraulic system including a pump, reservoir, valves, actuators, and piping. It discusses the differences between hydraulic and pneumatic systems and lists some advantages and drawbacks of fluid power. Key terms related to hydraulics like fluid, pressure, viscosity, and hydraulic fluid properties are also introduced.
The document discusses important qualities for hydraulic fluids, including viscosity, anti-wear properties, rust and oxidation inhibition, water retention, and fire resistance. Viscosity is described as the most important factor, as it must be correctly matched to the operating temperature range. Anti-wear additives are also important to protect metal parts from wear. Rust and oxidation inhibitors are needed to prevent damage to metal surfaces from fluids. Demulsifiers can help separate small amounts of entrained water from hydraulic fluids. And fire-resistant fluids are crucial in high-temperature or hazardous applications.
This document discusses the maintenance of hydraulic oils, focusing on phosphate ester-based fluids. It describes the types of hydraulic fluids, including petroleum-based, synthetic fire-resistant, and water-based. Contamination sources like solids, liquids, and air are outlined. The document advocates for using best available technology and continuous purification to control fluid quality and extend fluid life to over 10 years while minimizing waste and costs. Vacuum distillation is presented as a best available technology for purification. Frequent sampling, analysis of key parameters, and filtration are recommended for maintenance.
Petroleum-based or mineral-based fluids are the most widely used hydraulic fluids today due to their good lubrication properties. Water-based fluids provide fire resistance but require careful monitoring to prevent problems from changes in viscosity or compatibility issues. Synthetic fluids offer advantages like fire resistance and thermal stability but are typically more expensive and potentially toxic. Hydraulic fluids are used for tasks like pressure transfer, lubrication, cooling, cushioning oscillations, corrosion protection and signal transmission in hydraulic systems.
This document discusses hydraulic and pneumatic systems. It provides details on hydrostatic and hydrodynamic power transmission. Hydrostatic transmission allows for continuous variation and is commonly used for linear movement against large forces or exact positioning. The document outlines typical hydraulic system components like pumps, valves, actuators. Advantages are discussed such as creating large forces and compact design. Fluid properties like viscosity and types of hydraulic fluids are also summarized. The document concludes with basics of hydraulic calculations involving flow resistance, pressure transmission, and continuity equations.
This document provides information about applied hydraulics and pneumatics. It begins with introducing fluid power principles and describing hydraulic pumps. Specifically, it discusses types of hydraulic pumps like fixed and variable displacement pumps. It provides examples of linear and rotary pumps. It also summarizes the working, advantages, and disadvantages of external gear pumps. Finally, it discusses properties of fluids important for fluid power systems like viscosity and viscosity index.
Secondary Filtration of Closed Loop in DC Locomotiveijtsrd
The use of hydraulics has increased tremendously in the recent past due to the various advantages it provides such as high power to weight ratio, elimination of complex components, ease of transportation and safety to name a few. Moreover the main advantage that hydraulic locomotives provide over conventional locomotives is constant velocity. Though there are various advantages to using hydraulics, contamination of working fluid poses a severe threat to components such as premature wear of components, a corrosion of components which would require replacing them well before their life incurring significant loss. Contamination of hydraulic fluids cannot be prevented or eliminated but can be contained to a certain extent. The safe levels of contamination are arrived at by comparing to recommended oil cleanliness values defined by NAS. Even though hydraulic systems are provided with an in built filter known as primary filter to remove solid or particulate impurities at cleanliness value at recommended levels. The controlling of contamination levels in the hydraulic oil by use another filtration unit externally, will reduce the level of contamination significantly and increases the life of the hydraulic drive system. To monitor the level of contamination of various sizes closely, a particle counter added to the additional unit proves to be beneficial. This project investigates the change in level of contamination in the working fluid after addition of the secondary filtration unit. Dr. K Muthukumar | V. Nagendra Kumar ""Secondary Filtration of Closed Loop in DC Locomotive"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23220.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/23220/secondary-filtration-of-closed-loop-in-dc-locomotive/dr-k-muthukumar
The document provides an overview of an industrial lubrication training course. It discusses various machine types like electric motors, gearboxes, compressors, turbines, and engines. It then covers bearings, introduction to lubrication, lubricant types and properties, lubrication methods, and best practices for lubricant sampling and machine modifications to improve lubrication. The key topics covered include the functions and objectives of lubrication, lubricant composition and additives, lubrication failure causes, and pump selection factors like fluid, flow rate, temperature, pressure, and viscosity.
Lubricant Presentation for Mantainece.pptssuser7e6271
Lubricants are materials used between surfaces that are moving relative to each other. Their purposes include reducing friction, heat, and wear while also protecting surfaces from corrosion. Lubricants can be liquids, solids, or gases. Contamination of lubricants, especially by particles, air, or water, can significantly degrade performance and accelerate wear of components. Small contaminant particles less than 5 microns can be particularly damaging over the long term. Common sources of contamination include reservoir breathers, cylinder rods, and plumbing leaks. Of all contaminants, dissolved air and water tend to be most problematic as they can lead to corrosion, oxidation, and other degradation of hydraulic fluids and systems.
This document provides a guide to maintaining a healthy hydraulic system. It discusses the importance of cleanliness and outlines best practices for fluid, filters, reservoirs, lines and fittings, heat exchangers, controls, seals, and oil sampling to prevent issues and extend the life of hydraulic systems. Regular inspection and maintenance is key to ensuring components are functioning properly and catching potential problems early.
The document describes laboratory experiments for testing the strength of materials and fluid mechanics. It includes 13 experiments such as Rockwell hardness testing, Brinell hardness testing, Izod impact testing, Charpy impact testing, torsion testing, deflection testing, and heat treatment processes. Details are provided on the procedure, theory, apparatus, and formulas for calculating results for Rockwell hardness testing, Brinell hardness testing, Izod impact testing and Charpy impact testing. The aim is to determine the hardness and impact strength of various metal specimens.
This document provides an overview of shaper, milling, and gear cutting machines. It discusses the main components and operations of shaper machines, including the shaper mechanism and work holding devices. It also covers drilling machines, boring operations, and different types of milling machines. Finally, it summarizes gear cutting and generation processes, including gear shaping, planning, and hobbing, as well as methods for finishing gears.
This document provides an overview of hydraulics and pneumatics systems. It defines the terms, explains basic concepts like Pascal's law and fluid power transmission. It describes the working principles of hydraulic and pneumatic systems, including components like pumps, valves, actuators. Examples of applications in various industries like manufacturing, automobiles are given. The advantages and disadvantages of both systems are listed. Overall it serves as a introductory guide to the fundamentals and applications of hydraulics and pneumatics.
Fluid power systems use liquids or gases under pressure to generate, control, and transmit power. They have several advantages over electric or mechanical systems including force multiplication, precise control, and ability to produce constant torque regardless of speed changes. Key components include reservoirs, pumps, valves, actuators, and piping. Hydraulic systems typically use oil while pneumatic systems use compressed air. Proper selection of seals and hydraulic fluids is important for efficient system operation and component longevity. Temperature and pressure affect fluid viscosity so conditioning is required. Fluid power finds applications in agriculture, construction, manufacturing and more.
Tư vấn miễn phí & Đặt hàng dầu nhớt : 0908.131.884 Anh Quyền. Công ty TNHH TMDV Hoài Phương là Tổng đại lý dầu nhớt AP Oil , Saigon Petro khu vực miền đông nam bộ, Cam kết giá tốt nhât, chất lượng tốt nhất, Giao hàng nhanh chóng nhất, Hậu mãi chu đáo nhất.
Hydraulic System :- A hydraulic system is a system that uses pressurized hydraulic fluid to power hydraulic machinery.
Pneumatic System :- In Pneumatic system Compressed air is Used instead of Liquid
introduction to hydraulic fluid and its properties.pptxadik1617
This document provides an introduction to hydraulic fluids, including their key properties, types, and considerations for choosing the right fluid for an application. Hydraulic fluids are incompressible liquids that transmit power in hydraulic systems through minimal volume change under pressure. Their properties like viscosity, incompressibility, lubricity, and fire resistance each play an important role. Common types include mineral oil, synthetic oil, and water-based fluids. Choosing the right fluid depends on factors like operating temperature, pressure, application requirements, and manufacturer recommendations.
They have the following primary tasks:
– Power transmission (pressure and motion transmission) – Signal transmission for control
• Secondarytasks:
Lubrication of rotating and translating components to avoid friction and wear
Heat transport, away from the location of heat generation, usually into the reservoir
Transport of particles to the filter
Protection of surfaces from chemical attack, especially corrosion
Introduction to hydraulics and pneumaticsPranit Mehta
In this students will understand basic of hydraulic and pneumatic systems with their advantages and disadvantages. They also will able to know ISO symbols used in hydraulics and pneumatics.
This document provides an introduction to fluid power and hydraulics. It discusses what fluid power is, its uses in modern industry, and basic hydraulic principles like Pascal's law. The document also outlines the basic components of a hydraulic system including a pump, reservoir, valves, actuators, and piping. It discusses the differences between hydraulic and pneumatic systems and lists some advantages and drawbacks of fluid power. Key terms related to hydraulics like fluid, pressure, viscosity, and hydraulic fluid properties are also introduced.
This document provides an introduction to fluid power and hydraulics. It discusses what fluid power is, its uses in modern industry, and basic hydraulic principles like Pascal's law. The document also outlines the basic components of a hydraulic system including a pump, reservoir, valves, actuators, and piping. It discusses the differences between hydraulic and pneumatic systems and lists some advantages and drawbacks of fluid power. Key terms related to hydraulics like fluid, pressure, viscosity, and hydraulic fluid properties are also introduced.
This document provides an introduction to fluid power and hydraulics. It discusses what fluid power is, its uses in modern industry, and basic hydraulic principles like Pascal's law. The document also outlines the basic components of a hydraulic system including a pump, reservoir, valves, actuators, and piping. It discusses the differences between hydraulic and pneumatic systems and lists some advantages and drawbacks of fluid power. Key terms related to hydraulics like fluid, pressure, viscosity, and hydraulic fluid properties are also introduced.
The document discusses important qualities for hydraulic fluids, including viscosity, anti-wear properties, rust and oxidation inhibition, water retention, and fire resistance. Viscosity is described as the most important factor, as it must be correctly matched to the operating temperature range. Anti-wear additives are also important to protect metal parts from wear. Rust and oxidation inhibitors are needed to prevent damage to metal surfaces from fluids. Demulsifiers can help separate small amounts of entrained water from hydraulic fluids. And fire-resistant fluids are crucial in high-temperature or hazardous applications.
This document discusses the maintenance of hydraulic oils, focusing on phosphate ester-based fluids. It describes the types of hydraulic fluids, including petroleum-based, synthetic fire-resistant, and water-based. Contamination sources like solids, liquids, and air are outlined. The document advocates for using best available technology and continuous purification to control fluid quality and extend fluid life to over 10 years while minimizing waste and costs. Vacuum distillation is presented as a best available technology for purification. Frequent sampling, analysis of key parameters, and filtration are recommended for maintenance.
Petroleum-based or mineral-based fluids are the most widely used hydraulic fluids today due to their good lubrication properties. Water-based fluids provide fire resistance but require careful monitoring to prevent problems from changes in viscosity or compatibility issues. Synthetic fluids offer advantages like fire resistance and thermal stability but are typically more expensive and potentially toxic. Hydraulic fluids are used for tasks like pressure transfer, lubrication, cooling, cushioning oscillations, corrosion protection and signal transmission in hydraulic systems.
This document discusses hydraulic and pneumatic systems. It provides details on hydrostatic and hydrodynamic power transmission. Hydrostatic transmission allows for continuous variation and is commonly used for linear movement against large forces or exact positioning. The document outlines typical hydraulic system components like pumps, valves, actuators. Advantages are discussed such as creating large forces and compact design. Fluid properties like viscosity and types of hydraulic fluids are also summarized. The document concludes with basics of hydraulic calculations involving flow resistance, pressure transmission, and continuity equations.
This document provides information about applied hydraulics and pneumatics. It begins with introducing fluid power principles and describing hydraulic pumps. Specifically, it discusses types of hydraulic pumps like fixed and variable displacement pumps. It provides examples of linear and rotary pumps. It also summarizes the working, advantages, and disadvantages of external gear pumps. Finally, it discusses properties of fluids important for fluid power systems like viscosity and viscosity index.
Secondary Filtration of Closed Loop in DC Locomotiveijtsrd
The use of hydraulics has increased tremendously in the recent past due to the various advantages it provides such as high power to weight ratio, elimination of complex components, ease of transportation and safety to name a few. Moreover the main advantage that hydraulic locomotives provide over conventional locomotives is constant velocity. Though there are various advantages to using hydraulics, contamination of working fluid poses a severe threat to components such as premature wear of components, a corrosion of components which would require replacing them well before their life incurring significant loss. Contamination of hydraulic fluids cannot be prevented or eliminated but can be contained to a certain extent. The safe levels of contamination are arrived at by comparing to recommended oil cleanliness values defined by NAS. Even though hydraulic systems are provided with an in built filter known as primary filter to remove solid or particulate impurities at cleanliness value at recommended levels. The controlling of contamination levels in the hydraulic oil by use another filtration unit externally, will reduce the level of contamination significantly and increases the life of the hydraulic drive system. To monitor the level of contamination of various sizes closely, a particle counter added to the additional unit proves to be beneficial. This project investigates the change in level of contamination in the working fluid after addition of the secondary filtration unit. Dr. K Muthukumar | V. Nagendra Kumar ""Secondary Filtration of Closed Loop in DC Locomotive"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-3 , April 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd23220.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/23220/secondary-filtration-of-closed-loop-in-dc-locomotive/dr-k-muthukumar
The document provides an overview of an industrial lubrication training course. It discusses various machine types like electric motors, gearboxes, compressors, turbines, and engines. It then covers bearings, introduction to lubrication, lubricant types and properties, lubrication methods, and best practices for lubricant sampling and machine modifications to improve lubrication. The key topics covered include the functions and objectives of lubrication, lubricant composition and additives, lubrication failure causes, and pump selection factors like fluid, flow rate, temperature, pressure, and viscosity.
Lubricant Presentation for Mantainece.pptssuser7e6271
Lubricants are materials used between surfaces that are moving relative to each other. Their purposes include reducing friction, heat, and wear while also protecting surfaces from corrosion. Lubricants can be liquids, solids, or gases. Contamination of lubricants, especially by particles, air, or water, can significantly degrade performance and accelerate wear of components. Small contaminant particles less than 5 microns can be particularly damaging over the long term. Common sources of contamination include reservoir breathers, cylinder rods, and plumbing leaks. Of all contaminants, dissolved air and water tend to be most problematic as they can lead to corrosion, oxidation, and other degradation of hydraulic fluids and systems.
This document provides a guide to maintaining a healthy hydraulic system. It discusses the importance of cleanliness and outlines best practices for fluid, filters, reservoirs, lines and fittings, heat exchangers, controls, seals, and oil sampling to prevent issues and extend the life of hydraulic systems. Regular inspection and maintenance is key to ensuring components are functioning properly and catching potential problems early.
The document describes laboratory experiments for testing the strength of materials and fluid mechanics. It includes 13 experiments such as Rockwell hardness testing, Brinell hardness testing, Izod impact testing, Charpy impact testing, torsion testing, deflection testing, and heat treatment processes. Details are provided on the procedure, theory, apparatus, and formulas for calculating results for Rockwell hardness testing, Brinell hardness testing, Izod impact testing and Charpy impact testing. The aim is to determine the hardness and impact strength of various metal specimens.
This document provides an overview of shaper, milling, and gear cutting machines. It discusses the main components and operations of shaper machines, including the shaper mechanism and work holding devices. It also covers drilling machines, boring operations, and different types of milling machines. Finally, it summarizes gear cutting and generation processes, including gear shaping, planning, and hobbing, as well as methods for finishing gears.
This document summarizes an experimental study of HCCI (Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition) engines. HCCI engines have the potential for high efficiency and low emissions compared to spark ignition and compression ignition engines. However, controlling autoignition in HCCI engines is challenging. The document discusses various control methods for HCCI combustion including variable compression ratio, intake air heating, and variable valve timing. It also covers dual combustion modes, engine performance characteristics, recent HCCI engine prototypes, and conclusions about controlling premixed ratios in HCCI combustion for emissions and efficiency.
The document provides an overview of hydraulic circuits and components. It discusses key considerations in designing hydraulic circuits such as satisfying operational specifications safely, performing smooth operations, and reducing costs and heat generation. Hydraulic circuits are graphical diagrams that indicate the operation of components in hydraulic systems. The document also covers various types of circuits like speed control, pressure control, unloading, sequencing and accumulator circuits. It emphasizes understanding the application and selecting components appropriately based on factors like required forces, speeds, flows and pressures.
This document provides an overview of the laws of thermodynamics:
- The first law states that energy is conserved and the change in internal energy of a system equals heat added minus work done. Key processes like adiabatic, isothermal, isobaric, and isochoric are also introduced.
- The second law introduces the concept of entropy and states that heat cannot spontaneously flow from a cooler to a warmer body. It describes irreversible processes and defines the efficiency of heat engines.
- The third law states that absolute zero cannot be reached with a finite number of steps. This established the Kelvin temperature scale.
- The zeroth law establishes that if two bodies are in thermal
This document outlines the syllabus for a course on hydraulics and pneumatics. The course aims to provide students with knowledge of fluid power applications in industry and an understanding of hydraulic and pneumatic components and systems. The syllabus covers topics like fluid power principles, hydraulic pumps, actuators and controls, hydraulic circuits, pneumatic systems, troubleshooting, and applications. Upon completing the course, students will be able to explain fluid power operation, hydraulic components, hydraulic circuits systems, pneumatic circuits and systems, and troubleshoot hydraulic and pneumatic systems. The textbook and references for the course are also listed.
This document outlines the syllabus for a course on hydraulics and pneumatics. The course aims to provide students with knowledge of fluid power applications in industry and an understanding of hydraulic and pneumatic components and systems. The syllabus covers topics like fluid power principles, hydraulic pumps, actuators and controls, hydraulic circuits, pneumatic systems, troubleshooting, and applications. Upon completing the course, students will be able to explain fluid power operations, hydraulic components and circuits, pneumatic systems, and troubleshoot hydraulic and pneumatic issues. The document also lists two textbooks and four references for the course.
This document summarizes an experimental study of HCCI (Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition) engines. HCCI engines have the potential for high efficiency and low emissions compared to spark ignition and compression ignition engines. However, controlling autoignition in HCCI engines is challenging. The document discusses various control methods for HCCI combustion including variable compression ratio, intake air heating, and variable valve timing. It also covers dual combustion modes, engine performance characteristics, recent HCCI engine prototypes, and conclusions about controlling premixed ratios in HCCI combustion for emissions and efficiency.
Form measurement includes measuring screw threads, gears, radii, surface finish, straightness, and roundness. Screw threads are classified as external or internal and have specific geometric features like crests, flanks, roots, pitch, and diameters that are measured using instruments like micrometers and comparators. The major diameter of external threads can be measured using an ordinary or bench micrometer by taking readings on a setting gauge and the thread. The minor diameter and pitch are measured using comparative methods with V-blocks or rollers and slip gauges or pitch measurement machines that precisely measure the distance between thread features.
The document discusses various topics related to metrology. It begins by defining metrology as the science of measurement and dividing it into two main types - industrial metrology and medical metrology. Some key points covered include the importance of length and time measurements, analyzing measurement errors, gauges design and manufacturing, and industrial inspection. It also discusses types of metrology like scientific, industrial, legal and fundamental metrology. Specific measuring instruments like vernier calipers, micrometers, and slip gauges are explained in detail. The document concludes by covering various other metrology topics such as measurement principles, linear measuring instruments, and applications of limit gauges.
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING TECHNIQUE FOR COMMUNICATION SYSTEMHODECEDSIET
Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting multiple signals over a single communication channel by dividing the signal into many segments, each having a very short duration of time. These time slots are then allocated to different data streams, allowing multiple signals to share the same transmission medium efficiently. TDM is widely used in telecommunications and data communication systems.
### How TDM Works
1. **Time Slots Allocation**: The core principle of TDM is to assign distinct time slots to each signal. During each time slot, the respective signal is transmitted, and then the process repeats cyclically. For example, if there are four signals to be transmitted, the TDM cycle will divide time into four slots, each assigned to one signal.
2. **Synchronization**: Synchronization is crucial in TDM systems to ensure that the signals are correctly aligned with their respective time slots. Both the transmitter and receiver must be synchronized to avoid any overlap or loss of data. This synchronization is typically maintained by a clock signal that ensures time slots are accurately aligned.
3. **Frame Structure**: TDM data is organized into frames, where each frame consists of a set of time slots. Each frame is repeated at regular intervals, ensuring continuous transmission of data streams. The frame structure helps in managing the data streams and maintaining the synchronization between the transmitter and receiver.
4. **Multiplexer and Demultiplexer**: At the transmitting end, a multiplexer combines multiple input signals into a single composite signal by assigning each signal to a specific time slot. At the receiving end, a demultiplexer separates the composite signal back into individual signals based on their respective time slots.
### Types of TDM
1. **Synchronous TDM**: In synchronous TDM, time slots are pre-assigned to each signal, regardless of whether the signal has data to transmit or not. This can lead to inefficiencies if some time slots remain empty due to the absence of data.
2. **Asynchronous TDM (or Statistical TDM)**: Asynchronous TDM addresses the inefficiencies of synchronous TDM by allocating time slots dynamically based on the presence of data. Time slots are assigned only when there is data to transmit, which optimizes the use of the communication channel.
### Applications of TDM
- **Telecommunications**: TDM is extensively used in telecommunication systems, such as in T1 and E1 lines, where multiple telephone calls are transmitted over a single line by assigning each call to a specific time slot.
- **Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting**: TDM is used in broadcasting systems to transmit multiple audio or video streams over a single channel, ensuring efficient use of bandwidth.
- **Computer Networks**: TDM is used in network protocols and systems to manage the transmission of data from multiple sources over a single network medium.
### Advantages of TDM
- **Efficient Use of Bandwidth**: TDM all
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
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ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
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Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapte...University of Maribor
Slides from talk presenting:
Aleš Zamuda: Presentation of IEEE Slovenia CIS (Computational Intelligence Society) Chapter and Networking.
Presentation at IcETRAN 2024 session:
"Inter-Society Networking Panel GRSS/MTT-S/CIS
Panel Session: Promoting Connection and Cooperation"
IEEE Slovenia GRSS
IEEE Serbia and Montenegro MTT-S
IEEE Slovenia CIS
11TH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ELECTRICAL, ELECTRONIC AND COMPUTING ENGINEERING
3-6 June 2024, Niš, Serbia
2. 2
Objectives
1. Explain the meaning of fluid power.
2. List the various applications of fluid power.
3. List the advantages and disadvantages of fluid power.
4. Explain the industrial applications of fluid power.
5. Differentiate between mechanical ,electrical, pneumatic and
hydraulics systems.
6. Differentiate between hydraulics system and pneumatic
7. Energy losses in hydraulic systems.
8. ISO symbols
Unit-1
3. 3
Methods for transmitting power
Mechanical transmission Electrical transmission Fluid power
eg:shafts, gears, chains, belts eg: wires, transformers eg: liquids or gas
Fluid Power:
Def: the technology that deals with the generation,
control and transmission of forces and movement
of mechanical element or system with the use of
pressurized fluids
- Both liquids and gases are considered as fluids
5. 5
Advantages of a Fluid Power System:
1. Fluid power systems are simple, easy to operate
and can be controlled accurately
2. Multiplication and variation of forces
3. Multifunction control
4. Low-speed torque
5. Economical
6. Low weight to power ratio
7. Fluid power systems can be used where safety
is of vital importance
6. 6
Fluid power system includes –
1. a hydraulic system (hydra in Greek
meaning water) and
2. a pneumatic system (pneuma in Greek
meaning air).
7. 7
Fluid power applications can be classified into two major
segments:
Stationary hydraulics:
fixed in one position
valves are mainly solenoid
operated
Applications:
1. Machine tools and transfer
lines.
2. Lifting and conveying
devices.
3. Metal-forming presses.
4. Plastic machinery such as
injection-molding machines.
5. Rolling machines.
6. Lifts.
7. Food processing machinery.
8. Automatic handling
equipment and robots.
Mobile hydraulics:
move on wheels or tracks
valves are frequently manually
operated
Applications:
1. Automobiles, tractors ,
aéroplanes, missile, boats ,
etc.
2. Construction machinery.
3. Tippers, excavators and
elevating platforms.
4. Lifting and conveying
devices.
5. Agricultural machinery.
8. 8
S. No. Hydraulics System Pneumatics System
1
It employs a pressurized liquid
as a fluid
It employs a compressed gas, usually
air, as a fluid
2
An oil hydraulic system operates at
pressures up to 700 bar
A pneumatic system usually operates
at 5–10 bar
3 Generally designed as closed system Usually designed as open system
4
The system slows down when leakage
occurs
Leakage does not affect the system
much
5
Valve operations are difficult Valve operations are easy
6
Heavier in weight Lighter in weight
7
Pumps are used to provide
pressurized liquids
Compressors are used to provide
compressed gases
8 The system is unsafe to fire hazards The system is free from fire hazards
9
Automatic lubrication is provided
Special arrangements for lubrication
are needed
9. 9
Types of hydraulic systems-
1. Hydrostatic Systems:
uses fluid pressure to transmit power
The pump used is a positive displacement pump
An example of pure hydrostatics is the transfer of force in
hydraulics.
2. Hydrodynamic Systems:
use fluid motion to transmit power
The pump used is a non-positive displacement pump.
An example of pure hydrodynamics is the conversion of flow
energy in turbines in hydroelectric power plants.
11. A typical hydraulic system
11
1 – pump
2 – oil tank
3 – flow control valve
4 – pressure relief valve
5 – hydraulic cylinder
6 – directional control valve
7 – throttle valve
12. 12
PROPERTIES OF FLUID:
Density: defined as mass per unit volume
• density changes with pressure and decreases with temperature
Eg:
At 20°C, for example, the density of water changes from 998 kg/m3 at
1 atm to 1003 kg/m3 at 100 atm, a change of just 0.5 percent.
At 1 atm, for example, the density of water changes from 998 kg/m3
at 20°C to 975 kg/m3 at 75°C, a change of 2.3 percent,
13. 13
Specific Weight: defined as weight per unit volume
Specific Volume : volume occupied by a unit mass of
fluid
14. 14
Specific Gravity : defined as the density of the given fluid divided by
the density of water
17. 17
Viscosity index (VI) :
It is a relative measure of the change in the viscosity
of an oil with respect to a change in temperature.
An oil having a low VI is one that exhibits a large
change in viscosity with a small change in temperature.
A high VI oil does not change appreciably with a
change in temperature.
18. 18
The various properties required for an ideal
hydraulic fluid are as follows:
1. Ideal viscosity.
2. Good lubrication capability.
3. Demulsibility.
4. Good chemical and environmental stability.
5. Incompressibility.
6. Fire resistance.
7. Low flammability.
8. Foam resistance.
9. Good heat dissipation.
10. Low density.
11. System compatibility.
19. 19
Lubrication Capability:
Hydraulic fluids must have good lubricity to prevent friction and
wear between the closely fitted working parts such as vanes of pumps,
valve spools, piston rings and bearings.
20. 20
Demulsibility
The ability of a hydraulic fluid to separate rapidly from moisture and
successfully resist emulsification is known as “demulsibility.”
If an oil emulsifies with water, the emulsion promotes the
destruction of lubricating and sealant properties.
Highly refined oils are basically water resistant by nature.
Good Chemical and Environmental Stability (Oxidation and
Corrosion Resistance) :
Most fluids are vulnerable to oxidation, as they come in contact with oxygen in air.
Mineral oils or petroleum-based oils (widely used in hydraulic systems) contain
carbon and hydrogen molecules, which easily react with oxygen.
The oxidation products are highly soluble in oil and being acidic in nature they can
easily corrode metallic parts
21. 21
Neutralization Numbers :
is a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of hydraulic oil.
This is referred to as the pH value of the oil. High acidity
causes the oxidation rate in oil to increase rapidly.
Incompressibility:
hydraulic fluids as incompressible, in practice, they are relatively
compressible.
Most mineral oils undergo reduction in the volume of
about 0.7% for every 100 bar rise in pressure.
the compressibility of a fluid is greatly influenced by temperature
and pressure.
23. 23
1. Petroleum-based fluid:
Mineral oils are the petroleum-based oils
Advantage:
1. they are easily available and are economical
2. they offer the best lubrication ability ,
3. least corrosion problems and are compatible with most
seal materials
Disadvantage:
Flammability:
They pose fire hazards, mainly from the leakages, in
high-temperature environments such as steel industries, etc.
24. 24
2.Emulsions:
a mixture of two fluids that do not chemically react with others
Emulsions of petroleum-based oil and water are commonly used.
An emulsifier is normally added to the emulsion, which keeps liquid as small
droplets and remains suspended in the other liquid.
Two types of emulsions are in use:
a).Oil-in-water emulsions:
water as the main phase, while small droplets of oil are dispersed in it
the oil dilution is limited, about 5%; hence, it exhibits the
characteristics of water.
Limitations: poor viscosity, leading to leakage problems, loss in
volumetric efficiency and poor lubrication properties.
These problems can be overcome to a greater extent by using certain
additives. Such emulsions are used in high-displacement, low-speed
pumps (such as in mining applications).
25. 25
b) Water-in-oil emulsions/inverse emulsions:
basically oil based in which small droplets of water are dispersed
throughout the oil phase.
The commonly used emulsion has a dilution of 60% oil and 40% water
popular fire-resistant hydraulic fluids
exhibit more of an oil-like characteristic; hence, they have good
viscosity and lubrication properties.
These emulsions are good for operations at 25°C, as at a higher
temperature, water evaporates and leads to the loss of fire-resistant
properties.
26. 26
3. Water glycol:
nonflammable fluid commonly used in aircraft hydraulic systems.
has a low lubrication ability as compared to mineral oils and
is not suitable for high-temperature applications.
It has water and glycol in the ratio of 1:1.
Because of its aqueous nature and presence of air, it is prone to
oxidation and related problems.
It needs to be added with oxidation inhibitors.
Enough care is essential in using this fluid as it is toxic and corrosive
toward certain metals such as zinc, magnesium and aluminum.
27. 27
4. Synthetic fluids:
based on phosphate ester, is another popular fire-resistant fluid.
It is suitable for high-temperature applications, since it exhibits good
viscosity and lubrication characteristics.
It is not suitable for low-temperature applications.
It is not compatible with common sealing materials such as nitrile.
5. Vegetable oils:
biodegradable and are environmental safe.
They have good lubrication properties, moderate viscosity and are
less expensive good fire resistance characteristics with certain additives,
tendency to easily oxidize and absorb moisture.
The acidity, sludge formation and corrosion problems are more severe
in vegetable oils than in mineral oils.
Hence, vegetable oils need good inhibitors to minimize oxidation
problems
28. 28
6. Biodegradable hydraulic fluids / bio-based hydraulic fluids :
Bio-based hydraulic fluids use sunflower, soybean, etc.,
as the base oil and hence cause less pollution in the case of
oil leaks or hydraulic hose failures.
These fluids carry similar properties as that of a mineral
oil–based anti-wear hydraulic fluid,
29. 29
Factors Influencing the Selection of a Fluid:
1. Operating pressure of the system.
2. Operating temperature of the system and its variation.
3. Material of the system and its compatibility with oil used.
4. Speed of operation.
5. Availability of replacement fluid.
6. Cost of transmission lines.
7. Contamination possibilities.
8. Environmental condition (fire proneness, extreme atmosphere
like in mining, etc.).
9. Lubricity.
10. Safety to operator.
11. Expected service life.
30. Hydraulic fluids - tasks
30
They have the following primary tasks:
Power transmission (pressure and motion
transmission)
Signal transmission for control
Secondary tasks:
Lubrication of rotating and translating components to
avoid friction and wear
Heat transport, away from the location of heat
generation, usually into the reservoir
Transport of particles to the filter
Protection of surfaces from chemical attack, especially
corrosion
31. Hydraulic fluids - requirements
31
Functional
Good lubrication characteristics
Viscosity should not depend strongly on
temperature and pressure
Good heat conductivity
Low heat expansion coefficient
Large elasticity modulus
Economic
Low price
Slow aging and thermal and chemical stability
long life cycle
32. Hydraulic fluids - requirements (contd.)
32
Safety
High flash point or in certain cases not
inflammable at all
Chemically neutral (not aggressive at all
against all materials it touches)
Low air dissolving capability, not inclined to
foam formation
Environmental friendliness
No environmental harm
No toxic effect
34. 34
1. Laminar flow/streamline
In streamline flow, the fluid appears to move by sliding of
laminations of infinitesimal thickness relative to adjacent layers;
that is, the particles move in definite and observable paths or
streamlines.
35. 35
2.Turbulent flow:
It is characterized by a fluid flowing in random way. The movement of
particles fluctuates up and down in a direction perpendicular as well as
parallel to the mean flow direction.
37. 37
Reynolds Number
If Re is less than 2000, the flow is laminar.
If Re is greater than 4000, the flow is turbulent.
Reynolds number between 2000 and 4000 covers a
critical zone between laminar and turbulent flow.
38. Governing laws
38
e) Continuity
b) Pascals’s law
g) Bernoulli
equation
f) Flow resistance
a) Hydrostatic pressure c) Transmission of power
d) Transmission of
pressure
39. 39
Distribution of fluid power:
Steel Pipes:
extensively used in fluid power systems, although they are
rapidly being supplemented by steel or plastic tubing.
disadvantages of steel pipes are their weight and the large
number of fitting requirement for connection .
advantage is its mechanical strength and particularly its
ability to withstand abuse.
40. 40
Screwed Connections :
Steel piping in fluid power systems is most often joined by
threaded connections.
Steel Tubing :
widely used material for hydraulic system conductors.
it can be easily formed to fit irregular paths so that fewer
fittings are required.
lessened chance of leakage since every connection is a
potential leak point.
It is also relatively small and light, thus making it easy to use.
41. 41
Compression Joints :
comprise a loose ring having a cone-shaped nose that must face the
open end of a tube, a mating tapered barrel and a retaining nut.
The end of the tube must always be cut square and deburred before
assembly.
When the tube is pushed fully in the fitting and the retaining nut is
tightened, the compressive action forces the nose of the ring into the
surface of the metal tube,
creating a permanent and very strong
interference fit that is capable of withstanding
pressure in excess of 350 bar.
42. 42
Plastic Conductors:
available in polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride and nylon
compatible with most hydraulic fluids, however, and could safely be used in low-
pressure applications.
Flexible Hoses :
A hose is manufactured from natural and synthetic rubbers and several plastics.
This material is supported by fabric or by wire cloth, and wire braid may be used
between plies or as an outside casing for high-pressure applications
43. 43
Quick Disconnect Couplings :
This type of coupling in conjunction with flexible hoses connects
movable components together hydraulically.
Typical applications are mobile trailers and agriculture machinery
towed behind tractors.
usually comprise a plug and socket arrangement that provides a
leak-proof joint when two parts are connected together, and that can
be released easily without the use of tools
Each half of the coupling contains a spring-loaded ball or poppet
that automatically closes on disconnection, so that two completely
leak-free joints are obtained.
Leaking during the process of disconnecting or connecting
coupling is negligible
44. 44
Types of Quick Couplings:
There are three basic types of quick couplings;
1. single shut-off,
2. double shut-off, and
3. straight-through
45. 45
Single shut-off couplings/One-Way shut-off or Pneumatic couplings:
installed with the valved half on the pressure side of the circuit to provide
automatic shut-off flow when the coupling is disconnected.
low working pressure capabilities ranging from 100 to 300 PSI.
The are commonly made from brass or steel.
Applications -lubrication, paint spray, and carpet cleaning equipment.
49. 49
ENERGY LOSSES IN HYDRAULIC SYSTEMS:
Darcy–Weisbach Equation :
Head losses in a long pipe in which the velocity distribution
has become fully established or uniform along its length can
be found by Darcy’s equation as
Where, f is the Darcy friction factor,
L is the length of pipe (m),
D is the inside diameter of the pipe (m),
v is the average velocity (m/s) and
g is the acceleration of gravity (m/s2).
50. 50
Frictional Losses in Laminar Flow:
Darcy’s equation can be used to find head losses in pipes
experiencing laminar flow by noting that for laminar flow, the friction
factor equals the constant 64 divided by the Reynolds number:
Substituting this into Darcy’s equation gives the Hagen–Poiseuille
equation:
51. 51
Equivalent Length :
length of pipe that for the same flow rate would produce the same
head loss as a valve or fitting.
where , Le is the equivalent length of a valve or
fitting.
52. 52
Effect of Pipe Roughness
The relative roughness of pipe is defined as the ratio of inside surface
roughness to the diameter:
Here, (ε) is surface roughness
53. 53
Frictional Losses in Valves and Fittings
Where, K is called the loss coefficient of valve or fittings
54. 54
Seals:
Fun:
Used to prevent both internal and external leakage of fluid
Prevent dirt, Dust enters into system
Types:
Static : no relative movement occurs between mating parts
Dynamic: movement occurs
Classification by shape:
1. O-ring
2. Quad-ring
3. T-ring
4. V-cup ring
5. Hat ring
6. U-cup ring
55. 55
1. O-ring:
widely used seal for hydraulic
systems.
It is a molded synthetic rubber
seal that has a round cross-
section in its free state
used for the most static and dynamic conditions.
It gives effective sealing through a wide range of pressures,
temperatures and
movements with the added advantages of sealing pressure
in both directions and providing low running friction on
moving parts.
56. 56
Figure : Relative position of O-ring packings in different grooves
at increasing pressure.
58. 58
T-ring:
dynamic seal that is extensively used to seal cylinder-pistons,
piston rods and other reciprocating parts
made of synthetic rubber molded in the shape of the cross-
section T and reinforced by backup rings on either side
The sealing edge is rounded and seals very much like an O-ring.
59. 59
V-ring seal and U-ring seal:
This are compression-type seals used in virtually in all types of
reciprocating motion applications like, piston rods and piston seals in
pneumatic and hydraulic cylinder, press rank, jacks and seals on
plungers and piston in reciprocating pumps.
Figure (a)V-ring seal and (b) U-ring seal
61. 61
Piston cup packings:
designed specifically for pistons in reciprocating pumps and pneumatic
and hydraulic cylinders.
best service life for this type of application, require a minimum recess
space and minimum recess machining, and can be installed easily and
quickly.
62. 62
Sources of Hydraulic System Contamination
New Fluid – most new fluid is not acceptable for use in hydraulic systems and
must be filtered first
Built-In – contamination introduced into the system during the manufacture,
assembly and testing of components
Ingressed – external ingression of atmospheric contamination; air condenses
and water is released into the reservoir
Induced – particles introduced during normal maintenance or system
operation
In-Operation – wear generation contamination caused by the pump,
actuators, cylinder or the hydraulic motor
Rubber and Elastomers – degradation of rubber compounds and elastomers
products
High Water Based Fluids – supports biological growth
Replacement of Failed Components – failure to thoroughly clean conductor
lines after replacing a failed pump